Türkiye’de Cinsiyetlere Göre Eğitim ve Gelir Seviyesinin Vücut Kitle İndeksine Etkisi: Kantil Regresyon Yöntemi

Yıl 2024, , 357 - 375, 31.05.2024

Bahadır Köseoğulları , Halil Tunca

https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.1243496

Öz

Çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de eğitim ve gelir seviyesinin obezite üzerindeki etkisini araştırmak ve bu etkinin cinsiyetlere göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını tespit etmektir. Bunun için TÜİK tarafından yayımlanan 2019 yılına ait Türkiye Sağlık Araştırmaları anket verileri kullanılmıştır. Kantil regresyon yöntemleriyle bulunan tahmin sonuçlarına göre alt kantillerde kadınların Vücut Kitle İndeksi (VKİ) daha düşükken üst kantillerde bu durum tersine dönmektedir. Eğitim düzeyi arttıkça VKİ azalmakta, gelir artıkça VKİ artmaktadır. Ancak değişkenler arasındaki bu ilişki doğrusal değildir. Modele kontrol değişkenleri olarak katılan medeni durum, çalışma durumu ve yaş değişkenleri de anlamlı bulunmuştur. Eğitim kadınların Vücut Kitle İndeksi (VKİ) değerleri üzerinde düşürücü bir etkiye sahip iken erkeklerin VKİ değerlerini etkilememektedir. Gelir seviyesinde yaşanan artışların ise her iki cinsiyet grubunda da obeziteye yakalanma ihtimalini arttırdığı tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Eğitim, Gelir, Obezite, Kantil Regresyon, Türkiye

The Effect of Education and Income Level According to Gender on Body Mass Index in Turkey: Quantile Regression Method

Öz

The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of education and income levels on obesity in Turkey and to determine whether this effect differs according to the gender. For this purposes, 2019 Turkey Health Research Survey data published by TURKSTAT was used. According to the estimation results of quantile regression, being a woman has lowering effect on Body Mass Index (BMI) in the lower quantiles, while this situation is reversed in the upper quantiles. As education level increases BMI decreases, and as income increases BMI increases. However, this relationship between variables is not linear. Marital status, employment status, and age variables, which were included in the model as control variables, were also found to be significant. While education has a reducing effect on woman’s BMI values, it does not affect men’s BMI values. It has been determined that increases in income level increase the likelihood of obesity in both gender groups.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Education, Income, Obesity, Quantile Regression, Turkey

Kaynakça

• Ameye, H., & Swinnen, J. (2019). Obesity, income and gender: the changing global relationship. Global Food Security, 23, 267-281.
• Arendt, J.N. (2005). Does education cause better health? A panel data analysis using school reforms for identification. Economics of Education Review, 24(2), 149-160.
• Balsa, A.I., & McGuire, T.G. (2003). Prejudice, clinical uncertainty and stereotyping as source of health disparities. Journal of Health Economics, 22, 89-116.
• Beyaz Sipahi, B. (2020). Hanehalkı geliri ve beden kitle indeksi arasındaki ilişki: araç değişken yaklaşımı. ISPEC Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 4(2),77-97.
• Beyaz Sipahi, B. (2021). Türkiye’de obezite üzerine sosyoekonomik faktörlerin etkisi ve gelir eşitsizliği. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 76(2),547-573.
• Beyaz Sipahi, B. (2023). Obezite ve yoksulluk: Türkiye örneği. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 64, 73-79.
• Beyaz, F.B., & Koç, A.A. (2011). Antalya’da obezite yaygınlığı ve düzeyini etkileyen sosyo-ekonomik değişkenler. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 21, 17-45.
• Brunello, G., Fabbri, D., & FORT, M. (2013). The causal effect of education on body mass: evidence from Europe. Journal of Labor Economics, 31(1), 195-223.
• Cameron, A.C., & Triverdi, P.K. (2009). Microeconometrics using stata. Stata Press.
• Cesur, R., Dursun, B., & Mocan, N. (2014). The impact of education on health and health behavior in a middle-income, low-education country. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper No. 20764.
• Clark, D., & Heather R. (2010). The effect of education on adult mortality and health: evidence from the United Kingdom. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 16013.
• Costa-Font, J., Fabbri, D., & Gil, J. (2009). Decomposing body mass ındex gaps between mediterranean countries: a counterfactual quantile regression analysis. Economics and Human Biology, 7(3), 351-365.
• Cutler, D.M., & Lleras-Muney, A. (2006). Education and health: evaluating theories and evidence. National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper No:12352.
• Çiftçi, C., & Kangallı Uyar, S. G. (2015). Eğitim ve gelir. Ege Akademik Bakış, 15(1), 141-152.
• Deniz, S., & Oğuzöncül, A.F. (2020). Bir ilçede yaşayan erişkinlerde obezite sıklığı ve ilişkili faktörler. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 5(1), 53-61.
• Devaux, M., Sassi, F., Church, J., Cecchini, M., & Borgonovi, F. (2011). Exploring the relationship between education and obesity. OECD Journal: Economic Studies, 2011, 121-159.
• Dinsa, G.D., Goryakin, Y., Fumagalli, E., & Suhrckle, M. (2012). Obesity and socioeconomic status in developing countries: a systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 13, 1067-1079.
• Drewnowski, A., & Specter, S.E. (2004). Poverty and obesity: the role of energy density and energy costs. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79, 6-16.
• Fernald, L.C.H. (2007). Socioeconomic status and body mass ındex in low-income mexican adults. Social Science and Medicine, 64, 2030-2042.
• Grabner, M. (2008). The causal effect of education on obesity: evidence from compulsory schooling laws. SSRN Electronic Journal, http://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1505075
• Hatunoğlu, E.E., & Başar, D. (2023). Sosyoekonomik faktörler perspektifinden obezite: Kahramanmaraş örneği. Fiscaoeconomia, 7(2), 1123-1145.
• Hendrik, J., Reinhold, S., & Salm, M. (2011). Does schooling improve your health? Evidence from the educational expansion in Western Germany. Economics of Education Review, 30, 862–72.
• Hunter, D. R., & Lange, K. (2000). Quantile regression via an mm algorithm. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 9(1), 60-77.
• İpek, E. (2019). Türkiye’de obezitenin sosyoekonomik belirleyicileri. International Journal of Economic and Administrative Studies, 25, 57-70.
• İşeri, A., & Arslan, N. (2008). Obesity in adults in Turkey: age and regional effects. European Journal of Public Health, 19(1), 91-94.
• Kalkavan, A., Özkara, A.B., Alemdağ, C., & Çavdar, S. (2016). Akademisyenlerin fiziksel aktiviteye katılım düzeyleri ve obezite durumlarının incelenmesi. International Journal of Science Culture and Sport, 4(1), 329-339.
• Karaoğlan, D. (2019). Sigarayı bırakma ve obezite arasındaki ilişki: Türkiye örneği. İktisat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 46-57.
• Karaoğlan, D., & Tansel, A. (2018). Determinants of body mass index in Turkey: a quantile regression analysis from a middle income country. Bogazici Journal: Review of Social, Economic & Administrative Studies, 32(2), 1-17.
• Kenkel, D., Lillard, D., & Mathios, A. (2006). The roles of high school completion and GED receipt in smoking and obesity. Journal of Labor Economics, 24, 635–60.
• Koenker, R. & Bassett, G. (1978). Quantile regressions. Econometrica, 46(1), 33-50.
• Köseoğulları, B., & Ulucan, H. (2022). Education, income distribution and gender pay gap: the case of Turkey, Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 49, 229-244.
• Kpelitse, K.A., Devlin, R.A., & Sarma, S. (2014). The effect of income on obesity among canadian adults. Canadian Centre for Health Economics Working Paper Series Paper No: 2014-C02.
• Kuntz, B., & Lampert, T. (2010). Socioeconomics factors and obesity. Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 107(30), 517-522.
• Lakdawalla, D., & Philipson, T. (2002). The growth of obesity and technological change: a theoretical and empirical examination. NBER Working Paper No: 8946.
• Lawson, R.A., Murphy, R.H., & Williamson, C.R. (2016). The relationship between income, economic freedom and BMI. Public Health, 134, 18-25.
• Martin, A.R., Nieto, J.M.M., Ruiz, J.P.N., & Jimenez, L.E. (2008). Overweight and obesity: the role of education, employment and income in spanish adults. Appetite, 51, 266-272.
• Mathieu-Bolh, N. (2022). The elusive link between income and obesity. Journal of Economic Survey, 36, 935-968.
• Mathieu-Bolh, N., & Wendner, R. (2020). We are what we eat: obesity, income, and social comparisons. European Economic Review, 128, 103495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2020.103495
• Mavromaras, K. (2008). Economics and obesity. The Australian Economic Review, 41(1), 78-84.
• Montenegro, C. (2001). Wage distribution in Chile: does gender matter? A quantile regression approach. Policiy Research Report on Gender and Development Working Paper No: 20. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/600701468314070337/Wage-distribution-in-Chile-does-gender-matter-a-quantile-regression-approach
• Monterio, C.A., Conde, W.L., & Popkin, B.M. (2001). Independent effects of income and education on the risk of obesity in the brazilian adult population. The Journal of Nutrition, 131(3), 881S-886S.
• Morris, S. (2007). The impact of obesity on employment. Labour Economics, 14, 413-433.
• OECD (2021). Health at a glance 2021: OECD indicators. https://doi.org/10.1787/ae3016b9-en
• Ozyapı, S. (2019). An empirical investigation of obesity, income and education. MRPA, Paper No: 98727.
• Pechey, R., Jebb, S.A., Kelly, M.P., Roig, E.A., Conde, S., Nakamura, R., Shemilt, I., Suhrcke, M. & Marteau, T.M. (2013). Socioeconomic differences in purchases of more vs. less healthy foods and beverages: analysis of over 25000 British households in 2010. Social Science and Medicine, 92, 22-26.
• RWJF (Robert Wood Johnson Foundation). (2009). Education matters for health. Commission to build a healthier America. Issue Brief 6: Education and Health, http://www.commissiononhealth.org, 20.02.2012. Spasojevic, J. (2003). Effects of education on adult health in Sweden: results from a natural experiment [Doctoral dissertation, The City University of New York]. https://www.proquest.com/openview/7064bd71a3b60c08e471bda96e643ef2/1?pqorigsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y
• Şengül, S., & Çam, S. (2022). The impact of sport on obesity in Turkey: an application of a switching regression model. Trends in Business and Economics, 36(3), 268-276.
• T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2023). Obezite nasıl hesaplanır? https://hsgmdestek.saglik.gov.tr/tr/obezite/obezite-nasil-saptanir.html
• Tansel, A., & Karaoğlan, D. (2014). Health behaviors and education in Turkey. Koc University-TUSIAD Economic Research Forum Working Paper, No: 1414.
• Tansel, A., & Karaoğlan, D. (2016). The causal effect of education on health behaviors: evidence from Turkey, Economic Research Center (ERC) Working Paper No: 16/06.
• Tirgil, A. (2021). Obesity and employment: evidence from Turkey, International Journal of Management Economics and Business, 17(3), 643-659.
• Turrell, G., Hewitt, B. Patterson, C., Oldenburg, B., & Gould, T. (2002). Socioeconomic differences in food purchasing behaviour and suggested implications for diet-related health promotion. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 15, 355-364.
• TÜİK (2019). Türkiye sağlık araştırmaları mikro veri seti, 2019, Yayın No:4590
• Türkiye Obezite Araştırma Derneği (TOAD) (2023). Obezite nedir? https://obezitearastirma.org/obezite-hakkinda/obezite-nedir/ adresinden 5 Ocak 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Ulucan, H., & Çiftçi, C. (2019). Türkiye’de üniversite eğitiminin ücretler üzerindeki etkisi. Business and Economic Research Journal, 10(3), 649-669.
• Villar, J.G., & Quintana-Domeque, C. (2009). Income and body mass ındex in Europe. Economics and Human Biology, 7(1), 73-83.
• Webbink, D., Nicholas G. M., & Visscher, P.M. (2010). Does education reduce the probability of being overweight? Journal of Health Economics, 29, 29–38.
• WHO, World Health Organization (2023). A healthy lifestyle-WHO recommendations. https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/a-healthy-lifestyle---who-recommendations adresinden 3 Ekim 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• WHO, Word Health Organization. Obesity (2023). Erişim Adresi: https://www.who.int/health-topics/obesity#tab=tab_1 adresinden 3 Ekim 2023 tarihinde alınmıştır.
• Wolfe, B., & Haveman, R.H. (2002). Social and nonmarket benefits from education in an advanced economy. In Conference series-federal reserve bank of Boston, 47, 97-131.
• Yardımcıoğlu, F. (2013). Eğitim ve sağlık ilişkisi: panel eşbütünleşme ve panel nedensellik analizi. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(1), 49-74.