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Burgernomics and Big Mac Index: An Empirical Analysis

Yıl 2024, , 858 - 871, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.1488168

Öz

The Economist Journal has been publishing an unofficial economic indicator called the "Big Mac Index" based on the theory of purchasing power parity since 1986. According to the purchasing power parity theory, prices of the same or similar products should be the same in different countries and regions due to exchange rates. Differences indicate that currencies are overvalued or undervalued. The essence of the Big Mac Index is to determine the value of currencies by comparing the prices of the hamburger called "Big Mac", one of the products of McDonald's fast-food restaurant chain, in different countries. In this study, it is aimed to empirically compare the prices of this product in different countries in order to have an idea about the economic situation, financial development and general market movements of the countries and to contribute to researchers who want to have information on the subject. In this study, Brazil, Indonesia, India, South Africa, and Türkiye, the so-called “Fragile Five”, are analyzed for the period between January 2015 – January 2024 (19 periods) and according to the findings, the index has mostly undervalued foreign currencies in these countries. In other words, it is concluded that foreign currencies are mostly overvalued in these countries.

Kaynakça

  • Akarsu, M. Z., Gharehgozli, O., & Atal, V. (2023). An investigation of income and wage inequality in Turkey using burgernomics. Eastern European Economics, 62(3), 340-360.
  • Akçay, A. Ö., & Erataş, F. (2015). Satın alma gücü paritesi teorisinin geçerliliği: G7 örneği. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 81-100.
  • Annaert, J., & De Ceuster, M. J. K. (1997). The big mac: more than a junk asset allocator?. International Review of Financial Analysis, 6(3), 179-192.
  • Atal, V. (2014). The big mac index and real-income disparity. Journal of Business & Economics Research, 12(3), 231-236.
  • Balassa, B. (1964). The purchasing-power parity doctrine: a reappraisal. Journal of Political Economy, 72(6), 584-584.
  • Bergh, J. (2009). The gdp paradox. Journal of economic psychology, 30(2), 117-135.
  • Caetano, S., Moura, G., & Da Silva, S. (2004). Big mac parity, income and trade. Economics Bulletin, 6(11), 1-8.
  • Cassel, G. (1918). Abnormal deviations in ınternational exchanges. The Economic Journal, 28(112), 413-415.
  • Cassel, G. (1967). The theory of social economy. Augustus M. Kelly: New York.
  • Chen, C. F., Shen, C. H., & Wang, C. A. (2007). Does ppp hold for big mac price or consumer price index? evidence from panel cointegration. Economics Bulletin, 6(16), 1-15.
  • Clements, K. W., Lan, Y., & Seah, S. S. (2007). The big mac index 21 years on: an evaluation of burgereconomics. Economics Discussion, Working Papers, 7-23.
  • Clements, K. W., Lan, Y., & Seah, S. S. (2012). The big mac index two decades on: an evaluation of burgernomics. International Journal of Finance and Economics, 17(1), 31-60.
  • Dalton, H. (1924). The theory of social economy by Gustav Cassel. Economica, 11, 223-226
  • Deaton, A., & Heston, A. (2010). Understanding ppps and ppp-based national accounts. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 2(4), 1-35.
  • Dornbusch, R. (1985). Purchasing power parity. NBER Working Paper Series, 1591, 1-34.
  • Eğilmez, M. (2014). “Kur mu yanlış fiyat mı?”. www.mahfieğilmez.com (Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2024).
  • Fox, J. (2009). “A meal disguised as a sandwich: the big mac”. https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu (Erişim Tarihi: 23.05.2024).
  • Gailliot, H. (1970). Purchasing power parity as an explanation of long-term changes in exchange rates. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 2(3), 348-357.
  • Gözgör, G. (2015). Tek fiyat kanunu ve satın alma gücü paritesi hipotezine ilişkin ampirik bulgular: bir literatür taraması. Sosyoekonomi, 23(24), 23-37.
  • Isard, P. (1977). How far can we push the “law of one price”?. American Economic Review, 67(5), 942-48.
  • Krugman, P. R., & Obstfeld, M. (2009). International economics: theory and policy. Pearson Education, USA.
  • Lafrance, R., & Schembri, L. L. (2002). Purchasing-power parity: definition, measurement, and interpretation. Bank of Canada Review, 27-33.
  • McDonald’s. (2024). “Tarihçemiz”. www.mcdonalds.com.tr (Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2024).
  • Melvin, M., & Norrbin, S. C. (2013). International money and finance. Eighth Edition, Elsevier, UK.
  • Mike, F. (2018). Gelişen piyasa ekonomilerinde satınalma gücü paritesinin geçerliliğinin test edilmesi. Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, (637), 7-30.
  • Nababan, T. S. (2016). Identifying the purchasing power parity of Indonesia Rupiah (IDR) based on big mac index. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan (JEP), 17(2), 210-231.
  • O’Connell, P. G. J. (1998). The overvaluation of purchasing power parity. Journal of International Economics, 44(1), 1-19.
  • Obrien, T. J., & Vargas, S. R. D. (2015). Clarifying the adjusted bigmac index. SSRN Electronic Journal. Ong, L. L. (1997). Burgernomics: the economics of the big mac standard. Journal of International Money and Finance, 16(6), 865-878.
  • Ong, L. L. (2003). The big mac index: applications of power purchasing parity. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Pakko, M. R., & Pollard, P. S. (2003). Burgernomics: a big mactm guide to purchasing power parity. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 85, 9-28.
  • Portes, L. S. V., & Atal, V. (2014). The big mac index: a shortcut to inflation and exchange rate dynamics? price tracking and predictive properties. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 13(4), 751-756.
  • Richardson, D. J. (1978). Some empirical evidence on commodity arbitrage and the law of one price. Journal of International Economics, 8(2), 341-51.
  • Rogoff, K. (1996). The purchasing power parity puzzle. Journal of Economic Literature, 34(2), 647-668.
  • Sarno, L., & Taylor, M. (2003). Purchasing power parity and the real exchange rate. IMF Staff Papers, 49, 65-105.
  • Terborgh, G. W. (1926). The Purchasing-power parity theory. Journal of Political Economy, 34(2), 197-197.
  • Yang, J. (2004). Nontradables and the valuation of rmb-an evaluation of the big mac index. China Economic Review, 15(3), 353-359.
  • Yasser, M., Mussad, M., & Sanad, N. (2019). Does bigmac index consider as a substitute for inflation rate. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 19(B7), 17-23.

Hamburger Ekonomisi ve Big Mac Endeksi: Ampirik Bir Analiz

Yıl 2024, , 858 - 871, 30.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.1488168

Öz

Ekonomist dergisi 1986 yılından bu yana satın alma gücü paritesi teorisine dayanan “Big Mac Endeksi” adını verdikleri gayri resmi bir ekonomik gösterge yayımlamaktadır. Satın alma gücü paritesi teorisine göre aynı veya benzer ürünlerin fiyatları, döviz kurları nedeniyle farklı ülke ve bölgelerde aynı olmalıdır. Farklılıklar ise para birimlerinin aşırı veya az değerlendiğini göstermektedir. Big Mac Endeksi’nin özünde ise McDonald’s fast-food restoran zincirinin ürünlerinden biri olan “Big Mac” adı verilen hamburgerin farklı ülkelerdeki fiyatları karşılaştırılarak para birimlerinin değeri belirlenmeye çalışılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada da aynı doğrultuda söz konusu ürünün farklı ülkelerdeki fiyatları ampirik olarak karşılaştırılarak ülkelerin ekonomik durumları, finansal gelişimleri ve genel piyasa hareketleri hakkında fikir sahibi olunması ve konu hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak isteyen araştırmacılara katkı sağlanması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada “Kırılgan Beşli” olarak adlandırılan Brezilya, Endonezya, Hindistan, Güney Afrika ve Türkiye, Ocak 2015 – Ocak 2024 dönemleri (19 dönem) için incelenmiş ve elde edilen bulgulara göre endeks söz konusu ülkelerde yabancı para birimlerini ağırlıklı olarak düşük değerlemiştir. Bir diğer ifade ile söz konusu ülkelerde yabancı para birimlerinin ağırlıklı olarak aşırı değerlendiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Akarsu, M. Z., Gharehgozli, O., & Atal, V. (2023). An investigation of income and wage inequality in Turkey using burgernomics. Eastern European Economics, 62(3), 340-360.
  • Akçay, A. Ö., & Erataş, F. (2015). Satın alma gücü paritesi teorisinin geçerliliği: G7 örneği. İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 81-100.
  • Annaert, J., & De Ceuster, M. J. K. (1997). The big mac: more than a junk asset allocator?. International Review of Financial Analysis, 6(3), 179-192.
  • Atal, V. (2014). The big mac index and real-income disparity. Journal of Business & Economics Research, 12(3), 231-236.
  • Balassa, B. (1964). The purchasing-power parity doctrine: a reappraisal. Journal of Political Economy, 72(6), 584-584.
  • Bergh, J. (2009). The gdp paradox. Journal of economic psychology, 30(2), 117-135.
  • Caetano, S., Moura, G., & Da Silva, S. (2004). Big mac parity, income and trade. Economics Bulletin, 6(11), 1-8.
  • Cassel, G. (1918). Abnormal deviations in ınternational exchanges. The Economic Journal, 28(112), 413-415.
  • Cassel, G. (1967). The theory of social economy. Augustus M. Kelly: New York.
  • Chen, C. F., Shen, C. H., & Wang, C. A. (2007). Does ppp hold for big mac price or consumer price index? evidence from panel cointegration. Economics Bulletin, 6(16), 1-15.
  • Clements, K. W., Lan, Y., & Seah, S. S. (2007). The big mac index 21 years on: an evaluation of burgereconomics. Economics Discussion, Working Papers, 7-23.
  • Clements, K. W., Lan, Y., & Seah, S. S. (2012). The big mac index two decades on: an evaluation of burgernomics. International Journal of Finance and Economics, 17(1), 31-60.
  • Dalton, H. (1924). The theory of social economy by Gustav Cassel. Economica, 11, 223-226
  • Deaton, A., & Heston, A. (2010). Understanding ppps and ppp-based national accounts. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, 2(4), 1-35.
  • Dornbusch, R. (1985). Purchasing power parity. NBER Working Paper Series, 1591, 1-34.
  • Eğilmez, M. (2014). “Kur mu yanlış fiyat mı?”. www.mahfieğilmez.com (Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2024).
  • Fox, J. (2009). “A meal disguised as a sandwich: the big mac”. https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu (Erişim Tarihi: 23.05.2024).
  • Gailliot, H. (1970). Purchasing power parity as an explanation of long-term changes in exchange rates. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 2(3), 348-357.
  • Gözgör, G. (2015). Tek fiyat kanunu ve satın alma gücü paritesi hipotezine ilişkin ampirik bulgular: bir literatür taraması. Sosyoekonomi, 23(24), 23-37.
  • Isard, P. (1977). How far can we push the “law of one price”?. American Economic Review, 67(5), 942-48.
  • Krugman, P. R., & Obstfeld, M. (2009). International economics: theory and policy. Pearson Education, USA.
  • Lafrance, R., & Schembri, L. L. (2002). Purchasing-power parity: definition, measurement, and interpretation. Bank of Canada Review, 27-33.
  • McDonald’s. (2024). “Tarihçemiz”. www.mcdonalds.com.tr (Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2024).
  • Melvin, M., & Norrbin, S. C. (2013). International money and finance. Eighth Edition, Elsevier, UK.
  • Mike, F. (2018). Gelişen piyasa ekonomilerinde satınalma gücü paritesinin geçerliliğinin test edilmesi. Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, (637), 7-30.
  • Nababan, T. S. (2016). Identifying the purchasing power parity of Indonesia Rupiah (IDR) based on big mac index. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan (JEP), 17(2), 210-231.
  • O’Connell, P. G. J. (1998). The overvaluation of purchasing power parity. Journal of International Economics, 44(1), 1-19.
  • Obrien, T. J., & Vargas, S. R. D. (2015). Clarifying the adjusted bigmac index. SSRN Electronic Journal. Ong, L. L. (1997). Burgernomics: the economics of the big mac standard. Journal of International Money and Finance, 16(6), 865-878.
  • Ong, L. L. (2003). The big mac index: applications of power purchasing parity. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Pakko, M. R., & Pollard, P. S. (2003). Burgernomics: a big mactm guide to purchasing power parity. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, 85, 9-28.
  • Portes, L. S. V., & Atal, V. (2014). The big mac index: a shortcut to inflation and exchange rate dynamics? price tracking and predictive properties. International Business & Economics Research Journal, 13(4), 751-756.
  • Richardson, D. J. (1978). Some empirical evidence on commodity arbitrage and the law of one price. Journal of International Economics, 8(2), 341-51.
  • Rogoff, K. (1996). The purchasing power parity puzzle. Journal of Economic Literature, 34(2), 647-668.
  • Sarno, L., & Taylor, M. (2003). Purchasing power parity and the real exchange rate. IMF Staff Papers, 49, 65-105.
  • Terborgh, G. W. (1926). The Purchasing-power parity theory. Journal of Political Economy, 34(2), 197-197.
  • Yang, J. (2004). Nontradables and the valuation of rmb-an evaluation of the big mac index. China Economic Review, 15(3), 353-359.
  • Yasser, M., Mussad, M., & Sanad, N. (2019). Does bigmac index consider as a substitute for inflation rate. Global Journal of Management and Business Research, 19(B7), 17-23.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonometri Teorisi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Kemal Coşkun 0000-0003-2631-7543

Semih Yıldırım 0000-0003-3399-7022

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Mayıs 2024
Kabul Tarihi 6 Eylül 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Coşkun, K., & Yıldırım, S. (2024). Hamburger Ekonomisi ve Big Mac Endeksi: Ampirik Bir Analiz. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 8(3), 858-871. https://doi.org/10.29023/alanyaakademik.1488168