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University Students’ Levels of Well-Being, Social Media Usage, Self-Control, and Insomnia in Turkey

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 268 - 286, 30.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.1142221

Öz

This study aims to examine the relationship students’ social media use, insomnia, and self-control have with their psychological well-being. A total of 404 students (305 females, 99 males) participated in the research. The data have been collected using the Turkish versions of the Social Media Disorder Scale, Psychological Well-Being Scale, Brief Self-Control Scale, and Insomnia Severity Index. Relationships between variables were examined by Path Analysis. According to the results, the created model shows self-control to significantly and directly increase psychological well-being, social media disorder to increase insomnia, and insomnia to decrease self-control. Social media disorder and insomnia significantly and indirectly predict psychological well-being through the mediation of self-control. The findings show psychological well-being to be affected by self-control, social media disorder, and insomnia. Promoting self-control as well as reducing insomnia and problematic social media use can help improve university students’ psychological well-being.

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association
  • Barber, L. K., & Munz, D. C. (2011). Consistent‐sufficient sleep predicts improvements in self‐regulatory performance and psychological strain. Stress and Health, 27(4), 314-324. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1364
  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173.
  • Barnes, C. M., Miller, J. A., & Bostock, S. (2017). Helping employees sleep well: Effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia on work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(1), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000154
  • Barnes, C. M., Schaubroeck, J., Huth, M., & Ghumman, S. (2011). Lack of sleep and unethical conduct. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115(2), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.01.009
  • Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Ciarocco, N. J., & Twenge, J. M. (2005). Social exclusion impairs self-regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(4), 589–604. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.4.589
  • Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(6), 351-355. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8721.2007.00534.x
  • Bessière, K., Pressman, S., Kiesler, S., & Kraut, R. (2010). Effects of internet use on health and depression: a longitudinal study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 12(1), e1149. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1149
  • Bowlin, S. L., & Baer, R. A. (2012). Relationships between mindfulness, self-control, and psychological functioning. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 411-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.050
  • Boysan, M., Güleç, M., Besiroglu, L., & Kalafat, T. (2010). Uykusuzluk Siddeti Indeksi'nin Türk örneklemindeki psikometrik özellikleri. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 11(3), 248.
  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-848.
  • Brunborg, G. S., Mentzoni, R. A., Molde, H., Myrseth, H., Skouverøe, K. J. M., Bjorvatn, B., & Pallesen, S. (2011). The relationship between media use in the bedroom, sleep habits and symptoms of insomnia. Journal of Sleep Research, 20(4), 569-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00913.x
  • Bucak, H. N. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinin iyilik halleri ile öz kontrol ve temel ihtiyaçların doyumu arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Unpublished master's thesis]. İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü.
  • Can, S. Y. (2020). Adölesanlarda sosyal medya kullanımının depresyon ve yalnızlığa etkisi (Master's thesis, İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
  • Christian, M. S., & Ellis, A. P. (2011). Examining the effects of sleep deprivation on workplace deviance: A self-regulatory perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 54(5), 913-934. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0179
  • Collier, J. E. (2020). Applied structural equation modeling using AMOS: Basic to advanced techniques. Routledge.
  • Cunnington, D., Junge, M. F., & Fernando, A. T. (2013). Insomnia: prevalence, consequences and effective treatment. Medical Journal of Australia, 199, S36-S40. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja13.10718
  • Demirer, İ., & Erol, S. (2020). The relationships between university students’ physical activity levels, insomnia and psychological well-being. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 11(3), 201-211. https://dx.doi.org/10.14744/phd.2020.46547
  • Duyan, V., Gülden, Ç. & Gelbal, S. (2012). Öz-Denetim Ölçeği- ÖDÖ: Güvenirlik ve Geçerlik Çalışması. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 23 (1), 19-30. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tsh/issue/48532/615966
  • Echeburúa, E., & de Corral, P. (2010). Addiction to new technologies and to online social networking in young people: A new challenge. Adicciones, 22(2), 91-95. Spanish. PMID: 20549142
  • Ekşi, H., Turgut, T. & Sevim, E. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinde öz kontrol ve sosyal medya bağımlılığı ilişkisinde genel erteleme davranışlarının aracı rolü. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6, 717−745. http://dx.doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2019.6.3.0069
  • Elhai, J. D., Dvorak, R. D., Levine, J. C., & Hall, B. J. (2017). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 251-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030
  • Feller, M., Snel, M., Moutzouri, E., Bauer, D. C., de Montmollin, M., Aujesky, D., ... & Dekkers, O. M. (2018). Association of thyroid hormone therapy with quality of life and thyroid-related symptoms in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama, 320(13), 1349-1359. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.13770
  • Firat, M. (2017). Relationship between Self-Control and Facebook Use: Case of CEIT Students. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 17(4), 1179-1201. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2017.4.0194
  • Finkenauer, C., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Baumeister, R. F. (2005). Parenting behavior and adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: The role of self-control. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(1), 58-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000333 George, D., & Mallery, M. (2009). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference 17.0 update (15. ed.). Routledge.
  • Griffiths, M.D., & Szabo A. (2014). Is excessive online usage a function of medium or activity? An empirical pilot study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(1), 74-77. https://doi.org/10.1556/jba.2.2013.016
  • Griffiths, M.D. (2013a) Social networking addiction: Emerging themes and ıssues. Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy, 4(5), e118. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000e118
  • Griffiths, M. D. (2013b). Is “loss of control” always a consequence of addiction? Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 1-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00036
  • Hamilton, N. A., Nelson, C. A., Stevens, N., & Kitzman, H. (2007). Sleep and psychological well-being. Social Indicators Research, 82(1), 147-163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-006-9030-1
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  • Jiang, X. L., Zheng, X. Y., Yang, J., Ye, C. P., Chen, Y. Y., Zhang, Z. G., & Xiao, Z. J. (2015). A systematic review of studies on the prevalence of insomnia in university students. Public Health, 129(12), 1579-1584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2015.07.030
  • Kaşıkcı, F., Denli, Ö. S., & Karaman, N. G. (2021). Gençlerde sosyal medya bağımlılığı ve sosyal dışlanma: Öz-Kontrolün aracılık rolünün değerlendirilmesi. Başkent University Journal of Education, 8(1), 147-159.
  • Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
  • Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., Lin, N., & Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well‐being in young adults. PLoS ONE, 8(8), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069841
  • Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M.D. (2011) Online social networking and addiction—A Review of the psychological literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(9), 3528-3552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8093528
  • Lemola, S., Perkinson-Gloor, N., Brand, S., Dewald-Kaufmann, J. F., & Grob, A. (2015). Adolescents’ electronic media use at night, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms in the smartphone age. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(2), 405-418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0176-x
  • Macaskill, A. (2013). The mental health of university students in the United Kingdom. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 41(4), 426-441. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2012.743110
  • Nadorff, M. R., Nazem, S., & Fiske, A. (2011). Insomnia symptoms, nightmares, and suicidal ideation in a college student sample. Sleep, 34(1), 93-98. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/34.1.93
  • Nathan, N., & Zeitzer, J. (2013). A survey study of the association between mobile phone use and daytime sleepiness in California high school students. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-840
  • Nauts, S., & Kroese, F. M. (2017). The role of self-control in sleep behavior. In the Routledge international handbook of self-control in health and well-being (pp. 288-299). Routledge.
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Yıl 2023, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 268 - 286, 30.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.1142221

Öz

Kaynakça

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association
  • Barber, L. K., & Munz, D. C. (2011). Consistent‐sufficient sleep predicts improvements in self‐regulatory performance and psychological strain. Stress and Health, 27(4), 314-324. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.1364
  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173.
  • Barnes, C. M., Miller, J. A., & Bostock, S. (2017). Helping employees sleep well: Effects of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia on work outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(1), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000154
  • Barnes, C. M., Schaubroeck, J., Huth, M., & Ghumman, S. (2011). Lack of sleep and unethical conduct. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 115(2), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.01.009
  • Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Ciarocco, N. J., & Twenge, J. M. (2005). Social exclusion impairs self-regulation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(4), 589–604. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.4.589
  • Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16(6), 351-355. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8721.2007.00534.x
  • Bessière, K., Pressman, S., Kiesler, S., & Kraut, R. (2010). Effects of internet use on health and depression: a longitudinal study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 12(1), e1149. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.1149
  • Bowlin, S. L., & Baer, R. A. (2012). Relationships between mindfulness, self-control, and psychological functioning. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 411-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.050
  • Boysan, M., Güleç, M., Besiroglu, L., & Kalafat, T. (2010). Uykusuzluk Siddeti Indeksi'nin Türk örneklemindeki psikometrik özellikleri. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 11(3), 248.
  • Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 822-848.
  • Brunborg, G. S., Mentzoni, R. A., Molde, H., Myrseth, H., Skouverøe, K. J. M., Bjorvatn, B., & Pallesen, S. (2011). The relationship between media use in the bedroom, sleep habits and symptoms of insomnia. Journal of Sleep Research, 20(4), 569-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00913.x
  • Bucak, H. N. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinin iyilik halleri ile öz kontrol ve temel ihtiyaçların doyumu arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi [Unpublished master's thesis]. İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü.
  • Can, S. Y. (2020). Adölesanlarda sosyal medya kullanımının depresyon ve yalnızlığa etkisi (Master's thesis, İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
  • Christian, M. S., & Ellis, A. P. (2011). Examining the effects of sleep deprivation on workplace deviance: A self-regulatory perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 54(5), 913-934. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.0179
  • Collier, J. E. (2020). Applied structural equation modeling using AMOS: Basic to advanced techniques. Routledge.
  • Cunnington, D., Junge, M. F., & Fernando, A. T. (2013). Insomnia: prevalence, consequences and effective treatment. Medical Journal of Australia, 199, S36-S40. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja13.10718
  • Demirer, İ., & Erol, S. (2020). The relationships between university students’ physical activity levels, insomnia and psychological well-being. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 11(3), 201-211. https://dx.doi.org/10.14744/phd.2020.46547
  • Duyan, V., Gülden, Ç. & Gelbal, S. (2012). Öz-Denetim Ölçeği- ÖDÖ: Güvenirlik ve Geçerlik Çalışması. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 23 (1), 19-30. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tsh/issue/48532/615966
  • Echeburúa, E., & de Corral, P. (2010). Addiction to new technologies and to online social networking in young people: A new challenge. Adicciones, 22(2), 91-95. Spanish. PMID: 20549142
  • Ekşi, H., Turgut, T. & Sevim, E. (2019). Üniversite öğrencilerinde öz kontrol ve sosyal medya bağımlılığı ilişkisinde genel erteleme davranışlarının aracı rolü. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 6, 717−745. http://dx.doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2019.6.3.0069
  • Elhai, J. D., Dvorak, R. D., Levine, J. C., & Hall, B. J. (2017). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 251-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.08.030
  • Feller, M., Snel, M., Moutzouri, E., Bauer, D. C., de Montmollin, M., Aujesky, D., ... & Dekkers, O. M. (2018). Association of thyroid hormone therapy with quality of life and thyroid-related symptoms in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama, 320(13), 1349-1359. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.13770
  • Firat, M. (2017). Relationship between Self-Control and Facebook Use: Case of CEIT Students. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 17(4), 1179-1201. https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2017.4.0194
  • Finkenauer, C., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Baumeister, R. F. (2005). Parenting behavior and adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: The role of self-control. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 29(1), 58-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250444000333 George, D., & Mallery, M. (2009). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference 17.0 update (15. ed.). Routledge.
  • Griffiths, M.D., & Szabo A. (2014). Is excessive online usage a function of medium or activity? An empirical pilot study. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(1), 74-77. https://doi.org/10.1556/jba.2.2013.016
  • Griffiths, M.D. (2013a) Social networking addiction: Emerging themes and ıssues. Journal of Addiction Research and Therapy, 4(5), e118. http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2155-6105.1000e118
  • Griffiths, M. D. (2013b). Is “loss of control” always a consequence of addiction? Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 1-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00036
  • Hamilton, N. A., Nelson, C. A., Stevens, N., & Kitzman, H. (2007). Sleep and psychological well-being. Social Indicators Research, 82(1), 147-163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-006-9030-1
  • Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Strack, F. (2009). Impulse and self-control from a dual-systems perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(2), 162-176. https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-6924.2009.01116.x
  • Jiang, X. L., Zheng, X. Y., Yang, J., Ye, C. P., Chen, Y. Y., Zhang, Z. G., & Xiao, Z. J. (2015). A systematic review of studies on the prevalence of insomnia in university students. Public Health, 129(12), 1579-1584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2015.07.030
  • Kaşıkcı, F., Denli, Ö. S., & Karaman, N. G. (2021). Gençlerde sosyal medya bağımlılığı ve sosyal dışlanma: Öz-Kontrolün aracılık rolünün değerlendirilmesi. Başkent University Journal of Education, 8(1), 147-159.
  • Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
  • Kross, E., Verduyn, P., Demiralp, E., Park, J., Lee, D. S., Lin, N., & Ybarra, O. (2013). Facebook use predicts declines in subjective well‐being in young adults. PLoS ONE, 8(8), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069841
  • Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M.D. (2011) Online social networking and addiction—A Review of the psychological literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(9), 3528-3552. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8093528
  • Lemola, S., Perkinson-Gloor, N., Brand, S., Dewald-Kaufmann, J. F., & Grob, A. (2015). Adolescents’ electronic media use at night, sleep disturbance, and depressive symptoms in the smartphone age. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(2), 405-418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0176-x
  • Macaskill, A. (2013). The mental health of university students in the United Kingdom. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 41(4), 426-441. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2012.743110
  • Nadorff, M. R., Nazem, S., & Fiske, A. (2011). Insomnia symptoms, nightmares, and suicidal ideation in a college student sample. Sleep, 34(1), 93-98. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/34.1.93
  • Nathan, N., & Zeitzer, J. (2013). A survey study of the association between mobile phone use and daytime sleepiness in California high school students. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-840
  • Nauts, S., & Kroese, F. M. (2017). The role of self-control in sleep behavior. In the Routledge international handbook of self-control in health and well-being (pp. 288-299). Routledge.
  • Nebioğlu, M., Konuk, N., Akbaba, S., & Eroğlu, Y. (2012). The investigation of validity and reliability of the Turkish Version of the Brief Self-Control Scale. Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22(4), 340–351. https://dx.doi.org/10.5455/bcp.20120911042732
  • Önal, G. Ş., & Hisar, K. M. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinde uykusuzluk şiddeti ve depresyon semptomları ilişkisi ve depresyon tedavisinin uykusuzluk şiddetine etkisi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 125-130.
  • Pilcher, J. J., Morris, D. M., Donnelly, J., & Feigl, H. B. (2015). Interactions between sleep habits and self-control. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 284. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00284
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141-166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081.
  • Savcı, M., Ercengiz, M., & Aysan, F. (2018). Ergenlerde sosyal medya bozukluğu ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması. Nöropsikiyatri Arşivi, 55(3), 248-255. https://doi.org/10.5152/npa.2017.19285
  • Seabrook, E. M., Kern, M. L., & Rickard, N. S. (2016). Social networking sites, depression, and anxiety: a systematic review. JMIR mental health, 3(4), e5842. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.5842
  • Selçuk, O. C. (2019). Internet bağımlılığı için risk faktörleri: Öz düzenleme yetersizliği ve boş zaman can sıkıntısı [Unpublished master's thesis]. Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi.
  • Singh, N., & Barmola, K. C. (2015). Internet addiction, mental health and academic performance of school students/adolescent. International Journal Indian Psychology, 2, 98-108. 10.25215/0203.053
  • Steptoe, A., O'Donnell, K., Marmot, M., & Wardle, J. (2008). Positive affect, psychological well-being, and good sleep. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 64(4), 409-415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.11.008
  • Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self‐control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 271-324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x
  • Taylor, D. J., Gardner, C. E., Bramoweth, A. D., Williams, J. M., Roane, B. M., Grieser, E. A., & Tatum, J. I. (2011). Insomnia and mental health in college students. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 9(2), 107-116. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2011.557992
  • Thacher, P. V. (2008). University students and the “All Nighter”: Correlates and patterns of students' engagement in a single night of total sleep deprivation. Behavioral Sleep Medicine, 6(1), 16-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402000701796114
  • Treem, J. W., Dailey, S. L., Pierce, C. S., & Biffl, D. (2016). What we are talking about when we talk about social media: A framework for study. Sociology Compass, 10, 768-784. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12404
  • Tucaniou, A. A. S. & Ebrahimabad, M. J. A. (2019). The Role of Hope in Predicting Psychological Well-Being of Soldiers with Self-Control Mediation. Military Caring Sciences Journal, 5(3), 201-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/mcs.5.3.201
  • van den Eijnden, R., Lemmens, J.S., & Valkenburg, P.M. (2016). The Social Media Disorder Scale: Validity and psychometric properties. Computers in Human Behavior, 61,478-487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.038
  • Voelker, R. (2004). Stress, sleep loss, and substance abuse create potent recipe for college depression. Jama, 291(18), 2177-2179. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.18.2177
  • Vohs, K. & Faber, R. (2007). Spent resources: Self-regulatory resource availability affects impulse buying. Journal of Consumer Research, 33(4), 537-547. https://doi.org/10.1086/510228
  • Whiting, A., & Williams, D. (2013). Why people use social media: A uses and gratifications approach. Qualitative Market Research, 16(4), 362-369. https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-06-2013-0041
  • Yue, Z., Lee, D. S., Xiao, J., & Zhang, R. (2021). Social media use, psychological well-being, and physical health during the lockdown. Information, Communication & Society, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.2013917
  • Zhai, K., Gao, X., & Wang, G. (2018). The role of sleep quality in the psychological well-being of final year undergraduate students in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(12), 2881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122881
  • Zohar, D., Tzischinsky, O., Epstein, R., & Lavie, P. (2005). The effects of sleep loss on medical residents' emotional reactions to work events: A cognitive-energy model. Sleep, 28(1), 47-54. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/28.1.47
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Figen Kasapoğlu 0000-0002-4070-960X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kasapoğlu, F. (2023). University Students’ Levels of Well-Being, Social Media Usage, Self-Control, and Insomnia in Turkey. Journal of Theoretical Educational Science, 16(2), 268-286. https://doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.1142221