Araştırma Makalesi
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Attitudes of Fathers Who Have Children in Preschool Period Towards Their Children's Sexual Development

Yıl 2023, , 74 - 87, 28.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1079384

Öz

Sexual development begins in the mother's womb and is affected by other environmental factors, especially parental attitude, with birth. This research aims to reveal fathers' attitudes on sexual development and the demographic variables (child’s age, child’s sex, number of children, father's age, father's education level, socioeconomic level) that affect these attitudes. This study is in the quantitative research approach and the descriptive model. The study group consists of 190 fathers who have children aged 3-6. The data were collected on the internet by using the 'Information Form' and the 'Parental Attitude Scale'. While analyzing the data, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey test analysis were used. According to the findings, it is seen that there is a significant relationship between the variables of child’s sex, number of children, father's education level, socioeconomic level, and fathers' attitudes towards sexual development. There was no significant relationship between the age of the father, the age of the child, and the father's attitude. It is seen that the mean scores of the fathers' attitudes towards sexual development are in the range of neutral-positive attitudes. While fathers generally had a positive attitude towards children's sexual questions and sexual behaviors, they had a negative attitude towards social norms.

Kaynakça

  • Acer, D. ve Artan, İ. (2000). The analysis of questions asked by children of three and four-year-old group related to sex and the answers given by mothers. Journal of Uludag University Faculty of Education, 13(1), 191-204.
  • Açıkgöz, N. (1999). 3-6 Yaş çocukları için hazırlanan bir cinsel eğitim programı ve etkileri (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Adegoke, R. (2003). Enhancing school-based prevention and youth development through coordinated social, emotional, and academic learning. American Psychologist, 58(6-7), 466-474.
  • Arıkan, R. (2011). Araştırma yöntem ve teknikleri. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
  • Bayrak, G., Başgül, Ş. S. ve Gündüz, T. (2011). Ailede cinsel eğitim: çocuk ve ergen eğitiminde rehber kitap. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
  • Baysan, M.P. (2020). Knowledge, level, and attitudes of parents whose chıldren's agareis between 3 and 6 about child sexual development and educatı̇on (Unpublished masters of arts dissertation). Istanbul Medipol University, İstanbul.
  • Brown, G. L., Mangelsdorf, S. C. and Neff, C. (2012). Father involvement, paternal sensitivity, and father-child attachment security in the first 3 years. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(3), 421-430. doi:10. 1037/a0026588
  • Burns, V.E. (2008). Living without a strong father figure: a context for teen mothers’ experience of having become sexually active. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 29(3), 279–297.
  • Campero, L., Walker, D., Atienzo, E. E. and Gutierrez, J. P. (2011). A quasi-experimental evaluation of parents as sexual health educators resulting in delayed sexual initiation and increased access to condoms. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 215–223. doi:10.1016/ j.adolescence.2010.05010
  • Ceylan, Ş. ve Çetin, A. (2015). Sexual education is given to the families of three –to five-year-old children attending a preschool education institution and its analysis. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 2(3), 41-59.
  • Collins, F.S. (2008). Developing an understanding of gender-sensitive care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 40(1), 69-77.
  • Corcoran, C. and Michael, G. (2000). Tackling socioeconomic inequalities in health. The Lancet, 362(93), 1409-1414.
  • Coyle, D., Pawan, K. and Rumey C. (1999). Learning about sex: Results from Natsal Health Education and Behavior. Health Education and Behavior, 33(6), 802-811.
  • Çalışır, D. (2014). Cinsel Eğitim Çocukluktan Ergenliğe. İstanbul: Profil Kitap.
  • Çankırı A. (2018). Okul öncesi dönem çocuklarının cinsel eğitimi ı̇le ı̇lgili anne baba görüşlerinin ı̇ncelenmesi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Çanakkale.
  • Çerçi, G. (2013). Investigating knowledge level and attitudes of families with mentally retarded children towards their sexual development and education (Unpublished masters of arts dissertation) Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir.
  • DiIorio C., Pluhar E. and Belcher L. (2003). Parent-child communication about sexuality: a review of the literature from 1980–2002, Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Education for Adolescents and Children, 5(3/4):7-32.
  • DiIorio C, Kelley M and Hockenberry-Eaton M, Communication about sexual issues: mothers, fathers, and friends, Journal of Adolescent Health, 1999, 24(3):181–189.
  • Downie, J. and Coates, R. (1999). The impact of gender on parent-child sexuality communication: Has anything changed? Sexual and Marital Therapy, 14(2), 109-121.
  • Eisenberg, M. E., Bernat, D. H., Bearinger, L. H. and Resnick, M. D. (2008). Support for comprehensive sexuality education: Perspectives from parents of school-age youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(4), 352-359.
  • El-Shaieb, M. and Wurtele, S. K. (2009). Parents' plans to discuss sexuality with their young children. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 4(2), 103-115.
  • Eliküçük, A. and Sönmez, S. (2011). Examination of opinions of parents about sexual development and education six years old children. Journal of Family and Society Education-Culture and Research, 7 (25), 45- 62.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society (pp. 251–263). New York: W.W. Norton.
  • Eroğlu, K. ve Gölbaşı, Z. (2005). The importance of parents in sexual education: what are they doing, what are they feelıng? Atatürk University Nursing School Journal, 8(2), 12-21.
  • Ersoy, Ö. (1999). Opinions and attitudes of parents who have girls and boys in the 6-year-old group about sexual education. Journal of Vocational Education, 1(1), 19-29.
  • Eser, M. ve Çeliköz, N. (2009). Impacts of parental attitude towards sexual identity development on child's sexual identity development. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 1408-1413.
  • Fitzharris, J. L. and Werner-Wilson, R. J. (2004). Multiple perspectives of parent-adolescent sexuality communication: Phenomenological description of a Rashoman effect. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 32, 273–288.
  • Freud, S. (1965). Normality and Pathology in Childhood: Assessment of Development. New York: International University Press.
  • Göçgeldi, E., Tüzün, H., Türker, T. ve Şimşek, I. (2007). The investigation of attitudes of parents of preschool children towards sexual education. Journal of Continuing Medical Education, 16(9), 134-142.
  • Guilamo-Ramos, V., Bouris, A., Jaccard, J., Gonzalez, B., McCoy, W. and Aranda, D. (2011). A parent-based intervention to reduce sexual risk behavior in early adolescence: Building alliances between physicians, social workers, and parents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48, 159–163. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.06.007
  • Harris, K.M., Furstenberg, F.F. and Marmer, J.K. (1998). Paternal involve- ment with adolescents in intact families: the influence of fathers over the life course. Demography, 35(2), 201–216.
  • İldeş, N. (1990). Okul Öncesi dönemdeki (3-6) yaş çocukların anne-babalarının cinsellik ve cinsel eğitim konusundaki inanış ve uygulamaları ile çocukların cinselliğe ilişkin meraklarına karşı genel tutum, davranış ve tepkilerin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara
  • İşler, S. ve Gürşimşek, A. I. (2018). Parents’ opinions about the necessity of sexual education for 3-6 years old children. Gazi University Journal of Gazi Educational Faculty, 38(3), 843-867.
  • Kayabaşı, E. (2019). İlkokul Öğrencilerinin Annelerine Yönelik Hazırlanan Cinsel Gelişim Eğitimi Programının Etkililiğinin Sınanması. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Bolu.
  • Kimberly, C. and Linton, R. D. (2017). How time with a father relates to child’s sexual health. The Family Journal, 25(2), 196-203.
  • Kincaid, C., Jones, D. J., Sterrett, E. and McKee, L. (2012). A review of parenting and adolescent sexual behavior: The moderating role of gender. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 177–188. doi:10.1016/j. cpr.2012.01.002
  • King, V. and Sobolewski, J.M. (2006). Nonresident fathers’ contributions to adolescent well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(3), 537–557.
  • Kirby, C. (2002). Do abstinence-only programs delay the initiation of sex among young people and reduce teen pregnancy? Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy.
  • Kirby, D.B., Laris B.A. and Rolleri, L.A. (2007). Sex and HIV education programs: their impact on sexual behaviors of young people throughout the world. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(3), 206–217.
  • Koblinsky, S. and Atkinson, J. (1982). Parental plans for children's sex education. Family Relations, 31(1), 29-35.
  • Konur, H. (2006). Dört -Altı Yaşları Arasında Çocuğu Olan Anne-Babalara Verilen "Cinsel Eğitim Programı" nın Cinsel Gelişim ve Cinsel Eğitim Konusundaki Bilgilerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Lu, W. V. (1994). Parental Attitudes toward Sex Education for Young Children in Taiwan.
  • Makol-Abdul, P.R., Nurullah, A.S., Imam, S.S. and Rahman, S.A. (2010). Parents’ attitudes towards inclusion of sexuality education in Malaysian schools. International Journal about Parents in Education, 3(1), 42–56.
  • Martin, J., Riazi, H., Firoozi, A. and Nasiri, M. (2018). A sex education program for mothers in Iran: Does preschool children’s sex education influence mothers’ knowledge and attitudes? Sex Education, 18(2), 219-230.
  • Mellins, C. A., Tassiopoulos, K., Malee, K., Moscicki, A. B., Patton, D., Smith, R. and Seage, G. R. (2011). Behavioral health risks in perinatally HIV-exposed youth: Co-occurrence of sexual and drug use behavior, mental health problems, and nonadherence to anti-retroviral treatment. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 25, 413–422. doi:10.1089/apc.2011.0025
  • Menning, C., Holtzman, M. and Kapinus, C. Stepfather involvement and adolescents’ disposition toward having sex, Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2007, 39(2):82–89.
  • Meschke, L. L., Bartholomae, S. and Zentall, S. R. (2000). Adolescent sexuality and parent-adolescent processes: Promoting healthy teen choices. Family Relations, 49, 143–154.
  • Miller, B. C., Benson, B. and Galbraith, K. A. (2001). Family relationships and adolescent pregnancy risk: A research synthesis. Developmental Review, 21, 1–38.
  • Miller, K. S., Kotchik, B. A., Dorsey, S., Forehand, R. and Ham, A. Y. (1998). Family communication about sex: What are parents saying and are their adolescents listening? Family Planning Perspectives, 30, 218–235.
  • Mobredi, K., Hasanpoor-Azghady, S. B., Azin, S. A., Haghani, H. and Farahani, L. A. (2018). Effect of the sexual education program on the knowledge and attitude of preschoolersâ mothers. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 12 (6), 6-9.
  • Kohler, P.K., Manhart, L.E. and Lafferty, W.E. (2008). Abstinence-only and comprehensive sex education and the initiation of sexual activity and teen pregnancy. Journal Adolescent Health, 42 (4), 344–351.
  • Parkes, A., Henderson, M., Wight, D. and Nixon, C. (2011). Is parenting associated with teenagers’ early sexual risk-taking, autonomy and relationship with sexual partners? Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 43, 30–40. doi:10.1363/4303011
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  • Scott, M. E., Wildsmith, E., Welti, K., Ryan, S., Schelar, E. and Steward-Streng, N. R. (2011). Risky adolescent sexual behaviors and reproductive health in young adulthood. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 43, 110–118. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737. 2007.00441.x
  • Secor-Turner, M., Sieving, R. E., Eisenberg, M. E. and Skay, C. (2011). Associations between sexually experienced adolescents’ sources of information about sex and sexual risk outcomes. Sex Education, 11, 489–500. doi:10.1080/14681811.2011.601137
  • Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS) (2001). ‘Sexuality education in the schools: Issues and Answers.’ SIECUS Report, 29 (6).
  • Tolman, D. L. and McClelland, S. I. (2011). Normative sexuality development in adolescence: A decade in review, 2000-2009. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 242–255. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795. 2010.00726.x
  • Tuğrul, B. and Artan, İ. (2001). Research of mothers’ opinions about the children’s sexual education. Hacettepe University Faculty of Education Journal, 20, 141-149.
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Okul Öncesi Dönemde Çocuğu Olan Babaların Çocuklarının Cinsel Gelişimlerine Yönelik Tutumları

Yıl 2023, , 74 - 87, 28.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1079384

Öz

Cinsel gelişim anne karnında başlar ve doğumla birlikte başta ebeveyn tutumu olmak üzere diğer çevresel faktörlerden de etkilenir. Babalar, cinsel gelişim sürecinde çocuklarına rol model olurlar ve çocukların sağlıklı bir özdeşim kurmalarına yardımcı olurlar. Ayrıca babaların çocukları ile cinsel iletişim kurmaları çocukların gelecekteki cinsel davranışlarını da etkileyerek onları cinsel risklerden uzak tutmaktadır. Bu nedenle babaların cinsellik konusunda iletişime açık olmaları ve olumlu bir tutum sergilemeleri oldukça önemlidir. Bu araştırma, babaların cinsel gelişime yönelik tutumlarını ve bu tutumları etkileyen demografik değişkenleri (çocuğun yaşı, çocuğun cinsiyeti, çocuk sayısı, babanın yaşı, babanın eğitim düzeyi, sosyoekonomik düzeyi) ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma, nicel araştırma yaklaşımında ve betimsel modeldedir. Çalışma grubu 3-6 yaş arası çocuğu olan 190 babadan oluşmaktadır. Veriler internet ortamında, 'Bilgi Formu' ve 'Ebeveyn Tutum Ölçeği' kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde bağımsız örneklem t-testi, tek yönlü ANOVA ve Tukey testi analizi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre çocuğun cinsiyeti, çocuk sayısı, baba eğitim düzeyi, sosyoekonomik düzey değişkenleri ve babaların cinsel gelişime yönelik tutumları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu görülmektedir. Babanın yaşı, çocuğun yaşı ve babanın tutumu arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır. Babaların cinsel gelişime yönelik tutum puan ortalamalarının nötr-olumlu tutum aralığında olduğu görülmektedir. Babalar çocukların cinsel soruları ve cinsel davranışlarına karşı genellikle olumlu bir tutum sergilerken, sosyal normlara karşı olumsuz bir tutum sergilemişlerdir.

Kaynakça

  • Acer, D. ve Artan, İ. (2000). The analysis of questions asked by children of three and four-year-old group related to sex and the answers given by mothers. Journal of Uludag University Faculty of Education, 13(1), 191-204.
  • Açıkgöz, N. (1999). 3-6 Yaş çocukları için hazırlanan bir cinsel eğitim programı ve etkileri (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
  • Adegoke, R. (2003). Enhancing school-based prevention and youth development through coordinated social, emotional, and academic learning. American Psychologist, 58(6-7), 466-474.
  • Arıkan, R. (2011). Araştırma yöntem ve teknikleri. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
  • Bayrak, G., Başgül, Ş. S. ve Gündüz, T. (2011). Ailede cinsel eğitim: çocuk ve ergen eğitiminde rehber kitap. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
  • Baysan, M.P. (2020). Knowledge, level, and attitudes of parents whose chıldren's agareis between 3 and 6 about child sexual development and educatı̇on (Unpublished masters of arts dissertation). Istanbul Medipol University, İstanbul.
  • Brown, G. L., Mangelsdorf, S. C. and Neff, C. (2012). Father involvement, paternal sensitivity, and father-child attachment security in the first 3 years. Journal of Family Psychology, 26(3), 421-430. doi:10. 1037/a0026588
  • Burns, V.E. (2008). Living without a strong father figure: a context for teen mothers’ experience of having become sexually active. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 29(3), 279–297.
  • Campero, L., Walker, D., Atienzo, E. E. and Gutierrez, J. P. (2011). A quasi-experimental evaluation of parents as sexual health educators resulting in delayed sexual initiation and increased access to condoms. Journal of Adolescence, 34, 215–223. doi:10.1016/ j.adolescence.2010.05010
  • Ceylan, Ş. ve Çetin, A. (2015). Sexual education is given to the families of three –to five-year-old children attending a preschool education institution and its analysis. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 2(3), 41-59.
  • Collins, F.S. (2008). Developing an understanding of gender-sensitive care. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 40(1), 69-77.
  • Corcoran, C. and Michael, G. (2000). Tackling socioeconomic inequalities in health. The Lancet, 362(93), 1409-1414.
  • Coyle, D., Pawan, K. and Rumey C. (1999). Learning about sex: Results from Natsal Health Education and Behavior. Health Education and Behavior, 33(6), 802-811.
  • Çalışır, D. (2014). Cinsel Eğitim Çocukluktan Ergenliğe. İstanbul: Profil Kitap.
  • Çankırı A. (2018). Okul öncesi dönem çocuklarının cinsel eğitimi ı̇le ı̇lgili anne baba görüşlerinin ı̇ncelenmesi (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Çanakkale.
  • Çerçi, G. (2013). Investigating knowledge level and attitudes of families with mentally retarded children towards their sexual development and education (Unpublished masters of arts dissertation) Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir.
  • DiIorio C., Pluhar E. and Belcher L. (2003). Parent-child communication about sexuality: a review of the literature from 1980–2002, Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Education for Adolescents and Children, 5(3/4):7-32.
  • DiIorio C, Kelley M and Hockenberry-Eaton M, Communication about sexual issues: mothers, fathers, and friends, Journal of Adolescent Health, 1999, 24(3):181–189.
  • Downie, J. and Coates, R. (1999). The impact of gender on parent-child sexuality communication: Has anything changed? Sexual and Marital Therapy, 14(2), 109-121.
  • Eisenberg, M. E., Bernat, D. H., Bearinger, L. H. and Resnick, M. D. (2008). Support for comprehensive sexuality education: Perspectives from parents of school-age youth. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(4), 352-359.
  • El-Shaieb, M. and Wurtele, S. K. (2009). Parents' plans to discuss sexuality with their young children. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 4(2), 103-115.
  • Eliküçük, A. and Sönmez, S. (2011). Examination of opinions of parents about sexual development and education six years old children. Journal of Family and Society Education-Culture and Research, 7 (25), 45- 62.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society (pp. 251–263). New York: W.W. Norton.
  • Eroğlu, K. ve Gölbaşı, Z. (2005). The importance of parents in sexual education: what are they doing, what are they feelıng? Atatürk University Nursing School Journal, 8(2), 12-21.
  • Ersoy, Ö. (1999). Opinions and attitudes of parents who have girls and boys in the 6-year-old group about sexual education. Journal of Vocational Education, 1(1), 19-29.
  • Eser, M. ve Çeliköz, N. (2009). Impacts of parental attitude towards sexual identity development on child's sexual identity development. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 1408-1413.
  • Fitzharris, J. L. and Werner-Wilson, R. J. (2004). Multiple perspectives of parent-adolescent sexuality communication: Phenomenological description of a Rashoman effect. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 32, 273–288.
  • Freud, S. (1965). Normality and Pathology in Childhood: Assessment of Development. New York: International University Press.
  • Göçgeldi, E., Tüzün, H., Türker, T. ve Şimşek, I. (2007). The investigation of attitudes of parents of preschool children towards sexual education. Journal of Continuing Medical Education, 16(9), 134-142.
  • Guilamo-Ramos, V., Bouris, A., Jaccard, J., Gonzalez, B., McCoy, W. and Aranda, D. (2011). A parent-based intervention to reduce sexual risk behavior in early adolescence: Building alliances between physicians, social workers, and parents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48, 159–163. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.06.007
  • Harris, K.M., Furstenberg, F.F. and Marmer, J.K. (1998). Paternal involve- ment with adolescents in intact families: the influence of fathers over the life course. Demography, 35(2), 201–216.
  • İldeş, N. (1990). Okul Öncesi dönemdeki (3-6) yaş çocukların anne-babalarının cinsellik ve cinsel eğitim konusundaki inanış ve uygulamaları ile çocukların cinselliğe ilişkin meraklarına karşı genel tutum, davranış ve tepkilerin incelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara
  • İşler, S. ve Gürşimşek, A. I. (2018). Parents’ opinions about the necessity of sexual education for 3-6 years old children. Gazi University Journal of Gazi Educational Faculty, 38(3), 843-867.
  • Kayabaşı, E. (2019). İlkokul Öğrencilerinin Annelerine Yönelik Hazırlanan Cinsel Gelişim Eğitimi Programının Etkililiğinin Sınanması. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi, Bolu.
  • Kimberly, C. and Linton, R. D. (2017). How time with a father relates to child’s sexual health. The Family Journal, 25(2), 196-203.
  • Kincaid, C., Jones, D. J., Sterrett, E. and McKee, L. (2012). A review of parenting and adolescent sexual behavior: The moderating role of gender. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 177–188. doi:10.1016/j. cpr.2012.01.002
  • King, V. and Sobolewski, J.M. (2006). Nonresident fathers’ contributions to adolescent well-being. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(3), 537–557.
  • Kirby, C. (2002). Do abstinence-only programs delay the initiation of sex among young people and reduce teen pregnancy? Washington, DC: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy.
  • Kirby, D.B., Laris B.A. and Rolleri, L.A. (2007). Sex and HIV education programs: their impact on sexual behaviors of young people throughout the world. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40(3), 206–217.
  • Koblinsky, S. and Atkinson, J. (1982). Parental plans for children's sex education. Family Relations, 31(1), 29-35.
  • Konur, H. (2006). Dört -Altı Yaşları Arasında Çocuğu Olan Anne-Babalara Verilen "Cinsel Eğitim Programı" nın Cinsel Gelişim ve Cinsel Eğitim Konusundaki Bilgilerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi. (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Lu, W. V. (1994). Parental Attitudes toward Sex Education for Young Children in Taiwan.
  • Makol-Abdul, P.R., Nurullah, A.S., Imam, S.S. and Rahman, S.A. (2010). Parents’ attitudes towards inclusion of sexuality education in Malaysian schools. International Journal about Parents in Education, 3(1), 42–56.
  • Martin, J., Riazi, H., Firoozi, A. and Nasiri, M. (2018). A sex education program for mothers in Iran: Does preschool children’s sex education influence mothers’ knowledge and attitudes? Sex Education, 18(2), 219-230.
  • Mellins, C. A., Tassiopoulos, K., Malee, K., Moscicki, A. B., Patton, D., Smith, R. and Seage, G. R. (2011). Behavioral health risks in perinatally HIV-exposed youth: Co-occurrence of sexual and drug use behavior, mental health problems, and nonadherence to anti-retroviral treatment. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 25, 413–422. doi:10.1089/apc.2011.0025
  • Menning, C., Holtzman, M. and Kapinus, C. Stepfather involvement and adolescents’ disposition toward having sex, Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2007, 39(2):82–89.
  • Meschke, L. L., Bartholomae, S. and Zentall, S. R. (2000). Adolescent sexuality and parent-adolescent processes: Promoting healthy teen choices. Family Relations, 49, 143–154.
  • Miller, B. C., Benson, B. and Galbraith, K. A. (2001). Family relationships and adolescent pregnancy risk: A research synthesis. Developmental Review, 21, 1–38.
  • Miller, K. S., Kotchik, B. A., Dorsey, S., Forehand, R. and Ham, A. Y. (1998). Family communication about sex: What are parents saying and are their adolescents listening? Family Planning Perspectives, 30, 218–235.
  • Mobredi, K., Hasanpoor-Azghady, S. B., Azin, S. A., Haghani, H. and Farahani, L. A. (2018). Effect of the sexual education program on the knowledge and attitude of preschoolersâ mothers. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 12 (6), 6-9.
  • Kohler, P.K., Manhart, L.E. and Lafferty, W.E. (2008). Abstinence-only and comprehensive sex education and the initiation of sexual activity and teen pregnancy. Journal Adolescent Health, 42 (4), 344–351.
  • Parkes, A., Henderson, M., Wight, D. and Nixon, C. (2011). Is parenting associated with teenagers’ early sexual risk-taking, autonomy and relationship with sexual partners? Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 43, 30–40. doi:10.1363/4303011
  • Regnerus, M.D. and Luchies, L.B. (2006). The parent-child relationship and opportunities for adolescents’ first sex. Journal of Family Issues, 27 (2), 159–183.
  • Scott, M. E., Wildsmith, E., Welti, K., Ryan, S., Schelar, E. and Steward-Streng, N. R. (2011). Risky adolescent sexual behaviors and reproductive health in young adulthood. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 43, 110–118. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737. 2007.00441.x
  • Secor-Turner, M., Sieving, R. E., Eisenberg, M. E. and Skay, C. (2011). Associations between sexually experienced adolescents’ sources of information about sex and sexual risk outcomes. Sex Education, 11, 489–500. doi:10.1080/14681811.2011.601137
  • Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States (SIECUS) (2001). ‘Sexuality education in the schools: Issues and Answers.’ SIECUS Report, 29 (6).
  • Tolman, D. L. and McClelland, S. I. (2011). Normative sexuality development in adolescence: A decade in review, 2000-2009. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 242–255. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795. 2010.00726.x
  • Tuğrul, B. and Artan, İ. (2001). Research of mothers’ opinions about the children’s sexual education. Hacettepe University Faculty of Education Journal, 20, 141-149.
  • Tuzcuoğlu, N. Ve Tuzcuoğlu, S. (1996). Çocuğun cinsel gelişiminde ailelerin karşılaştıkları güçlükler. Marmara University Atatürk Education Faculty Journal of Educational Sciences, 8(8), 251-262
  • Wight, D. and Fullerton, D. (2013). A review of interventions with parents to promote the sexual health of their children. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52, 4–27. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012. 04.014
  • Wood, R. G., McConnell, S., Moore, Q., Clarkwest, A. and Hsueh, J. (2012). The effects of building strong families: A healthy marriage and relationship skills education program for unmarried parents. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 31, 228–252. doi:10. 1002/pam.21608
  • Woody, J. D., Randall, A. D. and D'Souza, H. J. (2008). A sex education program for mothers: Effects, parent characteristics, and practice insights. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 3(1), 39-64.
  • Wyckoff, S.C., Miller, K.S., Forehand, R., Bau, J., Fasula, A.M., Long, N. and Armistead, L. (2008). Patterns of sexuality communication between preadolescents and their mothers and fathers, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 2008, 17(5), 649–662.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Eğitim
Yazarlar

Sıla Uzkul 0000-0002-9041-4412

Ayşe Dilek Öğretir Özçelik 0000-0002-6380-4757

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Mart 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Şubat 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Uzkul, S., & Öğretir Özçelik, A. D. (2023). Attitudes of Fathers Who Have Children in Preschool Period Towards Their Children’s Sexual Development. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 25(1), 74-87. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1079384