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Kamu Harcamaları ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi: Türkiye Örneği

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 3, 1029 - 1044, 26.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.992898

Öz

Literatürde ekonomik büyüme ile kamu harcamaları arasındaki ilişki uzun zamandan beri araştırılmaktadır. Genel olarak kamu harcamaları, devletin görev ve sorumluluklarını yerine getirebilmesi için gerçekleştirmiş olduğu bütün işlerin maliyetini oluşturan unsurların toplamıdır. Ülke ekonomileri için kamu harcamaları büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Çünkü bu harcamalar tüketim, üretim, yatırım ve kaynakların etkin dağılımını gerçekleştirmekte ve Gayri Safi Yurtiçi Hasıla’yı doğrudan etkilemektedir. Keynes kamu harcamalarının dışsal bir faktör olduğunu ve ekonomik büyümeyi arttırdığını belirtirken, Wagner kamu harcamaların içsel bir faktör olduğunu ve ekonomik büyümenin bu harcamaları etkilediğini ifade etmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de 1980-2017 döneminde Wagner kanunu ve Keynes hipotezinin geçerliliği, gecikmesi dağıtılmış otoregresif model, sınır testi, tam değiştirilmiş en küçük kareler, dinamik en küçük kareler ve kanonik eşbütünleşme regresyonu tahmincileri yardımıyla araştırılmıştır. Sınır testi sonuçlarına göre ekonomik büyüme ile kamu harcamaları arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisi bulunmuştur. Gecikmesi dağıtılmış otoregresif model, tam değiştirilmiş en küçük kareler, dinamik en küçük kareler ve kanonik eşbütünleşme regresyonu sonuçlarına göre ise uzun dönemde kamu harcamaları ekonomik büyümeyi pozitif yönde etkilemektedir. Bu sonuçlar Türkiye’de Keynes hipotezinin geçerli olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu yüzden sürdürülebilir ekonomik büyüme faaliyetleri için kamu harcamaları etkili ve verimli bir şekilde kullanılmalıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, E. M. ve Hanif, C. M. (2018). Sub-Saharan African countries public expenditure and economic growth: wagner’s panel cointegration and causality applications. Preprints, 1-44. https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/201805.0121/v1
  • Ahsan, S., Kwan, A. ve Sahni, B. (1996). Cointegration and Wagner’s hypothesis: time series evidence for Canada. Applied Economics, 28(8), 1055-1058.
  • Aksoy, Ş. (1998). Kamu maliyesi, İstanbul: Filiz Kitabevi.
  • Amusa, K. ve Oyinlola, M. (2019). The effectiveness of government expenditure on economic growth in botswana. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 10(3), 368-384.
  • Arslan, A. (2002). Kamu harcamalarında verimlilik, etkinlik ve denetim. Maliye Dergisi, 140(2), 1-14.
  • Barra, C., Bimonte, G. ve Spennati, P. (2015). Did fiscal ınstitutions affect wagner’s law in ıtaly during 1951–2009 period? an empirical analysis. Applied Economics, 47(59), 6409-6424.
  • Başar, S., Aksu, H., Temurlenk, S. ve Polat, Ö. (2009). Türkiye’de kamu harcamaları ve büyüme ilişkisi: sınır testi yaklaşımı. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(1), 301-314.
  • Çavuşoğlu, T. (2005). Testing the Validity of wagner’s law in turkey: the bounds testing approach. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 60(1), 73-88.
  • Demirbas, S. (1999). Cointegration analysis-causality testing and wagner’s law: the case of turkey, 1950-1990. University of Leicester, Department of Economics.
  • Dickey, D. A. ve Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for an autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057-1072.
  • Diler, H. (2016). Kamu harcamaları-ekonomik büyüme: Türkiye üzerine bir uygulama. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 21-36.
  • Elliot, G., Rothenberg, T. ve Stock, J. (1996). Efficient tests of the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica, 64(8), 13-36.
  • Engle, R. F. ve Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Cointegration and error correction: representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55, 251-76.
  • Funashima, Y. ve Hiraga, K. (2017). Wagner’s Law, fiscal discipline, and ıntergovernmental transfer: empirical evidence at the us and German state levels. International Tax and Public Finance, 24(4), 652-677.
  • Gangal, V. L. ve Gupta, H. (2013). Public expenditure and economic growth: a case study of India. Global Journal of Management and Business Studies, 3(2), 191-196.
  • Gerni, C. (1992). Türkiye’de 1980–1990 Döneminde uygulanan istikrar politikaları üzerine bir değerlendirme. 3. İzmir iktisat kongresi tebliğleri, Ankara.
  • Goffman, I. J. (1968). Empirical testing of wagner’s law-technical note. Public Finance (Finances Publiques), 23(3), 359-366.
  • Gupta, S. P. (1967). Public expenditure and economic growth: a time-series analysis. Public Finance (Finances Publiques), 22(4), 423-454.
  • Halıcıoğlu, F. (2003). Testing wagner’s law for Turkey, 1960-2000. Review of Middle East Economics and Finance,1(2), 129-140.
  • Henrekson M. (1993). Wagner’s law-a spurious relationship. Public Finance, 48, 406-415.
  • Ighodaro, C. A. ve Oriakhi, D. (2010). Does the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth follow wagner’s law in Nigeria. Annals of University of Petrosani Economics, 10(2), 185-198.
  • Irandoust, M. (2019). Wagner on government spending and national ıncome: a new look at an old relationship. Journal of Policy Modeling, 41(4), 636-646.
  • Işık, N. ve Alagöz, M. (2005). Kamu harcamaları ve büyüme arasındaki ilişki. Erciyes Üniversitesi İİB Fakültesi Dergisi, 24, 63-75.
  • Johansen, S. ve Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and ınference on cointegration—with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210.
  • Keynes, J. M. (1936). The general theory of employment, ınterest and money, Macmillan Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • Kolluri B., Panik M. J. ve Wahab, M. S. (2000). Government expenditure and economic growth: evidence from g7 countries. Applied Economics, 32, 1059-1068.
  • Lin, C. (1995). More evidence on wagner’s law for mexico. Public Finance, 50(2), 267-277.
  • Lumsdaine, R. L. ve Papell, D. H. (1997), Multiple trend breaks and the unit-root hypothesis. Review of Economics and Statistics, 79(2), 212-218.
  • MacKinnon, J. G. (1996). Numerical distribution functions for unit root and cointegration tests. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 11(6), 601-618.
  • Magazzino, C. (2012). Wagner’s law and augmented wagner’s law in eu-27: a time-series analysis on stationarity, cointegration and causality. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 89, 205-220.
  • Mann, A. J. (1980). Wagner’s law: an econometric test for mexico, 1925-1976. National Tax Journal, 33 (2), 189-201.
  • Mark, N. C. ve Sul, D. (2003). Cointegration vector estimation by panel dols and long-run money demand. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 65(5), 655-680.
  • Mohammadi, H., Cak, M. ve Cak, D. (2008). Wagner’s Hypothesis: new evidence from Turkey using the bounds testing approach. Journal of Economic Studies, 35(1), 94-106.
  • Musgrave, R. A. (1969). Theories of fiscal federalism. Public Finance (Finances Publiques), 24(4), 521-536.
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005). The saving and ınvestment nexus for China: evidence from cointegration tests. Applied Economics, 37(17), 1979-1990.
  • Narayan, P. K., Nielsen, I. ve Smyth, R. (2008). Panel data cointegration, causality and wagner’s law: empirical evidence from Chinese provinces. China Economic Review, 19(2), 297-307.
  • Ono, H. (2014). The government expenditure–economic growth relation in Japan: an analysis by using the ADL test for threshold cointegration. Applied Economics, 46(28), 3523-3531.
  • Parasız, İ. (1998). Kriz Ekonomisi, Ezgi Yayınevi, Bursa.
  • Pata, U. K. ve Tütüncü, A. (2017). Yapısal kırılmalarla birlikte Türkiye'de kamu harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisinin analizi. Maliye Dergisi, 172, 30-51.
  • Peacock, A. T., Wiseman, J. (1979). Approaches to the Analysis of government expenditure growth. Public Finance Review, 7(1), 3-23.
  • Perron, P. (1989). The great crash, the oil price shock and the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica, 57(6), 1361-1401.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. ve Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Phillips, P. C. (1995). Fully modified least squares and vector autoregression. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 63(5), 1023-1078.
  • Phillips, P. C. ve Hansen, B. E. (1990). Statistical ınference in ınstrumental variables regression with ı(1) processes. The Review of Economic Studies, 57(1), 99-125.
  • Ram, R. (1986). Government size and economic growth: a new framework and some evidence from cross- section and time- series data. The American Economic Review, 76(1), 191-203.
  • Sagdic, E. N., Sasmaz, M. U. ve Tuncer, G. (2019). Wagner versus keynes: empirical evidence from Turkey’s provinces. Panoeconomicus, 67(5), 1-18.
  • Sarı, R. (2003). Kamu harcamalarının dünyada ve türkiye'deki gelişimi ve Türkiye’de ulusal gelir ile ilişkisi. İktisat, İşletme ve Finans Dergisi, 209(Ek), 25-38.
  • Singh, B. ve Sahni, B. S. (1984). Causality between public expenditure and national ıncome. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 66(4), 630-644.
  • Stock, J. H. ve Watson, M. W. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order ıntegrated systems. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 61(4), 783-820.
  • Şimşek, M. (2004). Türkiye’de kamu harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme, 1965-2002. Atatürk Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 18(1/2), 37-52.
  • Tanzi, V. ve Schuknecht, L. (1995). The growth of government and the reform of the state in ındustrial countries. IMF Staff Papers, 95(130), 1-39.
  • Tanzi, V. ve Zee, H. (1995). Human capital accumulation and public sector growth. IMF staff papers, 95(95), 1-10.
  • Tanzi, V. ve Zee, H. H. (1997). Fiscal policy and long-run growth. IMF staff papers, 44(2), 1-32.
  • Terzi, H. (1998). Kamu harcamaları ve ekonomik kalkınma ilişkisi üzerine ekonometrik bir inceleme. İktisat, İşletme ve Finans, 13(142), 67-80.
  • Terzi, H. (1999). Kalkınma sürecinde kamu harcamaları: Türkiye üzerine bir inceleme. Iktisat İşletme ve Finans, 14(162), 70-78.
  • Wagner, A. (1883), Finanzwissenschaft (3rd ed.). Leipzig. Partly reprinted in Richard A. Musgrave and Alan T. Peacock, eds. (1958), Classics in the theory of public finance. London: Macmillan.
  • Wagner, A. (1893), Grundlegung der Politischen Ökonomie (3rd ed.). Leipzig: C.F. Winter(.)
  • Wang, L., Peculea, A. D. and Xu, H. (2016). The relationship between public expenditure and economic growth in romania: does it obey wagner's or keynes's law? Theoretical & Applied Economics, 23(3), 41-52.
  • Yıldırım, Z. R. (1994). Türkiye’de gayrisafi milli hâsıla ile kamu harcamaları arasında nedensellik ilişkisi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 9(1), 25-40.
  • Zivot, E. ve Andrews, D. W. K. (1992). Further evidence on the great crash, the oil-price shock, and the unit-root hypothesis. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10(3), 251-270.

Analysis of the Relationship between Economic Growth and Public Expenditure: The Case of Turkey

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 3, 1029 - 1044, 26.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.992898

Öz

The relationship between economic growth and government spending has long been studied in the literature. In general, public expenditure is the sum of the elements that make up the cost of all the work done by government to fulfill its duties and responsibilities. Public expenditure is of great importance to national economies. This is because this expenditure enables the efficient allocation of consumption, production, investment and resources and has a direct impact on the Gross Domestic Product. Keynes claims that government spending is an external factor and increases economic growth, while Wagner argues that government spending is an internal factor and economic growth affects this spending. In this study, the validity of Wagner's law and Keynes hypothesis was investigated using Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bounds test, fully modified ordinary least squares, dynamic ordinary least squares and canonical cointegrating regression estimators for Turkey for the period 1980 to 2017. The results of Bounds test showed that there is a long-run relationship between economic growth and government expenditure. According to the results of the autoregressive distributed lag, fully modified ordinary least squares, dynamic ordinary least squares and canonical cointegrating regression estimators, an increase in government spending has a positive impact on economic growth in the long run. These results show that Keynes hypothesis is valid in Turkey. Therefore, in order to maintain economic growth, public spending should be used effectively and efficiently.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, E. M. ve Hanif, C. M. (2018). Sub-Saharan African countries public expenditure and economic growth: wagner’s panel cointegration and causality applications. Preprints, 1-44. https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/201805.0121/v1
  • Ahsan, S., Kwan, A. ve Sahni, B. (1996). Cointegration and Wagner’s hypothesis: time series evidence for Canada. Applied Economics, 28(8), 1055-1058.
  • Aksoy, Ş. (1998). Kamu maliyesi, İstanbul: Filiz Kitabevi.
  • Amusa, K. ve Oyinlola, M. (2019). The effectiveness of government expenditure on economic growth in botswana. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 10(3), 368-384.
  • Arslan, A. (2002). Kamu harcamalarında verimlilik, etkinlik ve denetim. Maliye Dergisi, 140(2), 1-14.
  • Barra, C., Bimonte, G. ve Spennati, P. (2015). Did fiscal ınstitutions affect wagner’s law in ıtaly during 1951–2009 period? an empirical analysis. Applied Economics, 47(59), 6409-6424.
  • Başar, S., Aksu, H., Temurlenk, S. ve Polat, Ö. (2009). Türkiye’de kamu harcamaları ve büyüme ilişkisi: sınır testi yaklaşımı. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 13(1), 301-314.
  • Çavuşoğlu, T. (2005). Testing the Validity of wagner’s law in turkey: the bounds testing approach. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 60(1), 73-88.
  • Demirbas, S. (1999). Cointegration analysis-causality testing and wagner’s law: the case of turkey, 1950-1990. University of Leicester, Department of Economics.
  • Dickey, D. A. ve Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood ratio statistics for an autoregressive time series with a unit root. Econometrica, 49(4), 1057-1072.
  • Diler, H. (2016). Kamu harcamaları-ekonomik büyüme: Türkiye üzerine bir uygulama. İktisat Politikası Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 21-36.
  • Elliot, G., Rothenberg, T. ve Stock, J. (1996). Efficient tests of the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica, 64(8), 13-36.
  • Engle, R. F. ve Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Cointegration and error correction: representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55, 251-76.
  • Funashima, Y. ve Hiraga, K. (2017). Wagner’s Law, fiscal discipline, and ıntergovernmental transfer: empirical evidence at the us and German state levels. International Tax and Public Finance, 24(4), 652-677.
  • Gangal, V. L. ve Gupta, H. (2013). Public expenditure and economic growth: a case study of India. Global Journal of Management and Business Studies, 3(2), 191-196.
  • Gerni, C. (1992). Türkiye’de 1980–1990 Döneminde uygulanan istikrar politikaları üzerine bir değerlendirme. 3. İzmir iktisat kongresi tebliğleri, Ankara.
  • Goffman, I. J. (1968). Empirical testing of wagner’s law-technical note. Public Finance (Finances Publiques), 23(3), 359-366.
  • Gupta, S. P. (1967). Public expenditure and economic growth: a time-series analysis. Public Finance (Finances Publiques), 22(4), 423-454.
  • Halıcıoğlu, F. (2003). Testing wagner’s law for Turkey, 1960-2000. Review of Middle East Economics and Finance,1(2), 129-140.
  • Henrekson M. (1993). Wagner’s law-a spurious relationship. Public Finance, 48, 406-415.
  • Ighodaro, C. A. ve Oriakhi, D. (2010). Does the relationship between government expenditure and economic growth follow wagner’s law in Nigeria. Annals of University of Petrosani Economics, 10(2), 185-198.
  • Irandoust, M. (2019). Wagner on government spending and national ıncome: a new look at an old relationship. Journal of Policy Modeling, 41(4), 636-646.
  • Işık, N. ve Alagöz, M. (2005). Kamu harcamaları ve büyüme arasındaki ilişki. Erciyes Üniversitesi İİB Fakültesi Dergisi, 24, 63-75.
  • Johansen, S. ve Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and ınference on cointegration—with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169-210.
  • Keynes, J. M. (1936). The general theory of employment, ınterest and money, Macmillan Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • Kolluri B., Panik M. J. ve Wahab, M. S. (2000). Government expenditure and economic growth: evidence from g7 countries. Applied Economics, 32, 1059-1068.
  • Lin, C. (1995). More evidence on wagner’s law for mexico. Public Finance, 50(2), 267-277.
  • Lumsdaine, R. L. ve Papell, D. H. (1997), Multiple trend breaks and the unit-root hypothesis. Review of Economics and Statistics, 79(2), 212-218.
  • MacKinnon, J. G. (1996). Numerical distribution functions for unit root and cointegration tests. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 11(6), 601-618.
  • Magazzino, C. (2012). Wagner’s law and augmented wagner’s law in eu-27: a time-series analysis on stationarity, cointegration and causality. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 89, 205-220.
  • Mann, A. J. (1980). Wagner’s law: an econometric test for mexico, 1925-1976. National Tax Journal, 33 (2), 189-201.
  • Mark, N. C. ve Sul, D. (2003). Cointegration vector estimation by panel dols and long-run money demand. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 65(5), 655-680.
  • Mohammadi, H., Cak, M. ve Cak, D. (2008). Wagner’s Hypothesis: new evidence from Turkey using the bounds testing approach. Journal of Economic Studies, 35(1), 94-106.
  • Musgrave, R. A. (1969). Theories of fiscal federalism. Public Finance (Finances Publiques), 24(4), 521-536.
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005). The saving and ınvestment nexus for China: evidence from cointegration tests. Applied Economics, 37(17), 1979-1990.
  • Narayan, P. K., Nielsen, I. ve Smyth, R. (2008). Panel data cointegration, causality and wagner’s law: empirical evidence from Chinese provinces. China Economic Review, 19(2), 297-307.
  • Ono, H. (2014). The government expenditure–economic growth relation in Japan: an analysis by using the ADL test for threshold cointegration. Applied Economics, 46(28), 3523-3531.
  • Parasız, İ. (1998). Kriz Ekonomisi, Ezgi Yayınevi, Bursa.
  • Pata, U. K. ve Tütüncü, A. (2017). Yapısal kırılmalarla birlikte Türkiye'de kamu harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisinin analizi. Maliye Dergisi, 172, 30-51.
  • Peacock, A. T., Wiseman, J. (1979). Approaches to the Analysis of government expenditure growth. Public Finance Review, 7(1), 3-23.
  • Perron, P. (1989). The great crash, the oil price shock and the unit root hypothesis. Econometrica, 57(6), 1361-1401.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. ve Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Phillips, P. C. (1995). Fully modified least squares and vector autoregression. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 63(5), 1023-1078.
  • Phillips, P. C. ve Hansen, B. E. (1990). Statistical ınference in ınstrumental variables regression with ı(1) processes. The Review of Economic Studies, 57(1), 99-125.
  • Ram, R. (1986). Government size and economic growth: a new framework and some evidence from cross- section and time- series data. The American Economic Review, 76(1), 191-203.
  • Sagdic, E. N., Sasmaz, M. U. ve Tuncer, G. (2019). Wagner versus keynes: empirical evidence from Turkey’s provinces. Panoeconomicus, 67(5), 1-18.
  • Sarı, R. (2003). Kamu harcamalarının dünyada ve türkiye'deki gelişimi ve Türkiye’de ulusal gelir ile ilişkisi. İktisat, İşletme ve Finans Dergisi, 209(Ek), 25-38.
  • Singh, B. ve Sahni, B. S. (1984). Causality between public expenditure and national ıncome. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 66(4), 630-644.
  • Stock, J. H. ve Watson, M. W. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order ıntegrated systems. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 61(4), 783-820.
  • Şimşek, M. (2004). Türkiye’de kamu harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme, 1965-2002. Atatürk Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 18(1/2), 37-52.
  • Tanzi, V. ve Schuknecht, L. (1995). The growth of government and the reform of the state in ındustrial countries. IMF Staff Papers, 95(130), 1-39.
  • Tanzi, V. ve Zee, H. (1995). Human capital accumulation and public sector growth. IMF staff papers, 95(95), 1-10.
  • Tanzi, V. ve Zee, H. H. (1997). Fiscal policy and long-run growth. IMF staff papers, 44(2), 1-32.
  • Terzi, H. (1998). Kamu harcamaları ve ekonomik kalkınma ilişkisi üzerine ekonometrik bir inceleme. İktisat, İşletme ve Finans, 13(142), 67-80.
  • Terzi, H. (1999). Kalkınma sürecinde kamu harcamaları: Türkiye üzerine bir inceleme. Iktisat İşletme ve Finans, 14(162), 70-78.
  • Wagner, A. (1883), Finanzwissenschaft (3rd ed.). Leipzig. Partly reprinted in Richard A. Musgrave and Alan T. Peacock, eds. (1958), Classics in the theory of public finance. London: Macmillan.
  • Wagner, A. (1893), Grundlegung der Politischen Ökonomie (3rd ed.). Leipzig: C.F. Winter(.)
  • Wang, L., Peculea, A. D. and Xu, H. (2016). The relationship between public expenditure and economic growth in romania: does it obey wagner's or keynes's law? Theoretical & Applied Economics, 23(3), 41-52.
  • Yıldırım, Z. R. (1994). Türkiye’de gayrisafi milli hâsıla ile kamu harcamaları arasında nedensellik ilişkisi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 9(1), 25-40.
  • Zivot, E. ve Andrews, D. W. K. (1992). Further evidence on the great crash, the oil-price shock, and the unit-root hypothesis. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10(3), 251-270.
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler
Yazarlar

Süleyman Yurtkuran 0000-0002-7085-9203

Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Eylül 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Yurtkuran, S. (2022). Kamu Harcamaları ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi: Türkiye Örneği. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(3), 1029-1044. https://doi.org/10.32709/akusosbil.992898