Culturally Responsive Teaching & Constructivist Learning Activities: a Literacy Program’s Response to COVID-19
Yıl 2023,
, 83 - 92, 10.11.2023
Eric Junco
,
Rebecca Vaughn
,
Gunel Karimova
Michele Duffy
Öz
This article identifies both the need for post-secondary developmental literacy programs in addition to long-standing, historical resistance to them. COVID-19, in the present, has arguably been the largest threat to this midwestern university's post-secondary literacy program, compelling it to make structural and pedagogical adjustments to support its racially, culturally, and linguistically diverse populations. With the purpose of making coursework immediately more relevant and applicable, the course was separated into meta-majors: the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and general studies. These authors discuss how these new courses paired literacy strategies and metacognitive techniques to improve student performance with coursework for classes within their major in real-time, with ongoing support of a literacy expert. The authors define specific culturally responsive teaching and constructivist learning practices they infused into their new course design and assignments.
Destekleyen Kurum
Northern Illinois University
Kaynakça
- Allen, K., Kern, M. L., Vella-Brodrick, D., Hattie, J., & Waters, L. (2018). What schools need to know about fostering school belonging: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 30(1), 1-34.
- El-Sakran, A., Salman, R., & Alzaatreh, A. (2022). Impacts of emergency remote teaching on college students amid COVID-19 in the UAE. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 2979.
- Arendale, D. R. (2010). Access at the crossroads: Learning assistance in higher education. ASHE Higher Education Report 35(6). Jossey-Bass.
- Arendale, D. (2005). Terms of endearment: Words that define and guide developmental education. Journal of College Reading and Learning, 35(2), 66-82.
- Arifah, R., & Marzuki, I. (2021). Constructivism Theory Of Learning Solutions During The Covid-19 Pandemic In Indonesia. International Journal of Education, Information Technology, and Others, 4(1), 91-96.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.466801
- Armstrong, S. L. (2020). What’s been keeping me awake at night: the future(?) of the“The field.” Journal of college Reading and Learning, 50(2), 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790195.2020.1750849
- Armstrong, S. L., & Reynolds, R. (2011). An Authentically simulated approach to disciplinary literacy instruction in a study strategies course. NADE Digest, 5(2), 1-9.
- Babar, S., & Hidayat, M. (2022). Online flipped classroom (E-Fcr): way forward in Covid 19 era. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad, 34(4 Suppl 1), 1056-7.
- Bennett, S. V., Gunn, A. A., Gayle-Evans, G., Barrera, E. S., & Leung, C. B. (2018). Culturally responsive literacy practices in an early childhood community. Early Childhood Education Journal, 46(2), 241-248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-017-0839-9
- Carter, J. C. & Daraviras, T. (2010). Cultivating college success among underprepared college students. NADE Digest 5(1), 1-7.
- Casazza, M. E. (1999). Who are we and where did we come from? Journal of Developmental Education, 23(1), 2-7.
- Chan, S. (2010). Designing an Online Class Using a Constructivist Approach. Journal of Adult Education, 39(1), 26–39.
- Chavez, F. R. (2020). The anti-racist writing workshop: How to decolonize the creative classroom. Haymarket Books.
- Ciesielkiewicz, M. (2019). The use of e-portfolios in higher education: From the students' perspective. Issues in Educational Research, 29(3), 649-667. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/use-e-portfolios-higher-education-students/docview/2391970066/se-2
- Cisco, J. (2020). Exploring the connection between impostor phenomenon and postgraduate students feeling academically-unprepared. Higher Education Research & Development, 39(2), 200-214.
- Conley, D. T. (2007, April). The challenge of college readiness. Educational Leadership, 64(7), 23-29
.
Cowan Pitre, C. (2014). Improving African American student outcomes: Understanding educational achievement and strategies to close opportunity gaps. Western Journal of Black Studies, 38(4), 209-217.
- Crisp, G., & Delgado, C. (2014). The impact of developmental education on community college persistence and vertical transfer. Community College Review, 42(2), 99-117.
- Daniels, L. M., Goegan, L. D., & Parker, P. C. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 triggered changes to instruction and assessment on university students’ self-reported motivation, engagement and perceptions. Social Psychology of Education, 24(1), 299-318.
- Davidson, F., & Davidson, J. (1994). Vygotsky's Developmental Theory: An Introduction. [Video/DVD] Davidson Films. https://video.alexanderstreet.com/watch/vygotsky-s-developmental-theory-an-introduction
- Davis, A. D., & Jones, A. (2021). Culturally Responsive Teaching. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=mei-conference
- Eagan, K., Stolzenberg, E. B., Lozano, J. B., Aragon, M. C., Suchard, M. R., & Hurtado, S. (2014). Undergraduate teaching faculty: The 2013–2014 HERI faculty survey. Los Angeles: Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA.
- Edgecombe, N., & Bickerstaff, S. (2018). Addressing academic underprepared-ness in service of college completion. Texas Education Review, 6(1), 75-83. https://doi.org/10.15781/T27941B74
- Fisher, D., Frey, N., & Rothenberg, C. (2008). Content-area conversations: How to plan discussion-based lessons for diverse language learners. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
- Funa, A. A., & Talaue, F. T. (2021). Constructivist Learning Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Investigating Students’ Perceptions of Biology Self-Learning Modules. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 20(3), 250–264. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.3.15
- Gay, G. (2002). Preparing for culturally responsive teaching. Journal of Teacher Education, 53(2), 106-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487102053002003
- Gay, G. (2018). Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, and practice. Teachers College Press.
- Guiter, G. E., Sapia, S., Wright, A. I., Hutchins, G. G., & Arayssi, T. (2021). Development of a remote online collaborative medical school pathology curriculum with clinical correlations, across several international sites, through the Covid-19 pandemic. Medical Science Educator, 31, 549-556.
- Hammond, Z. (2014). Culturally responsive teaching and the brain: Promoting authentic engagement and rigor among culturally and linguistically diverse students. Corwin.
- Harmon, N. (2012). The role of minority-serving ınstitutions in national college completion goals. Institute for Higher Education Policy.
- Harris, M. L., Ernstberger, K. W., Cox, K. C., & Watson, C. F. (2021). A holistic perspective on students’ lives and learning during COVID-19 can help shape the university experience. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 71(1), 77–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/07377363.2021.1977528
- Harrison, L. A., Stevens, C. M., Monty, A. N., & Coakley, C. A. (2006). The consequences of stereotype threat on the academic performance of White and non-White lower income college students. Social Psychology of Education, 9, 341–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-005-5456-6
- Hodges, R. B. & Agee, K. S. (2009). Program management. In In R. A. Flippo & D. A. Caverly (Eds.), Handbook of college reading and study strategies research (pp. 351- 376). Hillsdale, N.J: LEA.
- Holzer, J. et al. (2021). Higher Education in Times of COVID-19: University students’ basic need satisfaction, self-regulated learning, and well-being. AERA Open, 7(3), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/23328584211003164
- Hughes, M., & Daykin, N. (2002). Towards constructivism: Investigating students' perceptions and learning as a result of using an online environment. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 39(3), 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/13558000210150036
- Jonassen, H. D., & Grabowski, B. L. (1993). Handbook of individual differences, learning and instruction. L. Erlbaum Associates.
- Kafka, A. C. (2020). The pandemic and racial turmoil are changing curricula. Here’s how. Chronicle of Higher Education.
- Karakose, T. (2021). Emergency remote teaching due to COVID-19 pandemic and potential risks for socioeconomically disadvantaged students in higher education. Educational Process: International Journal (EDUPIJ), 10(3), 53-61.
- Kim, H., Krishnan, C., Law, J. & Rounsaville, T. (2020). COVID-19 and US higher education enrollment: Preparing leaders for fall.https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/education/our-insights/covid-19-and-us-higher-education-enrollment-preparing-leaders-for-fall
- Koohang, A., Riley, L. & Smith, T. (2009). E-learning and constructivism: from theory to application. Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Learning and Learning Objects, 5(1), 91–109.
- Lawrence, A. D. (2017). Toward culturally responsive online pedagogy: Practices of selected secondary online teachers. The College of William and Mary.
- Liu, C., McCabe, M., Dawson, A., Cyrzon, C., Shankar, S., Gerges, N., ... & Cornish, K. (2021). Identifying predictors of university students’ wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic—A data-driven approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 6730.
- McGee, B. S., Williams, J. L., Armstrong, S. L., & Holschuh, J. P. Gateways, not gatekeepers: Reclaiming the narrative for developmental education. Journal of Developmental Education, 44(2), 2-10.
- McMahon, S., Parnes, A., Keys, C., & Viola, J. (2008). School belonging among low-income urban youth with disabilities: testing a theoretical model. Psychology in the Schools, 45(5), 387–401.
- Mobarhan, R., Rahman, A. A. & Majidi, M. (2015). Electronic portfolio motivational factors from students' perspective: A qualitative study. Knowledge Management & ELearning: An International Journal, 7(2), 265-279.
- Mokhtari, K., & Reichard, C. A. (2002). Assessing students' metacognitive awareness of reading strategies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(2), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.94.2.249
- Nist S. L. & Simpson, M. L. (2000). College studying. Handbook of reading research Vol.III. http://www.readingonline.org/articles/handbook/nist
- Paulson, E. J., & Armstrong, S. L. (2010). Postsecondary Literacy: Coherence in Theory, Terminology, and Teacher Preparation. Journal of Developmental Education, 33(3), 4-15.
- Pretlow III, J. & Wathington, H.D. (2013) Who places into developmental education and why. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 37(10). 794-799. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2012.719482
- Rado, D., Cohen, J. S. & Germuska, J. (2011, August 31). Public H.S. grads struggle at
college. Chicago Tribune, pp. A1 & A10.
- Rovai, A. P. (2004). A constructivist approach to online college learning. The Internet and Higher Education, 7(2), 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2003.10.002
- Baltà-Salvador, R., Olmedo-Torre, N., Peña, M., & Renta-Davids, A. I. (2021). Academic and emotional effects of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic on engineering students. Education and Information Technologies, 26(6), 7407-7434.
- Scaia, J. A. (2021). Do I belong? What students teach us about belonging to a new university (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida).
- Sciurba, K. (2017). Journeys toward textual relevance: Male readers of color and the significance of Malcolm X and Harry Potter. Journal of Literacy Research, 49(3), 371-392. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086296X177183
- Schuurman, T. M., Henrichs, L. F., Schuurman, N. K., Polderdijk, S., & Hornstra, L. (2023). Learning loss in vulnerable student populations after the first COVID-19 school closure in the Netherlands. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 67(2), 309-326.
- Seyyedrezaie, S. H., & Barani, G. (2017). Constructivism and curriculum development. Journal of Humanities Insights, 1(3), 119-124.
- Shields, D. J. (2005). Developmental education: Criticisms, benefits and survival strategies. Research and Teaching in Developmental Education, 22(1), 43-51.
- Sides, M. (2016). Adapting the ALP model for student and ınstitutional needs. NADE Digest, 9(1), 27-29.
- Sleeter, C. E. (2001). Preparing teachers for culturally diverse schools: Research and the overwhelming presence of whiteness. Journal of Teacher Education, 52(2), 94-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/00224871010520020
- Soysal, Y. (2020). Establishing the norms of the Vygotskian teaching in the science classroom. Elementary Education Online, 19(3), 1838-1857.
- Stahl, N. A., & Boylan, H. R. (Eds.). (2003). Teaching developmental reading: Historical, theoretical and practical background readings. Bedford/St. Martin's.
- Stahl, N. A. & King, J. R. (2009). History. In R. A. Flippo & D. A. Caverly (Eds.), Handbook
of college reading and study strategies research (pp. 3-25). Mahwah, NJ: LEA.
- Steinberg, L. (2001). We know some things: parent-adolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11(1), 1–19.
- Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind in Society. Harvard University Press.
- Vygotsky, L. (1986). Thought and Language. MIT Press
- Wakimoto, D. K. & Lewis, R. E. (2014). Graduate student perceptions of eportfolios: Uses for reflection, development, and assessment. The Internet and Higher Education, 21, 53-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2014.01.002
- Weinstein, C. E. (2006). Teaching students how to become more strategic and self-regulated learners. In W. J. McKeachie & M. Svinicki (Eds.), McKeachie’s teaching tips: Strategies, research, and theory for college and university teachers (pp. 300-317). Houghton Mifflin.
- Wyatt, M. (1992). The past, present, and future need for college reading courses in the US. Journal of Reading, 36(1), 10-20.
- Zhao, Y., & Watterston, J. (2021). The changes we need: Education post COVID-19. Journal of Educational Change, 22(1), 3-12.
- Zuckerman, A. L., Hardesty, R. A., Denaro, K., Lo, S. M., & Owens, M. T. (2021). Effects of remote teaching in a crisis on equity gaps and the constructivist learning environment in an introductory biology course series. Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1128/jmbe.v22i1.2293
Culturally Responsive Teaching & Constructivist Learning Practices: a Post-Secondary Literacy Program’s Response to COVID-19
Yıl 2023,
, 83 - 92, 10.11.2023
Eric Junco
,
Rebecca Vaughn
,
Gunel Karimova
Michele Duffy
Öz
This article identifies both the need for post-secondary developmental literacy programs in addition to long-standing, historical resistance to them. COVID-19, in the present, has arguably been the largest threat to this midwestern university's post-secondary literacy program, compelling it to make structural and pedagogical adjustments to support its racially, culturally, and linguistically diverse populations. With the purpose of making coursework immediately more relevant and applicable, the course was separated into meta-majors: the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and general studies. These authors discuss how these new courses paired literacy strategies and metacognitive techniques to improve student performance with coursework for classes within their major in real-time, with ongoing support of a literacy expert. The authors define specific culturally responsive teaching and constructivist learning practices they infused into their new course design and assignments.
Kaynakça
- Allen, K., Kern, M. L., Vella-Brodrick, D., Hattie, J., & Waters, L. (2018). What schools need to know about fostering school belonging: A meta-analysis. Educational Psychology Review, 30(1), 1-34.
- El-Sakran, A., Salman, R., & Alzaatreh, A. (2022). Impacts of emergency remote teaching on college students amid COVID-19 in the UAE. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 2979.
- Arendale, D. R. (2010). Access at the crossroads: Learning assistance in higher education. ASHE Higher Education Report 35(6). Jossey-Bass.
- Arendale, D. (2005). Terms of endearment: Words that define and guide developmental education. Journal of College Reading and Learning, 35(2), 66-82.
- Arifah, R., & Marzuki, I. (2021). Constructivism Theory Of Learning Solutions During The Covid-19 Pandemic In Indonesia. International Journal of Education, Information Technology, and Others, 4(1), 91-96.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.466801
- Armstrong, S. L. (2020). What’s been keeping me awake at night: the future(?) of the“The field.” Journal of college Reading and Learning, 50(2), 56-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/10790195.2020.1750849
- Armstrong, S. L., & Reynolds, R. (2011). An Authentically simulated approach to disciplinary literacy instruction in a study strategies course. NADE Digest, 5(2), 1-9.
- Babar, S., & Hidayat, M. (2022). Online flipped classroom (E-Fcr): way forward in Covid 19 era. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad, 34(4 Suppl 1), 1056-7.
- Bennett, S. V., Gunn, A. A., Gayle-Evans, G., Barrera, E. S., & Leung, C. B. (2018). Culturally responsive literacy practices in an early childhood community. Early Childhood Education Journal, 46(2), 241-248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-017-0839-9
- Carter, J. C. & Daraviras, T. (2010). Cultivating college success among underprepared college students. NADE Digest 5(1), 1-7.
- Casazza, M. E. (1999). Who are we and where did we come from? Journal of Developmental Education, 23(1), 2-7.
- Chan, S. (2010). Designing an Online Class Using a Constructivist Approach. Journal of Adult Education, 39(1), 26–39.
- Chavez, F. R. (2020). The anti-racist writing workshop: How to decolonize the creative classroom. Haymarket Books.
- Ciesielkiewicz, M. (2019). The use of e-portfolios in higher education: From the students' perspective. Issues in Educational Research, 29(3), 649-667. https://www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/use-e-portfolios-higher-education-students/docview/2391970066/se-2
- Cisco, J. (2020). Exploring the connection between impostor phenomenon and postgraduate students feeling academically-unprepared. Higher Education Research & Development, 39(2), 200-214.
- Conley, D. T. (2007, April). The challenge of college readiness. Educational Leadership, 64(7), 23-29
.
Cowan Pitre, C. (2014). Improving African American student outcomes: Understanding educational achievement and strategies to close opportunity gaps. Western Journal of Black Studies, 38(4), 209-217.
- Crisp, G., & Delgado, C. (2014). The impact of developmental education on community college persistence and vertical transfer. Community College Review, 42(2), 99-117.
- Daniels, L. M., Goegan, L. D., & Parker, P. C. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 triggered changes to instruction and assessment on university students’ self-reported motivation, engagement and perceptions. Social Psychology of Education, 24(1), 299-318.
- Davidson, F., & Davidson, J. (1994). Vygotsky's Developmental Theory: An Introduction. [Video/DVD] Davidson Films. https://video.alexanderstreet.com/watch/vygotsky-s-developmental-theory-an-introduction
- Davis, A. D., & Jones, A. (2021). Culturally Responsive Teaching. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1030&context=mei-conference
- Eagan, K., Stolzenberg, E. B., Lozano, J. B., Aragon, M. C., Suchard, M. R., & Hurtado, S. (2014). Undergraduate teaching faculty: The 2013–2014 HERI faculty survey. Los Angeles: Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA.
- Edgecombe, N., & Bickerstaff, S. (2018). Addressing academic underprepared-ness in service of college completion. Texas Education Review, 6(1), 75-83. https://doi.org/10.15781/T27941B74
- Fisher, D., Frey, N., & Rothenberg, C. (2008). Content-area conversations: How to plan discussion-based lessons for diverse language learners. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
- Funa, A. A., & Talaue, F. T. (2021). Constructivist Learning Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Investigating Students’ Perceptions of Biology Self-Learning Modules. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 20(3), 250–264. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.20.3.15
- Gay, G. (2002). Preparing for culturally responsive teaching. Journal of Teacher Education, 53(2), 106-116. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487102053002003
- Gay, G. (2018). Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, and practice. Teachers College Press.
- Guiter, G. E., Sapia, S., Wright, A. I., Hutchins, G. G., & Arayssi, T. (2021). Development of a remote online collaborative medical school pathology curriculum with clinical correlations, across several international sites, through the Covid-19 pandemic. Medical Science Educator, 31, 549-556.
- Hammond, Z. (2014). Culturally responsive teaching and the brain: Promoting authentic engagement and rigor among culturally and linguistically diverse students. Corwin.
- Harmon, N. (2012). The role of minority-serving ınstitutions in national college completion goals. Institute for Higher Education Policy.
- Harris, M. L., Ernstberger, K. W., Cox, K. C., & Watson, C. F. (2021). A holistic perspective on students’ lives and learning during COVID-19 can help shape the university experience. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 71(1), 77–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/07377363.2021.1977528
- Harrison, L. A., Stevens, C. M., Monty, A. N., & Coakley, C. A. (2006). The consequences of stereotype threat on the academic performance of White and non-White lower income college students. Social Psychology of Education, 9, 341–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-005-5456-6
- Hodges, R. B. & Agee, K. S. (2009). Program management. In In R. A. Flippo & D. A. Caverly (Eds.), Handbook of college reading and study strategies research (pp. 351- 376). Hillsdale, N.J: LEA.
- Holzer, J. et al. (2021). Higher Education in Times of COVID-19: University students’ basic need satisfaction, self-regulated learning, and well-being. AERA Open, 7(3), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1177/23328584211003164
- Hughes, M., & Daykin, N. (2002). Towards constructivism: Investigating students' perceptions and learning as a result of using an online environment. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 39(3), 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/13558000210150036
- Jonassen, H. D., & Grabowski, B. L. (1993). Handbook of individual differences, learning and instruction. L. Erlbaum Associates.
- Kafka, A. C. (2020). The pandemic and racial turmoil are changing curricula. Here’s how. Chronicle of Higher Education.
- Karakose, T. (2021). Emergency remote teaching due to COVID-19 pandemic and potential risks for socioeconomically disadvantaged students in higher education. Educational Process: International Journal (EDUPIJ), 10(3), 53-61.
- Kim, H., Krishnan, C., Law, J. & Rounsaville, T. (2020). COVID-19 and US higher education enrollment: Preparing leaders for fall.https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/education/our-insights/covid-19-and-us-higher-education-enrollment-preparing-leaders-for-fall
- Koohang, A., Riley, L. & Smith, T. (2009). E-learning and constructivism: from theory to application. Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Learning and Learning Objects, 5(1), 91–109.
- Lawrence, A. D. (2017). Toward culturally responsive online pedagogy: Practices of selected secondary online teachers. The College of William and Mary.
- Liu, C., McCabe, M., Dawson, A., Cyrzon, C., Shankar, S., Gerges, N., ... & Cornish, K. (2021). Identifying predictors of university students’ wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic—A data-driven approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 6730.
- McGee, B. S., Williams, J. L., Armstrong, S. L., & Holschuh, J. P. Gateways, not gatekeepers: Reclaiming the narrative for developmental education. Journal of Developmental Education, 44(2), 2-10.
- McMahon, S., Parnes, A., Keys, C., & Viola, J. (2008). School belonging among low-income urban youth with disabilities: testing a theoretical model. Psychology in the Schools, 45(5), 387–401.
- Mobarhan, R., Rahman, A. A. & Majidi, M. (2015). Electronic portfolio motivational factors from students' perspective: A qualitative study. Knowledge Management & ELearning: An International Journal, 7(2), 265-279.
- Mokhtari, K., & Reichard, C. A. (2002). Assessing students' metacognitive awareness of reading strategies. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94(2), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.94.2.249
- Nist S. L. & Simpson, M. L. (2000). College studying. Handbook of reading research Vol.III. http://www.readingonline.org/articles/handbook/nist
- Paulson, E. J., & Armstrong, S. L. (2010). Postsecondary Literacy: Coherence in Theory, Terminology, and Teacher Preparation. Journal of Developmental Education, 33(3), 4-15.
- Pretlow III, J. & Wathington, H.D. (2013) Who places into developmental education and why. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 37(10). 794-799. https://doi.org/10.1080/10668926.2012.719482
- Rado, D., Cohen, J. S. & Germuska, J. (2011, August 31). Public H.S. grads struggle at
college. Chicago Tribune, pp. A1 & A10.
- Rovai, A. P. (2004). A constructivist approach to online college learning. The Internet and Higher Education, 7(2), 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2003.10.002
- Baltà-Salvador, R., Olmedo-Torre, N., Peña, M., & Renta-Davids, A. I. (2021). Academic and emotional effects of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic on engineering students. Education and Information Technologies, 26(6), 7407-7434.
- Scaia, J. A. (2021). Do I belong? What students teach us about belonging to a new university (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida).
- Sciurba, K. (2017). Journeys toward textual relevance: Male readers of color and the significance of Malcolm X and Harry Potter. Journal of Literacy Research, 49(3), 371-392. https://doi.org/10.1177/1086296X177183
- Schuurman, T. M., Henrichs, L. F., Schuurman, N. K., Polderdijk, S., & Hornstra, L. (2023). Learning loss in vulnerable student populations after the first COVID-19 school closure in the Netherlands. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, 67(2), 309-326.
- Seyyedrezaie, S. H., & Barani, G. (2017). Constructivism and curriculum development. Journal of Humanities Insights, 1(3), 119-124.
- Shields, D. J. (2005). Developmental education: Criticisms, benefits and survival strategies. Research and Teaching in Developmental Education, 22(1), 43-51.
- Sides, M. (2016). Adapting the ALP model for student and ınstitutional needs. NADE Digest, 9(1), 27-29.
- Sleeter, C. E. (2001). Preparing teachers for culturally diverse schools: Research and the overwhelming presence of whiteness. Journal of Teacher Education, 52(2), 94-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/00224871010520020
- Soysal, Y. (2020). Establishing the norms of the Vygotskian teaching in the science classroom. Elementary Education Online, 19(3), 1838-1857.
- Stahl, N. A., & Boylan, H. R. (Eds.). (2003). Teaching developmental reading: Historical, theoretical and practical background readings. Bedford/St. Martin's.
- Stahl, N. A. & King, J. R. (2009). History. In R. A. Flippo & D. A. Caverly (Eds.), Handbook
of college reading and study strategies research (pp. 3-25). Mahwah, NJ: LEA.
- Steinberg, L. (2001). We know some things: parent-adolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11(1), 1–19.
- Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind in Society. Harvard University Press.
- Vygotsky, L. (1986). Thought and Language. MIT Press
- Wakimoto, D. K. & Lewis, R. E. (2014). Graduate student perceptions of eportfolios: Uses for reflection, development, and assessment. The Internet and Higher Education, 21, 53-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2014.01.002
- Weinstein, C. E. (2006). Teaching students how to become more strategic and self-regulated learners. In W. J. McKeachie & M. Svinicki (Eds.), McKeachie’s teaching tips: Strategies, research, and theory for college and university teachers (pp. 300-317). Houghton Mifflin.
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