Pandemi Sürecinde Sağlık Kaygısının Boylamsal İncelenmesi ve Yaşam Doyumu ile İlişkisi

Yıl 2022, , 1124 - 1138, 26.09.2022

Alperen Şenol

https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.950345

Cited By: 1

Öz

Birçok ülkede milyonlarca insanı etkileme ihtimali olan pandemiler, kişinin kendisi ile sevdiklerine yönelik sağlık tehditleri de dahil olmak üzere birçok psikososyal stres faktörüyle ilişkilidir. Alanyazında yapılan çalışmalar, önceki salgın hastalıklara benzer şekilde, Covid-19 pandemisini de çeşitli psikolojik sıkıntı ve bozuklukla ilişkilendirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı pandemi sürecinde bireylerin sağlık kaygısı ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkiyi, ilişkisel analizler kullanarak kesitsel ve boylamsal olarak incelemektir. Bu amaca yönelik olarak çalışmada, Sağlık Anksiyetesi Ölçeği ve Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Yapılan iki ölçüm arası DSM-5 Hastalık Kaygısı Bozukluğu kriterleri de gözetilerek altı ay süre belirlenmiş, 2020 Mart ve Eylül ayları çalışma kapsamında değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmaya göre altı aylık süreç içerisinde sağlık kaygısında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir değişim gözlenmemiştir. Birinci ölçümde sağlık kaygısı, yaşam doyumunu yordayan bir değişken değilken, ikinci ölçümdeki sağlık kaygısı, bireylerin yaşam doyumunu yordayan bir değişken olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın diğer bir bulgusuna göre yaş ve sağlık kaygısı arasında negatif yönlü bir ilişki söz konusudur. Buna göre yaşın yükseldikçe sağlık kaygısının da paralel şekilde azaldığı söylenebilir. Tüm bu bulgular, yurtiçi ve yurtdışı diğer çalışmalarla birlikte tartışılmış ve çalışma sonucunda öneriler sunulmuştur. Alanda yapılan diğer çalışmalar, pandemi döneminin psikolojik sağlık üzerindeki etkisini boylamsal olarak ele alan çalışmaların ihtiyacına vurgu yapmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sağlık kaygısı, Covid-19, boylamsal psikolojik sağlık, pandemi, yaşam doyumu

Longitudinal Examination of Health Anxiety during Pandemic and Its Relationship with the Satisfaction of Life

Öz

Pandemics, which have the potential for affecting millions of people in different countries, are associated with many psychosocial stressors, including health threats to oneself and loved ones. Studies show that the Covid-19 pandemic, similar to the previous pandemics, is associated with research psychological distress and disorders. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between health anxiety and life satisfaction of individuals during the pandemic in a cross-sectional and longitudinal design using relational analyses. For this purpose, Health Anxiety Inventory and Life Satisfaction Scale were employed to collect data in the study. Considering the DSM-5 Illness Anxiety Disorder criteria, six months between the two measurements were determined, and the months of March and September 2020 were evaluated within the scope of the study. According to study findings, there is no statistically significant change was found in health anxiety during the six-month period. In the first measurement, health anxiety is not a variable that predicts life satisfaction, while health anxiety in the second measurement stands out as a variable that indicates the life satisfaction of individuals. According to the other finding of the study, there is a negative relationship between age and health anxiety. It can be said that as age increases, health anxiety decreases accordingly. All findings were discussed together with previous studies and suggestions were presented. Other studies in the field emphasize the need for studies that longitudinally address the impact of the pandemic period on psychological health.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Health anxiety, Covid-19, longitudinal psychological health, pandemic, the satisfaction of life

Kaynakça

• American Psychiatric Association (APA) (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed. (DSM-5). Washington: American Psychiatric Association. doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
• Appleton, S. ve Song, L. (2008). Life satisfaction in urban China: Components and determinants. World Development, 36(11), 2325-2340.
• Asmundson, G. J. ve Taylor, S. (2020). How health anxiety influences responses to viral outbreaks like COVID-19: What all decision-makers, health authorities, and health care professionals need to know. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 71(3), 1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102211
• Asmundson, G. J., Abramowitz, J. S., Richter, A. A. ve Whedon, M. (2010). Health anxiety: current perspectives and future directions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 12(4), 306-312.
• Aydemir, Ö., Kırkpınar, İ., Satı, T., Uykur, B. ve Cengisiz, C. (2013). Sağlık anksiyetesi ölçeği’nin türkçe için güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalışması. Neuropsychiatry, 50(4), 325-331. doi: 10.4274/npa.y6383
• Baykal, E. (2020). Covid-19 Bağlamında psikolojik dayanıklılık, kaygı ve yaşam doyum ilişkisi. International Journal of Social and Economic Sciences, 10(2), 68-80.
• Bethlehem, J. (2010). Selection bias in web surveys. International Statistical Review, 78(2), 161–188.
• Bidzan-Bluma, I., Bidzan, M., Jurek, P., Bidzan, L., Knietzsch, J., Stueck, M. ve Bidzan, M. (2020). A Polish and German Population Study of Quality of Life, Well-Being, and Life Satisfaction in Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1-9. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.585813
• Bilge, Y., Keles, E., & Baydili, K. N. (2022). The impact of COVID-19 vaccination on mental health. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 27(3), 285-288.
• Bou-Hamad, I., Hoteit, R., & Harajli, D. (2021). Health worries, life satisfaction, and social well-being concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic: Insights from Lebanon. Plos One, 16(7), e0254989.
• Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N. ve Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395, 912-920. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
• Canet-Juric, L., Andrés, M. L., Del Valle, M., López-Morales, H., Poó, F., Galli, J. I., Yerro, M. ve Urquijo, S. (2020). A longitudinal study on the emotional impact cause by the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine on general population. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-17. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.565688
• Creswell, J. W. (2017). Eğitim Araştırmaları: nicel ve nitel araştırmanın planlanması, yürütülmesi ve değerlendirilmesi (Ekşi, H.) İstanbul: Edam (2012).
• Dağlı, A., Baysal, N. (2016). Yaşam doyumu ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15(59), 1251- 1262.
• Daly, M., Sutin, A. ve Robinson, E. (2020). Longitudinal changes in mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from the UK Household Longitudinal Study. Psychological Medicine, 1-10. Advance online publication. doi:10.1017/S0033291720004432
• Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J. ve Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75.
• Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Oishi, S. (2002). Subjective well-being: The science of happiness and life satisfaction. Handbook of Positive Psychology, 2, 63-73.
• Doğan, O. (2020). Çevrimiçi araştırmalar bilimsel midir? Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 21(6), 656-661.
• Duong, C. D. (2021). The impact of fear and anxiety of Covid-19 on life satisfaction: Psychological distress and sleep disturbance as mediators. Personality and Individual Differences, 178, 110869.
• Gallagher, M. W., Smith, L. J., Richardson, A. L., D’Souza, J. M., & Long, L. J. (2021). Examining the longitudinal effects and potential mechanisms of hope on COVID-19 stress, anxiety, and well-being. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 50(3), 234-245.
• Gerhold, L. (2020). COVID-19: risk perception and coping strategies: Results from a survey in Germany. Interdisciplinary Security Research Group, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin.
• González-Sanguino, C., Ausín, B., Castellanos, M. Á., Saiz, J., López-Gómez, A., Ugidos, C. ve Muñoz, M. (2020). Mental health consequences of the Coronavirus 2020 Pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain. A longitudinal study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 1-6. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.565474
• Haig-Ferguson, A., Cooper, K., Cartwright, E., Loades, M. E., & Daniels, J. (2021). Practitioner review: Health anxiety in children and young people in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 49(2), 129-143.
• Herrera, J. S., Lacomba-Trejo, L., Valero-Moreno, S., Montoya-Castilla, I., & Pérez-Marín, M. (2022). Do COVID-19 Worries, Resilience and Emotional Distress Influence Life Satisfaction? Outcomes in Adolescents in Ecuador during the Pandemic: SEM vs. QCA. Children, 9(3), 439.
• Huang, Y. ve Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
• Huremović, D. (2019). Psychiatry of Pandemics, A Mental Health Response to Infection Outbreak. Switzerland: Springer.
• Jeong, H., Yim, H. W., Song, Y. J., Ki, M., Min, J. A., Cho, J. ve Chase, J. H. (2016). Mental health status of people isolated due to middle east respiratory syndrome. Epidemiology and Health, 38, 1-7. doi: 10.4178/epih.e2016048
• John Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center (2022). Global Map. https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html (Erişim tarihi: 02.06.2022).
• Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri. İstanbul: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
• Karabağ Aydın, A., & Fidan, H. (2022). The Effect of Nurses' Death Anxiety on Life Satisfaction During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey. Journal of Religion and Health, 61(1), 811-826.
• Karapıçak ÖK, Arslan S. ve Utku Ç. (2012). Panik bozukluğu, somatizasyon bozukluğu ve hipokondriaziste sağlık kaygısı. Bilişsel Davranışçı Psikoterapi ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 1(1), 43-51.
• Karataş, Z., Uzun, K., & Tagay, Ö. (2021). Relationships between the life satisfaction, meaning in life, hope and COVID-19 fear for Turkish adults during the COVID-19 outbreak. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 778.
• Kızılkurt, O. K., Yılmaz, A., Noyan, C. O., & Dilbaz, N. (2021). Health anxiety during the early phases of COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey and its relationship with postpandemic attitudes, hopelessness, and psychological resilience. Perspect. Psychiatr. Care, 57, 399-407.
• Kim, E. S., Delaney, S. W., Tay, L., Chen, Y., Diener, E. D., & Vanderweele, T. J. (2021). Life satisfaction and subsequent physical, behavioral, and psychosocial health in older adults. The Milbank Quarterly, 99(1), 209-239.
• Labrague, L. J. (2021). Psychological resilience, coping behaviours and social support among health care workers during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A systematic review of quantitative studies. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(7), 1893-1905.
• Lee, A. M., Wong, J. G., McAlonan, G. M., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., Sham, P. C., Chu, C. M., Wong, P. C., Tsang, K. ve Chua, S. E. (2007). Stress and psychological distress among SARS survivors 1 year after the outbreak. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(4), 233-240.
• Lin, C. Y. (2020). Social reaction toward the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Social Health and Behavior, 3(1), 1-3. doi: 10.4103/SHB.SHB_11_20
• Mak, I. W., Chu, C. M., Pan, P. C., Yiu, M. G. ve Chan, V. L. (2009). Long‐term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors. General Hospital Psychiatry, 31, 318–326. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.03.001
• Mata, J., Wenz, A., Rettig, T., Reifenscheid, M., Moehring, K., Krieger, U., Friedel, S., Fikel, M., Cornesse, C., Blom, A. ve Naumann, E. (2020). Health behaviors and mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal population-based survey: Araştırma raporu. Department of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Almanya. https://psyarxiv.com/qbgh7/ (Erişim tarihi: 02.01.2021). doi: 10.31234/osf.io/qbgh7
• Mohamed, K., Rzymski, P., Islam, M. S., Makuku, R., Mushtaq, A., Khan, A., ... & Rezaei, N. (2022). COVID‐19 vaccinations: The unknowns, challenges, and hopes. Journal of Medical Virology, 94(4), 1336-1349.
• O’Connor RC, Wetherall K, Cleare S, McClelland H, Melson AJ, Niedzwiedz CL, O’Carroll RE, O’Connor DB, Platt S, Scowcroft E, Watson B, Zortea T, Ferguson E & Robb KA (2021) Mental health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: longitudinal analyses of adults in the UK COVID-19 Mental Health & Wellbeing study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 218(6), 326-333. doi: 10.1192/bjp.2020.212
• O’Leary, A. O., Jalloh, M. F. ve Neria, Y. (2018). Fear and culture: Contextualizing mental health impact of the 2014-2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa. BMJ Global Health, 3(3), 1-5. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000924
• Okuyan, C. B., Karasu, F. ve Polat, F. (2020). COVID-19'un hemşirelik öğrencilerinin sağlık kaygısı düzeyleri üzerine etkisi. Van Saglık Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(Özel Sayı), 45-52.
• Oliver, N., Barber, X., Roomp, K. ve Roomp, K. (2020). Assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: large-scale, online, self-reported population survey. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(9), 1-16. doi:10.2196/21319
• Ottisova, L., Gillard, J. A., Wood, M., Langford, S., John‐Baptiste Bastien, R., Madinah Haris, A., ... & Robertson, M. (2022). Effectiveness of psychosocial interventions in mitigating adverse mental health outcomes among disaster‐exposed health care workers: A systematic review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 35(2), 746-758.
• Pavot, W. ve Diener, E. (1993). Review of The Satisfaction With Life Scale: Assesing well-being. Dordrecht: Springer.
• Planchuelo-Gómez, Á., Odriozola-González, P., Irurtia, M. J. ve de Luis-García, R. (2020). Longitudinal evaluation of the psychological impact of the COVID-19 crisis in Spain. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 842-849. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.018
• Poyrazlı, Ş., & A., Can (2020). Çevrim içi psikolojik danışma: Etik kuralları, COVID-19 süreci, öneriler. Okul Psikolojik Danışmanlığı Dergisi, 3(1), 59-83.
• Rachman, S. (2012). Health anxiety disorders: A cognitive construal. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50(7-8), 502-512.
• Ramazan, M. ve Arslan-Tomas, S. (2020). Afetlerde psikososyal müdahaleler. Afetler, Krizler, Travmalar ve Psikolojik Yardım, içinde (Ed: Erdur Baker, Ö.). Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Derneği.
• Ran, L., Wang, W., Ai, M., Kong, Y., Chen, J., & Kuang, L. (2020). Psychological resilience, depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms in response to COVID-19: A study of the general population in China at the peak of its epidemic. Social Science & Medicine, 262, 113261.
• Rask, C. U., Munkholm, A., Clemmensen, L., Rimvall, M. K., Ørnbøl, E., Jeppesen, P., & Skovgaard, A. M. (2016). Health anxiety in preadolescence-associated health problems, healthcare expenditure, and continuity in childhood. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(4), 823-832.
• Riehm, K. E., Brenneke, S. G., Adams, L. B., Gilan, D., Lieb, K., Kunzler, A. M., ... & Thrul, J. (2021). Association between psychological resilience and changes in mental distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282, 381-385.
• Rogowska, A. M., Kuśnierz, C., & Ochnik, D. (2021). Changes in stress, coping styles, and life satisfaction between the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal cross-lagged study in a sample of university students. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(17), 4025.
• Sağlık Bakanlığı (2021). Covid-19 Bilgilendirme Sayfası. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66935/genel-koronavirus-tablosu.html (Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2021).
• Salkovskis, P. M., Rimes, K. A., Warwick, H. ve Clark, D. (2002). The health anxiety inventory: Development and validation of scales for the measurement of health anxiety and hypochondriasis. Psychological Medicine: A Journal of Research in Psychiatry and the Allied Sciences, 32(5), 843-853.
• Soest, T. V., Bakken, A., Pedersen, W. ve Sletten, M. A. (2020). Life satisfaction among adolescents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening: Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, ny Raekke, 140 (10). doi:10.4045/tidsskr.20.0437
• Sutin, A. R., Robinson, E., Daly, M., Gerend, M. A., Stephan, Y., Luchetti, M., Aschwanden, D., Strickhouser, J. E., Lee, J. H., Sesker A. A. ve Terracciano, A. (2020). Body mass index, weight discrimination, and psychological, behavioral, and interpersonal responses to the coronavirus pandemic. Obesity, 28(9), 1590-1594.
• Taquet, M., Luciano, S., Geddes, J. R. ve Harrison, P. J. (2020). Bidirectional associations between COVID-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62 354 COVID-19 cases in the USA. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(2), 130-140.
• Taylor, S. (2019). The Psychology Of Pandemics: Preparing For The Next Global Outbreak Of İnfectious Disease. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
• Taylor, S. ve Asmundson, G. (2004). Treating Health Anxiety: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach. New York, NY: Guilford.
• Tian, F., Li, H., Tian, S., Yang, J., Shao, J. ve Tian, C. (2020). Psychological symptoms of ordinary Chinese citizens based on SCL-90 during the level I emergency response to COVID-19. Psychiatry Research, 288, 1-9. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112992
• Trzebiński, J., Cabański, M. ve Czarnecka, J. Z. (2020). Reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic: the influence of meaning in life, life satisfaction, and assumptions on world orderliness and positivity. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(6-7), 544-557.
• Veenhoven, R. (1996). A comparative study of satisfaction with life in Europe. Chapter 1 in A comparative study of satisfaction with life in Europe (Eds: Saris, W.E., Veenhoven, R., Scherpenzeel, A.C. & Bunting B.) 11-48, Eötvös University Press.
• Wang C., Horby PW., Hayden FG. ve Gao GF. (2020). A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. The Lancet, 395(10223), 470–473. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9
• Wheaton, M. G., Abramowitz, J. S., Berman, N. C., Fabricant, L. E. ve Olatunji, B. O. (2012). Psychological predictors of anxiety in response to the H1N1 (swine flu) pandemic. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(3), 210-218.
• World Health Organization (2005). WHO Outbreak Communication Guidelines (Rapor No. WHO/CDS/2005.28). World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/rest/bitstreams/65646/retrieve (Erişim tarihi: 02.01.2021).
• World Health Organization (2010). What is Pandemic? https://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/frequently_asked_questions/pandemic/en/ (Erişim tarihi: 10.01.2021).
• World Health Organization (2020). WHO Announces COVID-19 Outbreak a Pandemic. https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/news/news/2020/3/who-announces-covid-19-outbreak-a-pandemic (Erişim tarihi: 01.01.2021).
• Wright, K. B. (2005). Researching Internet-based populations: advantages and disadvantages of online survey research, online questionnaire authoring software packages, and web survey services. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 10(3), JCMC1034. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2005.tb00259.x
• Wu, Y. C., Chen, C. S. ve Chan, Y. J. (2020). The outbreak of COVID-19: An overview. Journal of the Chinese Medical Association, 83(3), 217–220. doi:10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000270
• Xiang, Y. T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 7(3), 228–229. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30046-8 PMID:32032543
• Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M., Gill, H., Phan, L., ... & McIntyre, R. S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 55-64.
• Yörük, S., & Güler, D. (2021). The relationship between psychological resilience, burnout, stress, and sociodemographic factors with depression in nurses and midwives during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A cross‐sectional study in Turkey. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57(1), 390-398.
• Zeren, Ş. G., & Bulut, E. (2018). Çevrimiçi psikolojik danışmada etik ve standartlar: Bir model önerisi. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 8(49), 63-80.
• Zhou, F., Yu, T., Du, R., Fan, G., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Xiang, J., Wang, Y., Song, B., Gu, X., Guan, L., Wei, Y., Li, H., Wu, X., Xu, J., Tu, S., Zhang, Y., Chen, H. ve Cao, B. (2020). Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet, 395 (10229), 1054-1062. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3