Araştırma Makalesi
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Beliren Yetişkinlik Dönemindeki Erkeklerde Benlik Farklılaşması ve Peter Pan Sendromu: Kişilerarası Yetkinliğin Aracı Rolü

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 2, 701 - 712, 18.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1291917

Öz

Peter Pan sendromu erkeklerde görülen kritik bir sorundur. Bu sendromu tetikleyen veya hafifleten değişkenler ile ilişkisini incelemek önemlidir. Ancak Türkiye'de bu konuda yeterli araştırma yapılmadığı görülmektedir. Bu konudaki araştırma boşluğunun doldurulması ve bu konuya dikkat çekilmesinin önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu çalışma, klinik olmayan bir örneklemde, benlik farklılaşması ile Peter Pan sendromu arasındaki ilişkide kişilerarası yetkinliğin aracı rolünü incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Benlik farklılaşmasına sahip bireylerin kişilerarası yetkinliğinin daha yüksek olduğu ve sonuç olarak Peter Pan sendromuna yakalanma risklerinin daha düşük olduğu varsayılmaktadır. Katılımcıların tamamı erkektir. Araştırmaya yaşları 18-30 arasında olan, romantik ilişki yaşayan veya evli toplam 425 kişi katılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucu, kişilerarası yetkinlik ve benlik farklılaşmasının birbiriyle pozitif, Peter Pan sendromunun her ikisiyle de negatif korelasyon gösterdiğini göstermiştir. Benlik farklılaşması ile Peter Pan sendromu arasındaki ilişkide kişilerarası yetkinliğin aracı rolü aracılık analizi ile istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur. Ruh sağlığı alanındaki araştırmacı ve uzmanların, çalışmanın bulgularını bir rehber olarak kullanmaları beklenmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Arnett, J.J., (2004). Emerging adulthood: the winding road from late teens through the twenties. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Aylmer, R. C. (1998). The launching of the single young adult. In E. Carter & M. McGoldrick (Eds.), The changing family life cycle (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Arnett, J. J. (1994). Are college students adults? Their conceptions of the transition to adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 1(4), 213-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02277582.
  • Arnett, J. J. (1998). Learning to stand alone: The contemporary American transition to adulthood in cultural and historical context. Human Development, 41(5-6), 295-315. https://doi.org/10.1159/000022591.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469.
  • Bartle, S. E. (1996). Family of origin and interpersonal contributions to the interdependence of dating partners' trust. Personal Relationships, 3(2), 197-209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1996.tb00112.x.
  • Bartle-Haring, S., & Sabatelli, R. M. (1997). Emotional reactivity toward parents and interpersonal competence: Differences across gender and type of relationship. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26(4), 399-413. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024577204356.
  • Becvar, R., & Becvar, D. (2003). Family therapy: A systemic integration. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Bomar, J. A., & Sabatelli, R. M. (1996). Family system dynamics, gender, and psychosocial maturity in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 11(4), 421-439. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743554896114003.
  • Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. New York: Jason Aronson.
  • Buhrmester, D., Furman, W., Wittenberg, M. T., & Reis, H. T. (1988). Five domains of interpersonal competence in peer relationships. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 55(6), 991. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.6.991.
  • Burger, J. M. (2006). Kişilik (İD Erguvan Sarıoğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları.
  • Carter, E., & McGoldrick, M. (1999). The expanded family life cycle: Individual, family, and social perspectives (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Dakin, L. (2006). The relationship between indirect family factors, emotional reactivity, and young adults' interpersonal competence (Doctoral dissertation). Auburn University, Alabama.
  • Dalla, R. L., Marchetti, A. M., Sechrest, E. A., & White, J. L. (2010). “All the men here have the Peter Pan syndrome-they don’t want to grow up”: Navajo adolescent mothers’ intimate partner relationships-A 15-year perspective. Violence Against Women, 16(7), 743-763. https://doi.org/10.1177/107780121037486.
  • Dekel, R. (2010). Couple forgiveness, self-differentiation and secondary traumatization among wives of former POWs. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(7), 924-937. https://doi.org/10.1177/026540751037721.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1984). İnsanın sekiz çağı (1. Basım), (Çev. T. Bedirhan Üstün ve Vedat. P.). Ankara: Birey ve Toplum Yayıncılık.
  • Garbarino, J., Gaa, J. P., Swank, P., McPherson, R., & Gratch, L. V. (1995). The relation of individuation and psychosocial development. Journal of Family Psychology, 9(3), 311. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.9.3.311.
  • Green, J. O., & Burleson, B. R. (2003). Preface. In J. O. Green & B. R. Burleson (Eds.), Handbook of communication and social interaction skills (pp. 1-3). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Greenberger, E., & Sørensen, A. B. (1974). Toward a concept of psychosocial maturity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 3(4), 329-358. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02214746.
  • Grolnick, W. S. (2003). The psychology of parental control: How well-meant parenting backfires. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.
  • Hoffman, J. A. (1984). Psychological separation of late adolescents from their parents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(2), 170. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.31.2.170.
  • Johnson, P., & Buboltz, W. C. (2000). Differentiation of self and psychological reactance. Contemporary Family Therapy, 22(1), 91-102. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007774600764.
  • Işık, E., & Bulduk, S. (2015). Psychometric properties of the differentiation of self inventory‐revised in Turkish adults. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 41(1), 102-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12022.
  • İlhan, H. (2016). Genç yetişkinlerin romantik ilişkilerinde bilişsel çarpıtmalarının ve kişilerarası yetkinliklerinin incelenmesi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Melikşah Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kayseri.
  • Kalkan, M., Batık, M. V., Kaya, L., & Turan, M. (2021). Peter Pan Syndrome “Men Who Don’t Grow”: Developing a Scale. Men and Masculinities, 24(2), 245-257. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X1987485.
  • Kerr, M. E., & Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation. New York: Norton.
  • Kiley, D. (1997). Peter Pan Syndrome: Men who never grow up. Ankara: HYB Publications.
  • Mattanah, J. F., Hancock, G. R., & Brand, B. L. (2004). Parental attachment, separation-individuation, and college student adjustment: A structural equation analysis of mediational effects. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(2), 213. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.2.213.
  • Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Harvard University Press.
  • Mirkin, M. P. (1983). The Peter Pan syndrome: inpatient treatment of adolescent anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Family Therapy, 5(3), 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00926583.
  • Nichols, M. P., & Schwartz, R. C. (2004). Family therapy: Concepts and methods (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Papero, D. V. (1988). Training in Bowen therapy. In Liddle, H. A., Breunlin, D. C., and Schwartz, R. C. (Eds.) Handbook of family therapy training and supervision. Guilford, New York.
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.
  • Rodríguez-González, M., Skowron, E. A., Cagigal de Gregorio, V., & Muñoz San Roque, I. (2016). Differentiation of self, mate selection, and marital adjustment: Validity of postulates of Bowen theory in a Spanish sample. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 44(1), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2015.1099415.
  • Rose‐Krasnor, L. (1997). The nature of social competence: A theoretical review. Social Development, 6(1), 111-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.1997.tb00097.x.
  • Şahin, E. E., & Gizir, C. A. (2013). Kişilerarası yetkinlik ölçeği-kısa formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(3), 144-158. https://doi.org/10.17860/efd.45237.
  • Şahin, E. E., & Gizir, C. A. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinde utangaçlık: Benlik saygısı ve kişilerarası yetkinlik değişkenlerinin rolü. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 5(41), 75-88. https://doi.org/10.17066/pdrd.33036.
  • Scharf, M., Mayseless, O., & Kivenson-Baron, I. (2004). Adolescents' attachment representations and developmental tasks in emerging adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 40(3), 430. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.3.430.
  • Schnarch, D. (2009). Intimacy & desire: Awaken the passion in your relationship. Scribe Publications. Seiffge-Krenke, I. (2006). Coping with relationship stressors: The impact of different working models of attachment and links to adaptation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(1), 24-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-9015-4.
  • Skinner, J. (1957). James M. Barrie or the boy who wouldn't grow up. American Imago, 14(2), 111-141. Skowron, E. A., & Friedlander, M. L. (1998). The Differentiation of Self Inventory: Development and initial validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(3), 235. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.45.3.235.
  • Skowron, E. A., & Schmitt, T. A. (2003). Assessing interpersonal fusion: Reliability and validity of a new DSI fusion with others subscale. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29(2), 209-222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2003.tb01201.x.
  • Skowron, E. A. (2000). The role of differentiation of self in marital adjustment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(2), 229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.47.2.229.
  • Spitzberg, B. H., & Cupach, W. R. (1989). Handbook of interpersonal competence research. New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Stierlin, H., Levi, L. D., & Savard, R. J. (1971). Parental perceptions of separating children. Family Process, 10(4), 411-427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1971.00411.x.
  • Quadrio, C. (1982). The Peter Pan and Wendy syndrome: A marital dynamic. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 16(2), 23-28. https://doi.org/10.3109/0004867820916118.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Wilson, C. E. (2020). The association between differentiation of self and romantic relationship outcomes and the mediating role of communication behaviors (Doctoral dissertation). Kansas State University.
  • Yang, K. L. (1999). The relationships among family dynamics, interpersonal competence and psychological adjustment in late adolescence and young adulthood: A Taiwanese sample (Doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University.

Differentiation of Self and Peter Pan Syndrome In Men of Emerging Adulthood: The Mediating Role of Interpersonal Competence

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 2, 701 - 712, 18.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1291917

Öz

Peter Pan syndrome is a critical issue seen in men. It is important to examine the relationship with the variables that trigger or alleviate this syndrome. However, it is seen that there is not enough research on this subject in Turkey. It is thought that it is important to fill the research gap on this subject and to draw attention to this issue. Therefore, in a non-clinical sample, this study aims to examine the mediating role of interpersonal competence in the association between differentiation of self and Peter Pan syndrome. It is assumed that individuals with self-differentiation have higher interpersonal competence, as a result, a lower risk of developing Peter Pan syndrome. All of the participants are male. A total of 425 individuals between the ages of 18-30, who were romantically involved or married, participated in the study. The study's result showed that interpersonal competence and differentiation of self are positively correlated with each other, and that Peter Pan syndrome is negatively correlated with both of them. The mediating role of interpersonal competence in the relationship between differentiation of self and Peter Pan syndrome was statistically significant by the mediation analysis. Researchers and experts in the field of mental health are anticipated to use the study's findings as a guide.

Kaynakça

  • Arnett, J.J., (2004). Emerging adulthood: the winding road from late teens through the twenties. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Aylmer, R. C. (1998). The launching of the single young adult. In E. Carter & M. McGoldrick (Eds.), The changing family life cycle (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Arnett, J. J. (1994). Are college students adults? Their conceptions of the transition to adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 1(4), 213-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02277582.
  • Arnett, J. J. (1998). Learning to stand alone: The contemporary American transition to adulthood in cultural and historical context. Human Development, 41(5-6), 295-315. https://doi.org/10.1159/000022591.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.5.469.
  • Bartle, S. E. (1996). Family of origin and interpersonal contributions to the interdependence of dating partners' trust. Personal Relationships, 3(2), 197-209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1996.tb00112.x.
  • Bartle-Haring, S., & Sabatelli, R. M. (1997). Emotional reactivity toward parents and interpersonal competence: Differences across gender and type of relationship. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26(4), 399-413. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024577204356.
  • Becvar, R., & Becvar, D. (2003). Family therapy: A systemic integration. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Bomar, J. A., & Sabatelli, R. M. (1996). Family system dynamics, gender, and psychosocial maturity in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Research, 11(4), 421-439. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743554896114003.
  • Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. New York: Jason Aronson.
  • Buhrmester, D., Furman, W., Wittenberg, M. T., & Reis, H. T. (1988). Five domains of interpersonal competence in peer relationships. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 55(6), 991. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.55.6.991.
  • Burger, J. M. (2006). Kişilik (İD Erguvan Sarıoğlu, Çev.). İstanbul: Kaknüs Yayınları.
  • Carter, E., & McGoldrick, M. (1999). The expanded family life cycle: Individual, family, and social perspectives (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Dakin, L. (2006). The relationship between indirect family factors, emotional reactivity, and young adults' interpersonal competence (Doctoral dissertation). Auburn University, Alabama.
  • Dalla, R. L., Marchetti, A. M., Sechrest, E. A., & White, J. L. (2010). “All the men here have the Peter Pan syndrome-they don’t want to grow up”: Navajo adolescent mothers’ intimate partner relationships-A 15-year perspective. Violence Against Women, 16(7), 743-763. https://doi.org/10.1177/107780121037486.
  • Dekel, R. (2010). Couple forgiveness, self-differentiation and secondary traumatization among wives of former POWs. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 27(7), 924-937. https://doi.org/10.1177/026540751037721.
  • Erikson, E. H. (1984). İnsanın sekiz çağı (1. Basım), (Çev. T. Bedirhan Üstün ve Vedat. P.). Ankara: Birey ve Toplum Yayıncılık.
  • Garbarino, J., Gaa, J. P., Swank, P., McPherson, R., & Gratch, L. V. (1995). The relation of individuation and psychosocial development. Journal of Family Psychology, 9(3), 311. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.9.3.311.
  • Green, J. O., & Burleson, B. R. (2003). Preface. In J. O. Green & B. R. Burleson (Eds.), Handbook of communication and social interaction skills (pp. 1-3). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Greenberger, E., & Sørensen, A. B. (1974). Toward a concept of psychosocial maturity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 3(4), 329-358. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02214746.
  • Grolnick, W. S. (2003). The psychology of parental control: How well-meant parenting backfires. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford Publications.
  • Hoffman, J. A. (1984). Psychological separation of late adolescents from their parents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31(2), 170. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.31.2.170.
  • Johnson, P., & Buboltz, W. C. (2000). Differentiation of self and psychological reactance. Contemporary Family Therapy, 22(1), 91-102. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007774600764.
  • Işık, E., & Bulduk, S. (2015). Psychometric properties of the differentiation of self inventory‐revised in Turkish adults. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 41(1), 102-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12022.
  • İlhan, H. (2016). Genç yetişkinlerin romantik ilişkilerinde bilişsel çarpıtmalarının ve kişilerarası yetkinliklerinin incelenmesi. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Melikşah Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kayseri.
  • Kalkan, M., Batık, M. V., Kaya, L., & Turan, M. (2021). Peter Pan Syndrome “Men Who Don’t Grow”: Developing a Scale. Men and Masculinities, 24(2), 245-257. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X1987485.
  • Kerr, M. E., & Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation. New York: Norton.
  • Kiley, D. (1997). Peter Pan Syndrome: Men who never grow up. Ankara: HYB Publications.
  • Mattanah, J. F., Hancock, G. R., & Brand, B. L. (2004). Parental attachment, separation-individuation, and college student adjustment: A structural equation analysis of mediational effects. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(2), 213. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.51.2.213.
  • Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Harvard University Press.
  • Mirkin, M. P. (1983). The Peter Pan syndrome: inpatient treatment of adolescent anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Family Therapy, 5(3), 179-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00926583.
  • Nichols, M. P., & Schwartz, R. C. (2004). Family therapy: Concepts and methods (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Papero, D. V. (1988). Training in Bowen therapy. In Liddle, H. A., Breunlin, D. C., and Schwartz, R. C. (Eds.) Handbook of family therapy training and supervision. Guilford, New York.
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.
  • Rodríguez-González, M., Skowron, E. A., Cagigal de Gregorio, V., & Muñoz San Roque, I. (2016). Differentiation of self, mate selection, and marital adjustment: Validity of postulates of Bowen theory in a Spanish sample. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 44(1), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2015.1099415.
  • Rose‐Krasnor, L. (1997). The nature of social competence: A theoretical review. Social Development, 6(1), 111-135. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.1997.tb00097.x.
  • Şahin, E. E., & Gizir, C. A. (2013). Kişilerarası yetkinlik ölçeği-kısa formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(3), 144-158. https://doi.org/10.17860/efd.45237.
  • Şahin, E. E., & Gizir, C. A. (2014). Üniversite öğrencilerinde utangaçlık: Benlik saygısı ve kişilerarası yetkinlik değişkenlerinin rolü. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 5(41), 75-88. https://doi.org/10.17066/pdrd.33036.
  • Scharf, M., Mayseless, O., & Kivenson-Baron, I. (2004). Adolescents' attachment representations and developmental tasks in emerging adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 40(3), 430. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.3.430.
  • Schnarch, D. (2009). Intimacy & desire: Awaken the passion in your relationship. Scribe Publications. Seiffge-Krenke, I. (2006). Coping with relationship stressors: The impact of different working models of attachment and links to adaptation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(1), 24-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-9015-4.
  • Skinner, J. (1957). James M. Barrie or the boy who wouldn't grow up. American Imago, 14(2), 111-141. Skowron, E. A., & Friedlander, M. L. (1998). The Differentiation of Self Inventory: Development and initial validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(3), 235. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.45.3.235.
  • Skowron, E. A., & Schmitt, T. A. (2003). Assessing interpersonal fusion: Reliability and validity of a new DSI fusion with others subscale. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29(2), 209-222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2003.tb01201.x.
  • Skowron, E. A. (2000). The role of differentiation of self in marital adjustment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 47(2), 229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.47.2.229.
  • Spitzberg, B. H., & Cupach, W. R. (1989). Handbook of interpersonal competence research. New York: Springer-Verlag.
  • Stierlin, H., Levi, L. D., & Savard, R. J. (1971). Parental perceptions of separating children. Family Process, 10(4), 411-427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1971.00411.x.
  • Quadrio, C. (1982). The Peter Pan and Wendy syndrome: A marital dynamic. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 16(2), 23-28. https://doi.org/10.3109/0004867820916118.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Wilson, C. E. (2020). The association between differentiation of self and romantic relationship outcomes and the mediating role of communication behaviors (Doctoral dissertation). Kansas State University.
  • Yang, K. L. (1999). The relationships among family dynamics, interpersonal competence and psychological adjustment in late adolescence and young adulthood: A Taiwanese sample (Doctoral dissertation). The Ohio State University.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Psikoloji
Yazarlar

Banu Yildiz 0000-0003-4516-9304

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yildiz, B. (2025). Differentiation of Self and Peter Pan Syndrome In Men of Emerging Adulthood: The Mediating Role of Interpersonal Competence. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 27(2), 701-712. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.1291917