THE PLACE OF WOMEN IN PRE-SCHOOL GREEK EDUCATION FROM CLASSICAL AGE TO THE END OF HELLENISTIC PERIOD: NURSES, WET NURSES AND NANNIES

Öz

Abstract The aim of this study is to determine the place of the women in pre-school Greek education from the Classical Age to the end of the Hellenistic Period. In child education, the place of mothers was certainly great. The related sources indicate not only the importance of mothers but also the presence of other women in child rearing and education. In this context, the roles of nurses, wet-nurses and nannies in pre-school Greek education will be tried to be explained. In this study, the place and importance of the women in Ancient Age pre-school education will be discussed in detail with the help of present archeological findings in Greece mainland, Western Anatolia, Crete, the Cyclades, Rome and the Hellenistic Kingdoms and the works of ancient and modern writers. Keywords : pre-school, Greek child education, nurse, wet-nurse, nanny

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Greek child education
• pre-school
• nurse
• wet-nurse
• nanny

KLASİK ÇAĞ’DAN HELENİSTİK DÖNEM SONUNA KADAR OKUL ÖNCESİ YUNAN EĞİTİMİNDE KADININ YERİ: HEMŞİRELER, SÜTANNELER VE DADILAR

Öz

Öz Bu çalışmanın amacı Klasik Çağ’dan Helenistik Dönem sonuna kadar okul öncesi Yunan eğitiminde kadının yerini belirlemektir. Çocuk eğitimde annelerin yeri tartışmasız büyük olmuştur. Konu ile ilgili kaynaklar, çocuğun bakımı ve eğitimi konusunda annelerin öneminden bahsettiği gibi başka kadınların da varlığına işaret etmektedir. Bu kapsamda, hemşireler, sütanneler ve dadıların okul öncesi Yunan eğitim alanındaki rolleri açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır. Çalışmamızda, Yunanistan anakarası, Batı Anadolu, Girit, Kiklad Adaları, Roma ve Helenistik Krallıklar üzerindeki mevcut arkeolojik buluntular; antik yazarların ve modern yazarların eserlerinden yararlanılarak Antik Çağ okul öncesi eğitiminde kadının yeri ve önemi detaylı olarak ele alınacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yunan çocuk eğitimi
• hemşire
• sütanne
• dadı
• okul öncesi eğitim

Kaynakça

1. Aly, A.A. 1996, “The Wet Nurse: A Study in Ancient Medicine and Greek Papyri”, Vesalius II, 2, 86-97.
2. Betancourt, J. 2001, "Empowerment of Mortal and Divine Females in the Iliad: A Feminist Study of the Matristic Archetypes in Homer,” The Oswald Review: An International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Criticism in the Discipline of English: Vol. 3: Iss. 1, Article 4, 17-35.
3. Brock, R. 1994, “The Labour of Women in Classical Athens”, Classical Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 2, Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association, 336-346.
4. Budin, S.L. 2014, Images of Woman and Child from the Bronze Age Reconsidering Fertility, Maternity, and Gender in the Ancient World, Cambridge University Press.
5. Bugh, G.R. 2007, “Introduction”, The Cambridge Companion To The Hellenistic World, (Ed. G. R. Bugh), Cambridge University Press, 1-8.
6. Canevaro, L.G. 2013, “ The Clash of the Sexes In Hesiod’s “Works and Days”, Greece & Rome, Second Series, Vol. 60, No. 2, Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association, 185-202.
7. Cartledge, P. 1981, “Spartan Wives: Liberation or Licence?”, The Classical Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 1, Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Classical Association, 84-105.
8. Castelli, H.-Rothstein, M. 2019, “The Skills of Hecamede. Women As Caregivers in Archaic and Classical Greece”, Clio. Women, Gender, History, No. 49, Gender and the History of Care Work, Editions Belin, 25-43.

9. Dillon, M. 2004, Girls and Women in Classical Greek Religion, Routledge, London and New York.
10. Ducat, J. 2006, Spartan Education, Youth and Society in the Classical Period, (Çev. E. Stafford, P.J. Shaw and A. Powell), The Classical Press of Wales, 15 Rosehill Terrace, Swansea SA1 6JN.
11. Erhat, A.- Kadir, A. 1965, Homeros İlyada, Sander Kitabevi, İstanbul.
12. Erişgin, Ö.S. 2013, “Roma Toplumunda Kadının Konumu”, İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 4 Sayı 2, 1-31.
13. Fantham, E.-Foley, H.P.-Kampen, N.B.-Pomeroy, S.B.-Shapiro, H.A. 1994, Women in the Classical World: Image and Text, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
14. Fleck, R.K.- Hanssen, F.A. 2005, “Rulers Ruled By Women” An Economic Analysis of the Rise and Fall of Women’s Rights in Ancient Sparta, Economics of Governance 10 (3), 221-245.
15. Garrison, E.P. 2004, “Ancient Greece and Rome”, Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood In History and Society, Paula S. Fass, Editor in Chief, Volume 1 A-E, Macmillan Reference USA, New York, 53-57.
16. Goff, B. 2004, Citizen Bacchae: Women’s Ritual Practice in Ancient Greece, University of California Press, Ltd. London, England.
17. Graybehl, H. 2014, The Production and Distribution of Hellenistic Ceramics from the Northeast Peloponnese at the Panhellenic Sanctuary at Nemea: A Petrographic Study, (University of Sheffield, A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy), Department of Archaeology.
18. Griffin, J. 1977, “The Epic Cycle and the Uniqueness of Homer”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 97, The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies, 39-53.
19. Gürbüzer, E.D. 2019, “Pişmiş Toprak Figürinler ve Anıtsal Heykeller: Bağımsız Mı Takipçi Mi?”, CEDRUS, The Journal of MCRI, Vol VII, 299-331.
20. Harper, V.L. 2013, “The Neopythagorean Women as Philosophers”, Sarah Pomeroy, Pythagorean Women, The Johns Hopkins University Press, The U.S.A., 117-138.
21. Hong, Y. 2016, “ Mothering In Ancient Athens- Class, Identity, Experience”, Women In Antiquity- Real Women Across The Ancient World, (Ed. Stephanie Lynn Budin ve Jean MacIntosh Turfa), Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, London - New York, 673-682.
22. Jenkins, I. 1989, Antik Devirde Çocuk Eğitimi, (Çev. Hasan Malay), Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
23. Joyal, M.- Mcdougall, I.- Yardley, J.C. 2009, Greek and Roman Education, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, London and New York.
24. Karagianni, M. 2018, “Youth Agoge- Education, in Ancient Sparta A Field Survey Researching Both "That Time" and "Present" Periods with Specific Reference to the Agoge-Education of Junior Girls”, Sumerianz Journal of Education, Linguistics and Literature, Vol. 1, No. 2, 48-55.
25. Kitto, H.D.F. 2017, Yunanlar, (Çev. Ayşegül Yurdaçalış), Alfa Tarih Basım Yayım, İstanbul.
26. Klos, Schofield, K. T. 2012, Women’s Work In Attic Comedy, A thesis presented to the graduate school of the university of Florida in partial fulfillment of the requiırements for the degree of master of arts University of Florida 2012.
27. Laflı, E.-Christof, E. 2015, “Hellenistic and Roman Steles in the Museum of Tarsus in Cilicia”, GEPHYRA 12, 21-139.
28. Laskaris, J. 2008, “Nursing Mothers in Greek and Roman Medicine”, American Journal of Archaeology , Vol. 112, No. 3, Archaeological Institute of America, 459-464.
29. Lefkowitz, M. R. 1987, “The Heroic Women of Greek Epic”, The American Scholar, Vol.56, No: 4, The Phi Beta Kappa Society, 503-518.
30. Loman, P. 2004, Mobility of Hellenistic Women, University of Nottingham PhD Thesis.
31. Mcclay, M. F. 2018, Memory and Performance: Strategies of Identity in the Orphic-Bacchic Lamellae, A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley.
32. Marrou, H. I. 1956, Ancient History of Education, (Çev. George Lamb), Sheed and Ward Ltd. London and New York.
33. Marshall, C. W. 2017, “Breastfeeding in Greek Literature and Thought”, Illinois Classical Studies, Vol. 42, No. 1, University of Illinois Press, 185-201.
34. Massey, M. 1988, Women in Ancient Greece and Rome, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
35. Nagy, G. 2019, “Genre, Occasion, and Choral Mimesis Revisited, with Special Reference to the “Newest Sappho”, Genre in Archaic and Classical Greek Poetry: Theories and Models Studies in Archaic and Classical Greek Song, Vol.4, (Edt. Margaret Foster, Leslie Kurke, Naomi Weiss), Brill, Leiden, Boston, 31-56.
36. Nasaina, M. 2018, “Plato’s Educational System in Athens - 4th Century”, Open Journal for Studies in History, 1(2), 39-48.
37. Nikolaidou, M. 2012, “Looking for Minoan and Mycenaean Women: Paths of Feminist Scholarship towards the Aegean Bronze Age”, A Companion to Women in the Ancient World, (Ed. S.L. James ve S. Dillon), Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 38-53.
38. Oakley, J.H. 2013, “Children in Archaic and Classical Greek Art: A Survey”, The Oxford Handbook of Childhood and Education in the Classical World, Oxford University Press, 147-171.
39. Olsen, B.A. 1998, “Women, Children and the Family in the Late Aegean Bronze Age: Differences in Minoan and Mycenaean Constructions of Gender”, World Archaeology, Vol. 29, No. 3, Intimate Relation, Taylor & Francis, Ltd, 380-392.
40. Olsen, B.A. 2015, “The Worlds of Penelope”, Arethusa, Vol. 48, No. 2, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 107-138.
41. Papadogiannaki, E. 2009, “ Interjectional Phrases In The Iliad and In The Odyssey: Their Significane and Function”, Quaderni Urbinati di Cultura Classica, New Series, Vol. 93, No. 3, Fabrizio Serra Editore, 121-135.
42. Parca, M. 2017, “The Wet Nurses of Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt”, Illinois Classical Studies, Vol. 42, No. 1, University of Illinois Press, 203-226.
43. Pedrucci, G. 2020a, “Mothers for Sale: The case of the Wet Nurse in the Ancient Greek and Roman World. An overview”, ARENAL, 27:1, 127-140.
44. Pedrucci, G. 2020b, “Kourotrophia and “Mothering” Figures: Conceiving and Raising an Infant as a Collective Process in the Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Worlds. Some Religious Evidences in Narratives and Art”, Open Theology 6, 145-166.
45. Pomeroy, S.B. 1975, Goddesses, Whores, Wives and Slaves, Women in Classical Antiquity, Shocken Books, New York.
46. Pomeroy, S.B. 1982, “Charities for Greek Women”, Mnemosyne, Fourth Series, Vol. 35, Fasc. 1/2, Brill, 115-135.
47. Pomeroy, S.B. 1984, Women in Hellenistic Egypt, Schocken Books, New York.
48. Pomeroy, S.B. 2002, Spartan Women, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
49. Pomeroy, S.B. 2008, “Spartan Women among the Romans: Adapting Models, Forging Identities, Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. Supplementary Volumes, Vol. 7, Role Models in the Roman World. Identity and Assimilation, University of Michigan Press for the American Academy, Rome, 221-234.
50. Pomeroy, S.B. 2013, Pythagorean Women, The Johns Hopkins University Press, The U.S.A.
51. Porter, J. R. 2020, “Background to Menander’s Girl from Samos (Samia)”, 2020. https://www.academia.edu/43619652/Background-to-Menander’s-Girl-from-Samos-Samia.html.
52. Powell, A. 2001, Athens and Sparta, Routledge, London and New York.
53. Pratt, L. 2000, “The Old Women of Ancient Greece and the Homeric Hymn to Demeter”, Transactions of the American Philological Association (1974-2014), Vol. 130, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 41-65.
54. Prunhuber, C. 2014, Çağlar Boyunca Büyük Kadınlar, (Çev. Burcu Yalçınkaya), Avesta Basın Yayın, İstanbul.
55. Redfield, J.M. 1975, Nature and Culture in the Iliad: The Tragedy of Hector, The University of Chicago Press, the U.S.A.
56. Rotroff, S. I.-Lamberton, R.D. 2005, Women In The Athenian Agora, American School of Classical Studies At Athens.
57. Salisbury, J. E. 2001, Encyclopedia of Women In The Ancient World, Library of Congree Cataloging- in Publication Data, Santa Barbara, California.
58. Spears, B. 1984, “A Perspective of the History of Women’s Sport in Ancient Greece”, Journal of Sport History, Vol. 11, No. 2. Special Issue: The Significance of Sport: Ancient Athletics and Ancient Society, University of Illinois Press, 32-47.
59. Theofanidis, D.-Sapountzi-Krepia, D. 2015, “Nursing and Caring: An Historical Overview from Ancient Greek Tradition to Modern Times”, International Journal of Caring Sciences, Volume 8, Issue 3, 791-800.
60. Thesleff, H. 1961, An Introduction To The Pythagorean Writings of The Hellenistic Period, ACTA Academiae Aboensis Humaniora XXIV. 3, Abo Akademy.
61. Thomas, O. 2010,“Ancient Greek Awareness of Child Language Acquisition”, Glotta, Bd. 86, 185-223.
62. Tsoucalas, G. Sapountzi-Krepia, D. Sgantzos, M. 2016, “Dione, Nursing Care among the Olympians”, International Journal of Caring Sciences,Vol. 9, Issue 2, 191- 195. Turner, A. 2008, Across the Sea's Broad Back: Interpreting the Role of Homer's Women in Odysseus' Quest for Ithaka, English Department Honors Thesis, Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, Boston College University Libraries.
63. Waithe, M. E. 1987, A History of Women Philosophers, Vol. 1: Ancient Women Philosophers, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
64. Wen, A. 2009, Penelope, Queen of Ithaka: A study of female power and worth in the Homeric society, Magister Thesis, Department of Archeology and Ancient History, University of Uppsala.
65. Wider, K. 1986, “Women Philosophers in the Ancient Greek World: Donning the Mantle”, Hypatia, Vol. 1, No. 1, Wiley on behalf of Hypatia, Inc., 21-62.
66. Willams, D. 1983, “Women and Housing In Classical Greece: The Archaeological Evidence”, Images of Women in Antiquity, (Ed. A. Cameron-A. Kuhrt), Croom Helm Ltd, London, 82-107.