The Effect of Acidic Stress on Hematological, Immunological and Biochemical Parameters in Triploid and Diploid Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Abstract

Early maturity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is an economic loss for fish production industry since flesh quality and appearance get deformed as metabolic energy is directed from somatic growth into reproduction. Triploid fish production dramatically reduces this situation, even if it does not fully wipe it out. However, the resistance of triploid fish against different stress factors resulted from aquaculture conditions is contentious compared to diploids. Acidic stress results not only from acid rains, acidic polluters and acidic waste water, but it might also result from increasing stock density under aquaculture circumstances. It is already known that acidic water has negative effects on fish. The present study investigated the effect of acidic stress on haematological, immunological and serum biochemical variables of the diploid and triploid rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Acidic stress was achieved by exposing the sampled fish to acidic water (pH 5.2) for 4 days. Results showed that the red blood cell count, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular Hb, and mean corpuscular Hb concentration, glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, triglyceride and cholesterol were not significantly affected by acidic stress in diploid and triploid fish. However, an acidic stress caused an increase in the NBT, lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activity of diploid fish. This study results indicate that the some non-specific immune functions of triploid rainbow trout did not affect by acidic water.

Keywords

• Triploid,Rainbow Trout,Non-Specific Immune Functions,Hematology,Biochemistry

Asidik Stresin Triploid ve Diploid Gökkuşağı Alabalığı(Oncorhynchus mykiss)'nın Hematolojik, İmmunolojik ve Biyokimyasal Kan Parametreleri Üzerine Etkileri

Öz

Gökkuşağı alabalıklarında erken olgunluğa ulaşma metabolik enerjinin somatik büyümeden üremeye yönlendirilmesi sonucu et kalitesinin ve görünümünün bozulması nedeniyle balık üretim endüstrisi için ekonomik bir kayıptır. Triploid balık üretimi bu durumu tamamen ortadan kaldırmasa da büyük ölçüde azaltmaktadır. Ancak triploid balıkların diploidlere oranla yetiştiricilik şartlarından kaynaklı çeşitli stres faktörlerine karşı dayanıklılıkları tartışma konusudur. Asidik strese; asit yağmurları, asidik kirleticiler ve asidik pis suların yanı sıra yetiştiricilik şartlarında artan stok yoğunluğu da neden olabilmektedir. Asidik suların balıklar üzerinde olumsuz etkileri olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada asidik strese maruz bırakılan diploid ve triploid gökkuşağı alabalıklarının, Oncorhynchus mykiss hematolojik, immunolojik ve serum biyokimyasal parametrelerindeki değişimler incelenmiştir. Asidik stres için balıklar asidik suya (pH 5,2) 4 gün maruz bırakılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde kırmızı kan hücre sayısı, hematokrit, hemoglobin, ortalama eritrosit hacmi, ortalama eritrosit hemoglobini, ortalama eritrosit hemoglobin konsantrasyonu, glikoz, total protein, albumin, globulin, trigliserit ve kolesterol  diploid ve triploid balıklarda asidik stresten etkilenmemiştir. Fakat, asidik stres diploid balıklarda NBT, lizozim ve myeloperoksidaz aktivitelerinde artışa neden olmuştur. Proje sonucunda bazı spesifik olmayan immun parametrelerinin triploid balıklarda asidik sudan etkilenmediği tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Triploid,diploid,Rainbow trout,spesifik olmayan immun parametreleri,hematoloji,biyokimya

Kaynakça

1. Aydın, İ. 2008. Karadeniz Kalkan Balığı (Psetta maxima Linnaeus,1758) Yumurta kalitesinin blastomer morfolojisi ile tahmin edilmesi ve triploid uygulamasinin yumurta kalitesine etkilerinin belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Rize Üniversitesi, Rize.
2. Benfey, T. J., and Biron, M. 2000. Acute stress response in triploid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Aquaculture, 184: 167-176.
3. Budiño, B., Cal, R. M., Piazzon, M. C., and Lamas, J. 2006. The activity of several components of the innate immune system in diploid and triploid turbot. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 145: 108-113.
4. Bye, V.J. and Lincoln, R.F. 1986. Commercial methods for the control of sexual maturation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Aquaculture, 57: 229.
5. Chalmers, L., Thompson, K. D., Taylor, J. F., Black, S., Migaud, H., North, B., and Adams, A. 2016. A comparison of the response of diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) siblings to a commercial furunculosis vaccine and subsequent experimental infection with Aeromonas salmonicida. Fish & shellfish immunology, 57, 301-308.
6. Chalmers, L., Taylor, J. F., Roy, W., Preston, A. C., Migaud, H. and Adams, A. 2017. A comparison of disease susceptibility and innate immune response between diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) siblings following experimental infection with Neoparamoeba perurans, causative agent of amoebic gill disease. Parasitology, 144: 1229–1242.
7. Dorafshan, S., Kalbassi, M. R., Karimi, S. S., and Rahimi, K. 2010. Study of some haematological indices of diploid and triploid rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Yakhteh Medical Journal, 11: 442-447.
8. Dunham, R. A. 2004. Aquaculture and fisheries biotechnology: genetic approaches: CABI. ISBN 0-85199-596-9.

9. Ellis, A.E., 1990. Lysozyme assays, ed: Stolen JS., Fletcher TC., Anderson DP., Roberson BS., van Muiswinkel WB., NJ: SOS Publications. pp: 101-103.
10. Han, Y., Wang, K., Zhang, L. L., and Liu, M. 2007. Comparison on erythrocyte and some haematology indices of diploid and triploid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Freshw Fish, 37: 52-55.
11. Iversen, M., Finstad, B., McKinley, R. S., and Eliassen, R. A. 2003. The efficacy of metomidate, clove oil, Aqui-S™ and Benzoak® as anaesthetics in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolts, and their potential stress-reducing capacity. Aquaculture, 221: 549-566. Jhingan, E., Devlin, R. H., and Iwama, G. K. 2003. Disease resistance, stress response and effects of triploidy in growth hormone transgenic coho salmon. Journal of Fish Biology, 63: 806-823.
12. Kankaya, E., 1998. Gökkuşağı alabalığında (Oncorhynchus mykiss, W., 1792) ısı şoku uygulamasıyla triploidi oluşturulmasi üzerine bir araştirma (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Van.
13. Kenanoğlu, O. N. 2012. Gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss) yumurtalarına farklı sürelerde uygulanan ısı şokunun triploid oluşuma ve yaşama oranına etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Çanakkale.
14. Kim, D.S., Kim, I.B. and Baik, Y.G. 1988. Early growth and gonadal development of triploid rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of Aquaculture, 1: 41-55.
15. Kumari, J., and Sahoo, P.K. 2006. Dietary levamisole modulates the immune response and disease resistance of Asian catfish Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus). Aquaculture Research, 37: 500-509.
16. Lincoln, R.F. and Scott, A.P. 1984. Sexual maturation in triploid rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of Fish Biology, 25: 385-392.
17. Mai, W. J., Yan, J. L., Wang, L., Zheng, Y., Xin, Y., and Wang, W. N. 2010. Acute acidic exposure induces p53-mediated oxidative stress and DNA damage in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) blood cells. Aquatic toxicology, 100: 271-281.
18. Ojolick, E. J., Cusack, R., Benfey, T. J., and Kerr, S. R. 1995. Survival and growth of all-female diploid and triploid rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reared at chronic high temperature. Aquaculture, 131: 177-187.
19. Poontawee, K., Werner, C., Müller-Belecke, A., Hörstgen-Schwark, G., and Wicke, M. 2007. Flesh qualities and muscle fiber characteristics in triploid and diploid rainbow trout. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 23: 273–275.
20. Quade, M.J. and Roth, J.A., 1997. A rapid, direct assay to measure degranulation of bovine neutrophil primary granules. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 58: 239-248.
21. Sheehan, R.J., Shasteen, S.P., Suresh, A.V., Kapuscinski, A.R. and Seeb, J.E., 1999. Better growth in all-female diploid and triploid rainbow trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 128: 491-498.
22. Siwicki, A.K. and Anderson D.P. 1993. Immunostimulation in fish: measuring the effects of stimulants by serological and immunological methods. abstract and techniques manual presented at the Nordic symposium on fish immunology, Lysekil, Sweden, 19-22 May 1993.
23. Vicdanlı, S. M., 2007. Sinop yöresinde avlanan ekonomik öneme sahip bazı deniz balıklarında kromozom çalışmaları (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Samsun.
24. Yılmaz, S. and Ergün, S. 2012. Effects of garlic and ginger oils on hematological and biochemical variables of sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health, 24: 219-224.