Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2022, , 386 - 418, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.18498/amailad.1168748

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Adler, Herbert M. The Jewish Prayer Book. New York: The Union of Hebrew & Religion Classes, 1922.
  • Alalu, Suzan vd. Yahudilikte Kavram ve Değerler. haz. Yusuf Altıntaş. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., 3. Baskı, 2018.
  • Alexander, Elizabeth Shanks. “Women’s Exemption from Shema andTefillin and How These Rituals Came to be Viewed as Torah Study”. Journal for the Study of Judaism 42 (2011), 531-579.
  • Bachye, Rabbi. The Duties of the Heart. çev. Edwin Collins. New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, 1909.
  • Baron, Lori Ann Robinson. The Shema in John’s Gospel Against its Backgrounds in Second Temple Judaism. Durham: Duke University, Doktora Tezi, 2015.
  • Besalel, Yusuf. ”Kavana”. Yahudilik Ansiklopedisi. 2/318. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., 2001.
  • Besalel, Yusuf. “Şema”. Yahudilik Ansiklopedisi. 3/ 670-673. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., 2002.
  • Blau, Ludwig. “Liturgy”. The Jewish Encyclopedia. 8/133-140. New York-London: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1904.
  • Blech, Benjamin. Nedenleri ve Niçinleriyle Yahudilik. çev. Estreya Seval Vali. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., 2003.
  • Cooper, Howard. “‘Hear O Israel’: The ‘Impossible Profession’ of Jewish Faith”. European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe 36/1 (2003), 81-90.
  • Dembitz, Lewis N. Jewish Services in Synagogue and Home. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1898.
  • Dupuche, John vd. “Three Prayers in Dialogue: The Shema, the Lord’s Prayer, and al-Fatiha”. Journal of Ecumenical Studies 52/4 (2017), 587- 609.
  • Eisenstein, Judah David. “Shema”. The Jewish Encyclopedia. 11/266-267. New York - London: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1905.
  • Friedlander, M. The Jewish Religion. London: Kegan Paul - Trench-Trübner, 1891.
  • Goldin, Simha. The Ways of Jewish Martyrdom. çev. Yigal Levin. Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2008.
  • Greenstone, Julius H. The Jewish Religion. Philadelphia: The Jewish Chautauqoua Society, 1920.
  • Gribetz, Sarit Kattan. “The Shema in the Second Temple Period”. Journal of Ancient Judaism 6/1 (2015), 58-84.
  • Hammer, Reuven. Entering Jewish Prayer. New York: Schoecken Books Inc., 1994.
  • Heschel, Abraham J. Between God and Man: An Interpretation of Judaism. New York: Free Press Paperbacks, 1959.
  • Hidalgo, Esteban J. “The Shema Through the Ages: A Pre-Modern History of Its Interpretation”. Andrews University Seminary Student Journal 2/2 (2016), 13-34.
  • Janzen, J. Gerald. “On the Most Important Word in the Shema (Deuteronomy VI 4-5)”. Vetus Testamentum 37/3 (1987), 280-300.
  • Josephus, Flavius. "Antiquities of The Jews". Josephus: The Complete Works. çev. William Whiston. USA: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1998.
  • Kadish, Seth. Kavvana: Directing The Heart in Jewish Prayer. USA: Jason Aronson INC., 1997.
  • Kaplan, Lawrence J. “Worship of the Heart”. The Torah U-Madda Journal 14 (2006-07), 247-250.
  • Karesh, Sara E. - Hurvitz, Mitcchell M. Encyclopedia of Judaism. New York: Facts On File, 2006.
  • Kimelman, Reuven. “The Case for Creation, Revelation, and Redemption in the Shema”. Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly. New York: y.y., 1991.
  • Kimelman, Reuven. “The Shema as the Core of the Liturgy”. Perspectives 2/7 (1987), 1-4.
  • Kimelman, Reuven. “’The Shema’ Liturgy: From Covenant Ceremony to Coronation”. Kenishta: Studies of the Synagogue World. ed. Joseph Tabory. 9-105. Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 2011.
  • Kimelman, Reuven. “While Saying the Shema”. Conservative Judaism 23/2 (1969), 37-43.
  • Klein, Isaac. A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice. New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 2004.
  • Kohler, K. “Shema Yisroel: Origin and Purpose of Its Daily Recital”. Journal of Jewish Lore and Philosophy 1/3-4 (1919), 255-264.
  • Kutsal Kitap. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2001.
  • Lamm, Norman. The Shema Spirituality and Law in Judaism. USA: The Jewish Publication Society, 1998.
  • Levin, Meir. With all Your Heart The Shema in Jewish Worship, Practice, and Life. Israel: Targum Press, 2002.
  • Levine, Ephraim. Judaism. London - New York: T.C. & E. C. Jack- Dodge Publishing Co., ts.
  • Maimonides. Book of Mishnah Torah Yod ha-Hazakah. çev. Simon Glazer. New York: Maimonides Publishing Co., 1927.
  • Maimonides, Moses. The Guide For the Perplexed. çev. M. Friedlander. London: Routledge - Kegan Paul Ltd., 8. Basım, 1951.
  • Maimonides. Sefer Hamitzvot. Erişim 25 Mart 2022. www.sefaria.com Manni, Jacob. “Changes in the Divine Service of the Synagogue Due to Religious Persecutions”. Hebrew Union College Annual 4 (1927), 241-310.
  • Morris, Nathan. The Jewish School An Introdunction to the History of Jewish Education. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1937.
  • Orlin, Eric vd. (ed.). “Shema”. The Routledge Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions. New York - London: Routledge, 2016.
  • Özen, Adem. Yahudilikte İbadet. İstanbul: Ayışığıkitapları, 2001.
  • Pearl, Chaim (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life and Thought. Israel: Carta Jerusalem, 1996.
  • Pinto, Leonardo Pessoa da Silva. “The Shema and the Devotion to Only Deity”. Horizonte 17/52 (2019), 20-42.
  • Pirke Avot. drl. Rav Naftali Haleva. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., 2004.
  • Pucci, Julia Claire. “A Call to Prayer: Reading Shema in Levi’s Testimoy”. Italica 94/1 (Spring 2017), 52-63.
  • Rüterswörden, U. “Sâma; Sêma; S’mû’â”. çev. David E. Green – Douglas W. Stott. Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. ed. G. Johannes vd. 15/253-279. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2006.
  • Schürer, Emil. A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ. çev. Sophia Taylor - Peter Christie. Edinburg: T&T Clark, 1885.
  • Sifrei Devarim. Erişim 25 Mart 2022. www.sefaria.org.
  • Silton, Nava R. vd. “Shema, Vidui, Yivarechecha: What to Say and How to Pray Jewish Patients in Chaplancy”. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy 16/3-4 (2009), 149-160.
  • Telushkin, Joseph. Jewish Literacy The Most Important Things to Know About the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History. New York: William Morrow And Company, ts.
  • The Jerusalem Talmud A Translation and Commentary. çev. Jacop Neusner - Tzvee Zahavy. ed. Jacop Neusner. y.y., ts.
  • The Mishnah. çev. Herbert Danby. London: Oxford University Press, 1933.
  • Tigay, Jeffrey H. The Jps Torah Commentary: Deuteronomy. ed. Nahum M. Sarna. Illinois: Varda Books, 2004.
  • Wyse, Jackie A. “Loving God As An Act of Obedince: The Shema in Context”. Take This Word to Heart. ed. Perry B. Yoder. 11-51. Eugene- Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2005.
  • Yoder, Perry B. “Introduction”. Take This Word to Heart. ed. Perry B.Yoder. 1-10. Eugene - Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2005.
  • Zahavy, Tzvee, “Political and Social Dimensions in the Formation of Early Jewish Prayer: The Case of the Shema”, Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies 1 (1989), 33-40.
  • Zahavy, Tzvee. Studies in Judaism. USA: y.y., ts.

Yahudilikte Monoteist İnancın İfadesi Olan Şema’nın Önemi ve Anlamı

Yıl 2022, , 386 - 418, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.18498/amailad.1168748

Öz

Tanrı’nın bir olduğu, eşinin ve benzerinin olmadığı hususu bütün Yahudilerin iman etmesi gereken bir inançtır. Yahudilikte bu inancı ifade eden cümle ve bununla alakalı olup devamında gelen ve Tanrı’nın sevilmesinden bahseden cümle Tevrat’ta geçmekte olup Şema olarak bilinmektedir. Esasen Şema, Tevrat’ın muhtelif yerlerinde yer alan üç metinden oluşmaktadır. Yahudi din adamları bu üç metin arasındaki bağlantıyı fark ederek bunları bir araya getirmişlerdir. Böylece bir bütünlük kazanan Şema, kendine özgü ayrı bir mahiyet kazanmıştır. Bu çalışmada ise Şema’nın çalışmanın başlığını da yansıtan en önemli cümlesi Tesniye 6/4 (Dinle ey İsrail! Tanrımız Rab tek Rab’dir) ve bununla yakın ilgisi olan Tesniye 6/5 (Tanrımız Rab’bi bütün yüreğinizle, bütün canınızla, bütün gücünüzle seveceksiniz) cümlesi üzerinde durulmuştur. Bunların dışındaki metinler çalışmanın kapsamı dışında tutulmuştur. Şema, birtakım tartışmaların neticesinde, II. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru ilgili metinlerin bir araya getirilmesiyle oluşturulmuş ve bir bütün halinde günümüze kadar söylenegelmiştir. Şema okuması, Yahudi hayatındaki en kutsal ve en önemli uygulamadır. Zira Şema Yahudi amentüsünün özü kabul edilmektedir. Şema, bir duadan daha çok Yahudi imanının ikrarı’dır. Yahudi inancına göre Şema, Tanrı ile Yahudilerin Sina dağındaki diyaloglarına işaret etmektedir. Bu bağlamda Şema, Tanrı’nın çağrısı ve Yahudilerin bu çağrıya verdiği cevaptır. Şema aynı zamanda Yahudiler için politik bir söylemdir. Yahudilerin son nefeslerine kadar Şema’yı dillerinden hiç düşürmedikleri anlatılmaktadır. Nitekim Yahudi kimliğine ait bütün izler kaybolsa dahi Şema’nın Yahudi hafızasındaki yerini muhafaza edeceğine dikkat çekilmektedir. Nitekim Yahudiler en zor şartlarda dahi çocuklarına Şema’yı öğretmişlerdir. Öte yandan Şema’nın Yahudi hastalara manevi destek sağlamak amacıyla kullanıldığı da bilinmektedir. Şema’nın ilk kelimelerinin iyileştirici vasfının yanında koruyucu bir gücü olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Şema’nın ilk cümlesi olan “Dinle, ey İsrail! Tanrımız Rab tek Rab’dır” ifadesinde geçen “Dinle”, itaatkâr bir dinlemeyi kastetmektedir. Dinlemek, hassas bir şekilde dikkatlice dinleyip konu hakkında düşünmek, anlamak ve idrak etmek anlamlarına da gelmektedir. Zira dinleyen kişi, konuşanın sadece sözlerini duymakla kalmayıp o sözlerin altında yatan derin anlamların da farkında olur. Şema’da geçen “İsrail” kelimesinden kasıt ise Musa’nın “Tanrı’nın birliğini işitmeleri” için çağırdığı bütün Yahudi milletidir. Şema’nın ilk cümlesi aynı zamanda Yahudilikteki monoteist inancı da açıkça ifade etmektedir: “Tanrı tektir”. Yahudi düşüncesinde monoteizm, Yahve’den başka bir tanrının olmadığı anlamına gelmektedir. Şema’nın şu ikinci cümlesi (Tesniye 6/5) de sıkça tekrar edilmektedir: “Tanrımız Rab’bi bütün yüreğinizle, bütün canınızla, bütün gücünüzle seveceksiniz.” Bu ifade bir Yahudi’nin Tanrı’nın rızasını gözetmesi gerektiğini belirtmesinin yanı sıra Tanrı ile arasında sevgiye dayalı bir ilişki geliştirmesi gerektiğini de vurgulamaktadır. Yahudi inancına göre Tanrı’yı sevmek bir ibadettir. Tanrı’nın birliğinin kabul edilmesi, Tanrı’nın sevilmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Genel olarak kabul edilen görüşe göre burada kastedilen sevgi soyut değil somut bir sevgi olmalıdır. Somut sevginin ise “Tanrı’nın şeriatına itaat” gibi sadakatin somut bir işareti olması gerekmektedir. Öte yandan, Tanrı’yı “bütün yüreğinle” seveceksin ifadesi duygusal olduğu kadar bilişsel unsurları da kapsayacak şekilde bir Yahudi’nin bütün tutkularına işaret etmektedir. Ayrıca “bütün gücünle seveceksin” emriyle Yahudilerden sahip oldukları mal varlıklarını Tanrı için feda edebilecek kadar Tanrı’yı sevmeleri istenmektedir. Ancak yapılacak fedakârlığın hangi boyutta olması gerektiği tartışma konusudur. Bu hususta dile getirilen en uç görüşe göre Yahudilerden gerek inançları gerekse Tanrı’ya olan sevgileri için sahip oldukları bütün maddi varlıklarından vazgeçmeleri istenmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Adler, Herbert M. The Jewish Prayer Book. New York: The Union of Hebrew & Religion Classes, 1922.
  • Alalu, Suzan vd. Yahudilikte Kavram ve Değerler. haz. Yusuf Altıntaş. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., 3. Baskı, 2018.
  • Alexander, Elizabeth Shanks. “Women’s Exemption from Shema andTefillin and How These Rituals Came to be Viewed as Torah Study”. Journal for the Study of Judaism 42 (2011), 531-579.
  • Bachye, Rabbi. The Duties of the Heart. çev. Edwin Collins. New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, 1909.
  • Baron, Lori Ann Robinson. The Shema in John’s Gospel Against its Backgrounds in Second Temple Judaism. Durham: Duke University, Doktora Tezi, 2015.
  • Besalel, Yusuf. ”Kavana”. Yahudilik Ansiklopedisi. 2/318. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., 2001.
  • Besalel, Yusuf. “Şema”. Yahudilik Ansiklopedisi. 3/ 670-673. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., 2002.
  • Blau, Ludwig. “Liturgy”. The Jewish Encyclopedia. 8/133-140. New York-London: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1904.
  • Blech, Benjamin. Nedenleri ve Niçinleriyle Yahudilik. çev. Estreya Seval Vali. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., 2003.
  • Cooper, Howard. “‘Hear O Israel’: The ‘Impossible Profession’ of Jewish Faith”. European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe 36/1 (2003), 81-90.
  • Dembitz, Lewis N. Jewish Services in Synagogue and Home. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1898.
  • Dupuche, John vd. “Three Prayers in Dialogue: The Shema, the Lord’s Prayer, and al-Fatiha”. Journal of Ecumenical Studies 52/4 (2017), 587- 609.
  • Eisenstein, Judah David. “Shema”. The Jewish Encyclopedia. 11/266-267. New York - London: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1905.
  • Friedlander, M. The Jewish Religion. London: Kegan Paul - Trench-Trübner, 1891.
  • Goldin, Simha. The Ways of Jewish Martyrdom. çev. Yigal Levin. Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2008.
  • Greenstone, Julius H. The Jewish Religion. Philadelphia: The Jewish Chautauqoua Society, 1920.
  • Gribetz, Sarit Kattan. “The Shema in the Second Temple Period”. Journal of Ancient Judaism 6/1 (2015), 58-84.
  • Hammer, Reuven. Entering Jewish Prayer. New York: Schoecken Books Inc., 1994.
  • Heschel, Abraham J. Between God and Man: An Interpretation of Judaism. New York: Free Press Paperbacks, 1959.
  • Hidalgo, Esteban J. “The Shema Through the Ages: A Pre-Modern History of Its Interpretation”. Andrews University Seminary Student Journal 2/2 (2016), 13-34.
  • Janzen, J. Gerald. “On the Most Important Word in the Shema (Deuteronomy VI 4-5)”. Vetus Testamentum 37/3 (1987), 280-300.
  • Josephus, Flavius. "Antiquities of The Jews". Josephus: The Complete Works. çev. William Whiston. USA: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1998.
  • Kadish, Seth. Kavvana: Directing The Heart in Jewish Prayer. USA: Jason Aronson INC., 1997.
  • Kaplan, Lawrence J. “Worship of the Heart”. The Torah U-Madda Journal 14 (2006-07), 247-250.
  • Karesh, Sara E. - Hurvitz, Mitcchell M. Encyclopedia of Judaism. New York: Facts On File, 2006.
  • Kimelman, Reuven. “The Case for Creation, Revelation, and Redemption in the Shema”. Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly. New York: y.y., 1991.
  • Kimelman, Reuven. “The Shema as the Core of the Liturgy”. Perspectives 2/7 (1987), 1-4.
  • Kimelman, Reuven. “’The Shema’ Liturgy: From Covenant Ceremony to Coronation”. Kenishta: Studies of the Synagogue World. ed. Joseph Tabory. 9-105. Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 2011.
  • Kimelman, Reuven. “While Saying the Shema”. Conservative Judaism 23/2 (1969), 37-43.
  • Klein, Isaac. A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice. New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 2004.
  • Kohler, K. “Shema Yisroel: Origin and Purpose of Its Daily Recital”. Journal of Jewish Lore and Philosophy 1/3-4 (1919), 255-264.
  • Kutsal Kitap. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2001.
  • Lamm, Norman. The Shema Spirituality and Law in Judaism. USA: The Jewish Publication Society, 1998.
  • Levin, Meir. With all Your Heart The Shema in Jewish Worship, Practice, and Life. Israel: Targum Press, 2002.
  • Levine, Ephraim. Judaism. London - New York: T.C. & E. C. Jack- Dodge Publishing Co., ts.
  • Maimonides. Book of Mishnah Torah Yod ha-Hazakah. çev. Simon Glazer. New York: Maimonides Publishing Co., 1927.
  • Maimonides, Moses. The Guide For the Perplexed. çev. M. Friedlander. London: Routledge - Kegan Paul Ltd., 8. Basım, 1951.
  • Maimonides. Sefer Hamitzvot. Erişim 25 Mart 2022. www.sefaria.com Manni, Jacob. “Changes in the Divine Service of the Synagogue Due to Religious Persecutions”. Hebrew Union College Annual 4 (1927), 241-310.
  • Morris, Nathan. The Jewish School An Introdunction to the History of Jewish Education. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1937.
  • Orlin, Eric vd. (ed.). “Shema”. The Routledge Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions. New York - London: Routledge, 2016.
  • Özen, Adem. Yahudilikte İbadet. İstanbul: Ayışığıkitapları, 2001.
  • Pearl, Chaim (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life and Thought. Israel: Carta Jerusalem, 1996.
  • Pinto, Leonardo Pessoa da Silva. “The Shema and the Devotion to Only Deity”. Horizonte 17/52 (2019), 20-42.
  • Pirke Avot. drl. Rav Naftali Haleva. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., 2004.
  • Pucci, Julia Claire. “A Call to Prayer: Reading Shema in Levi’s Testimoy”. Italica 94/1 (Spring 2017), 52-63.
  • Rüterswörden, U. “Sâma; Sêma; S’mû’â”. çev. David E. Green – Douglas W. Stott. Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. ed. G. Johannes vd. 15/253-279. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2006.
  • Schürer, Emil. A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ. çev. Sophia Taylor - Peter Christie. Edinburg: T&T Clark, 1885.
  • Sifrei Devarim. Erişim 25 Mart 2022. www.sefaria.org.
  • Silton, Nava R. vd. “Shema, Vidui, Yivarechecha: What to Say and How to Pray Jewish Patients in Chaplancy”. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy 16/3-4 (2009), 149-160.
  • Telushkin, Joseph. Jewish Literacy The Most Important Things to Know About the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History. New York: William Morrow And Company, ts.
  • The Jerusalem Talmud A Translation and Commentary. çev. Jacop Neusner - Tzvee Zahavy. ed. Jacop Neusner. y.y., ts.
  • The Mishnah. çev. Herbert Danby. London: Oxford University Press, 1933.
  • Tigay, Jeffrey H. The Jps Torah Commentary: Deuteronomy. ed. Nahum M. Sarna. Illinois: Varda Books, 2004.
  • Wyse, Jackie A. “Loving God As An Act of Obedince: The Shema in Context”. Take This Word to Heart. ed. Perry B. Yoder. 11-51. Eugene- Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2005.
  • Yoder, Perry B. “Introduction”. Take This Word to Heart. ed. Perry B.Yoder. 1-10. Eugene - Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2005.
  • Zahavy, Tzvee, “Political and Social Dimensions in the Formation of Early Jewish Prayer: The Case of the Shema”, Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies 1 (1989), 33-40.
  • Zahavy, Tzvee. Studies in Judaism. USA: y.y., ts.

The Importance and Meaning of the Shema, the Expression of Monotheistic Belief in Judaism

Yıl 2022, , 386 - 418, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.18498/amailad.1168748

Öz

The fact that God is one and has no equal is a belief that all Jews must believe. In Judaism, the sentence expressing this belief and the sentence that comes after it and mentions the love of God are mentioned in the Torah and are known as Shema. Essentially, the Shema consists of three texts in various parts of the Torah. Jewish clergy recognized the connection between these three texts and brought them together. Thus, the Shema, which gained a wholeness, gained a distinctive character of its own. In this study, the most important sentence of the Shema, which also reflects the title of the study, is Deuteronomy 6/4 (Listen, O Israel! The Lord our God is the only Lord) and Deuteronomy 6/5 (you will love the Lord our God with all your heart, with all your soul, with your strength) is emphasized. Texts other than these are excluded from the scope of the study. As a result of some discussions, the Shema was created by bringing together the relevant texts towards the end of the 2nd century and has been said as a whole until today. Shema reading is the holiest and most important practice in Jewish life. Because the Shema is considered the essence of the Jewish creed. The Shema is a confession of the Jewish faith more than a prayer. According to Jewish belief, the Shema refers to the dialogue between God and the Jews on Mount Sinai. In this context, the Shema is the call of God and the response of the Jews to that call.
Schema is also a political discourse for Jews. It is said that the Jews never let the Shema down their tongues until their last breath. As a matter of fact, it is pointed out that even if all traces of Jewish identity are lost, Shema will retain its place in Jewish memory. As a matter of fact, Jews taught their children Shema even under the most difficult conditions. On the other hand, it is also known that Shema was used to provide moral support to Jewish patients. It is accepted that the first words of Shema have a protective power as well as a healing quality. The Word “Listen” in the first sentence of the Shema (Listen, O Israel! The Lord our God is the only Lord) refers to obedient listening. Listening also means listening carefully and thinking about the subject, understanding and comprehending. Because the listener not only hears the words of the speaker, but also becomes aware of the deep meanings underlying those words. The word "Israel" in the Shema refers to the entire Jewish nation that Moses called to "hear the unity of God." The first sentence of the Shema also clearly expresses the monotheistic belief in Judaism: "God is one". In Jewish thought, monotheism means that there is no god but Yahweh. The following second sentence of the Shema (Deuteronomy 6/5) is also frequently repeated: “You shall love the Lord our God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength.” This statement emphasizes that a Jew should not only seek God's good pleasure, but also develop a loving relationship with God. According to Jewish belief, loving God is an act of worship. Recognition of God's oneness necessitates love of God. According to the generally accepted view, the love meant here should be a concrete love, not an abstract one. Concrete love, on the other hand, should be a concrete sign of fidelity, such as "obedience to God's law". On the other hand, the phrase you will love God “with all your heart” refers to all the passions of a Jew, including cognitive as well as emotional. In addition, with the command "You shall love God with all your might", Jews are asked to love God enough to sacrifice their possessions for God. However, the extent of the sacrifice to be made is a matter of debate. According to the most extreme view expressed in this regard, Jews are asked to give up all their material possessions for their faith and love for God.

Kaynakça

  • Adler, Herbert M. The Jewish Prayer Book. New York: The Union of Hebrew & Religion Classes, 1922.
  • Alalu, Suzan vd. Yahudilikte Kavram ve Değerler. haz. Yusuf Altıntaş. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., 3. Baskı, 2018.
  • Alexander, Elizabeth Shanks. “Women’s Exemption from Shema andTefillin and How These Rituals Came to be Viewed as Torah Study”. Journal for the Study of Judaism 42 (2011), 531-579.
  • Bachye, Rabbi. The Duties of the Heart. çev. Edwin Collins. New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, 1909.
  • Baron, Lori Ann Robinson. The Shema in John’s Gospel Against its Backgrounds in Second Temple Judaism. Durham: Duke University, Doktora Tezi, 2015.
  • Besalel, Yusuf. ”Kavana”. Yahudilik Ansiklopedisi. 2/318. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., 2001.
  • Besalel, Yusuf. “Şema”. Yahudilik Ansiklopedisi. 3/ 670-673. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., 2002.
  • Blau, Ludwig. “Liturgy”. The Jewish Encyclopedia. 8/133-140. New York-London: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1904.
  • Blech, Benjamin. Nedenleri ve Niçinleriyle Yahudilik. çev. Estreya Seval Vali. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., 2003.
  • Cooper, Howard. “‘Hear O Israel’: The ‘Impossible Profession’ of Jewish Faith”. European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe 36/1 (2003), 81-90.
  • Dembitz, Lewis N. Jewish Services in Synagogue and Home. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1898.
  • Dupuche, John vd. “Three Prayers in Dialogue: The Shema, the Lord’s Prayer, and al-Fatiha”. Journal of Ecumenical Studies 52/4 (2017), 587- 609.
  • Eisenstein, Judah David. “Shema”. The Jewish Encyclopedia. 11/266-267. New York - London: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1905.
  • Friedlander, M. The Jewish Religion. London: Kegan Paul - Trench-Trübner, 1891.
  • Goldin, Simha. The Ways of Jewish Martyrdom. çev. Yigal Levin. Belgium: Brepols Publishers, 2008.
  • Greenstone, Julius H. The Jewish Religion. Philadelphia: The Jewish Chautauqoua Society, 1920.
  • Gribetz, Sarit Kattan. “The Shema in the Second Temple Period”. Journal of Ancient Judaism 6/1 (2015), 58-84.
  • Hammer, Reuven. Entering Jewish Prayer. New York: Schoecken Books Inc., 1994.
  • Heschel, Abraham J. Between God and Man: An Interpretation of Judaism. New York: Free Press Paperbacks, 1959.
  • Hidalgo, Esteban J. “The Shema Through the Ages: A Pre-Modern History of Its Interpretation”. Andrews University Seminary Student Journal 2/2 (2016), 13-34.
  • Janzen, J. Gerald. “On the Most Important Word in the Shema (Deuteronomy VI 4-5)”. Vetus Testamentum 37/3 (1987), 280-300.
  • Josephus, Flavius. "Antiquities of The Jews". Josephus: The Complete Works. çev. William Whiston. USA: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1998.
  • Kadish, Seth. Kavvana: Directing The Heart in Jewish Prayer. USA: Jason Aronson INC., 1997.
  • Kaplan, Lawrence J. “Worship of the Heart”. The Torah U-Madda Journal 14 (2006-07), 247-250.
  • Karesh, Sara E. - Hurvitz, Mitcchell M. Encyclopedia of Judaism. New York: Facts On File, 2006.
  • Kimelman, Reuven. “The Case for Creation, Revelation, and Redemption in the Shema”. Proceedings of the Rabbinical Assembly. New York: y.y., 1991.
  • Kimelman, Reuven. “The Shema as the Core of the Liturgy”. Perspectives 2/7 (1987), 1-4.
  • Kimelman, Reuven. “’The Shema’ Liturgy: From Covenant Ceremony to Coronation”. Kenishta: Studies of the Synagogue World. ed. Joseph Tabory. 9-105. Ramat-Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 2011.
  • Kimelman, Reuven. “While Saying the Shema”. Conservative Judaism 23/2 (1969), 37-43.
  • Klein, Isaac. A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice. New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 2004.
  • Kohler, K. “Shema Yisroel: Origin and Purpose of Its Daily Recital”. Journal of Jewish Lore and Philosophy 1/3-4 (1919), 255-264.
  • Kutsal Kitap. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2001.
  • Lamm, Norman. The Shema Spirituality and Law in Judaism. USA: The Jewish Publication Society, 1998.
  • Levin, Meir. With all Your Heart The Shema in Jewish Worship, Practice, and Life. Israel: Targum Press, 2002.
  • Levine, Ephraim. Judaism. London - New York: T.C. & E. C. Jack- Dodge Publishing Co., ts.
  • Maimonides. Book of Mishnah Torah Yod ha-Hazakah. çev. Simon Glazer. New York: Maimonides Publishing Co., 1927.
  • Maimonides, Moses. The Guide For the Perplexed. çev. M. Friedlander. London: Routledge - Kegan Paul Ltd., 8. Basım, 1951.
  • Maimonides. Sefer Hamitzvot. Erişim 25 Mart 2022. www.sefaria.com Manni, Jacob. “Changes in the Divine Service of the Synagogue Due to Religious Persecutions”. Hebrew Union College Annual 4 (1927), 241-310.
  • Morris, Nathan. The Jewish School An Introdunction to the History of Jewish Education. London: Eyre and Spottiswoode, 1937.
  • Orlin, Eric vd. (ed.). “Shema”. The Routledge Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions. New York - London: Routledge, 2016.
  • Özen, Adem. Yahudilikte İbadet. İstanbul: Ayışığıkitapları, 2001.
  • Pearl, Chaim (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life and Thought. Israel: Carta Jerusalem, 1996.
  • Pinto, Leonardo Pessoa da Silva. “The Shema and the Devotion to Only Deity”. Horizonte 17/52 (2019), 20-42.
  • Pirke Avot. drl. Rav Naftali Haleva. İstanbul: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., 2004.
  • Pucci, Julia Claire. “A Call to Prayer: Reading Shema in Levi’s Testimoy”. Italica 94/1 (Spring 2017), 52-63.
  • Rüterswörden, U. “Sâma; Sêma; S’mû’â”. çev. David E. Green – Douglas W. Stott. Theological Dictionary of the Old Testament. ed. G. Johannes vd. 15/253-279. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2006.
  • Schürer, Emil. A History of the Jewish People in the Time of Jesus Christ. çev. Sophia Taylor - Peter Christie. Edinburg: T&T Clark, 1885.
  • Sifrei Devarim. Erişim 25 Mart 2022. www.sefaria.org.
  • Silton, Nava R. vd. “Shema, Vidui, Yivarechecha: What to Say and How to Pray Jewish Patients in Chaplancy”. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy 16/3-4 (2009), 149-160.
  • Telushkin, Joseph. Jewish Literacy The Most Important Things to Know About the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History. New York: William Morrow And Company, ts.
  • The Jerusalem Talmud A Translation and Commentary. çev. Jacop Neusner - Tzvee Zahavy. ed. Jacop Neusner. y.y., ts.
  • The Mishnah. çev. Herbert Danby. London: Oxford University Press, 1933.
  • Tigay, Jeffrey H. The Jps Torah Commentary: Deuteronomy. ed. Nahum M. Sarna. Illinois: Varda Books, 2004.
  • Wyse, Jackie A. “Loving God As An Act of Obedince: The Shema in Context”. Take This Word to Heart. ed. Perry B. Yoder. 11-51. Eugene- Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2005.
  • Yoder, Perry B. “Introduction”. Take This Word to Heart. ed. Perry B.Yoder. 1-10. Eugene - Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2005.
  • Zahavy, Tzvee, “Political and Social Dimensions in the Formation of Early Jewish Prayer: The Case of the Shema”, Proceedings of the World Congress of Jewish Studies 1 (1989), 33-40.
  • Zahavy, Tzvee. Studies in Judaism. USA: y.y., ts.
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Muhammed Güngör 0000-0002-1228-0869

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Güngör, Muhammed. “Yahudilikte Monoteist İnancın İfadesi Olan Şema’nın Önemi Ve Anlamı”. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi 19 (Aralık 2022), 386-418. https://doi.org/10.18498/amailad.1168748.