Türkiye’de Folik Asit Perikonsepsiyonel Olarak Kullanılmalı Mıdır?
Yıl 2012,
Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 188 - 194, 01.04.2012
Ayşe Avşar
Serdar Kaya
Başak Kaya
Öz
Özet:
Gebelikte folat eksikliği ile nöral tüp defektleri (NTD) ve bazı konjenital anomaliler arasında ilişki kuran birçok çalışma mevcuttur. Nöral tüp defektlerinin önlenmesinde folik asit proflaksisin ne şekilde yapılacağı literatürde yaygın tartışmalara konu olmuştur. Bu derlememizde, gebelikte folik asit kullanımını güncel literatürler ışığında irdelemeyi amaçladık.
Kaynakça
- 1. Eskes T.From anemia to spina bifida-the story of folic
acid. A tribute to Professor Richard Smithells.Obstet
Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000;90(2):119-23
- 2. Reynolds EH. Folic acid, ageing, depression and dementia.
BMJ 2002;324(7352):1512-5
- 3. Ford ES, Byers TE, Giles WH.Serum folate and chronic
disease risk: findings from a cohort of United States
adults.Int J Epidemiol 1998;27(4):592-8
- 4. Wagner C. Biochemical role of folate in cellular
metabolism. In:Bailey LB,ed. Folate in health and disease.
Newyork, NY:Marcel Dekker,1995:23-42
- 5. Tamura T, Picciano MF. Folate and human reproduction.
Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(5):993-1016
- 6. Pitkin RM. Folate and neural tube defects. Am J Clin Nutr
2007;85(1):285-8
- 7. Selhub J, Jacques PF, Wilson PWF, Rush D, Rosenberg
IH. Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants
of homocysteinemia in an elderyl population. JAMA
1993;270(22):2693-8
- 8. Butterworth CE Jr, Baugh CM, Krumdieck CL. A study of
folate absorption in man utilizing carbon-14-labeled
polyglutamate synthesized by the solid phase method. J
Clin Invest 1969:48(6);1131-42
- 9. Krishnaswamy K, Nair KM. Importance of folate in human
nutrition. Br J Nutr 2001;85(2):115-24
- 10. Tunçbilek E, Boduroğlu K, Alikaşifoğlu M. Neural tube
defects in Turkey: prevalence, distribution and risk factors.
Turk J Pediatr 1999;41(3):299-305
- 11. Boyles AB, Billups AV, Deak KL, Siegel DG, Mehltretter L,
Slifer SH, et al. Neural tube defect and folate pathway
genes:family-based association tests of gene-gene and
gene-enviroment interactions. Environ Health Perspect
2006;114(10):1547-52
- 12. Green-Raleigh K, Carter H, Mulinare J, Prue C, Petrini
J.Trends in folic acid awareness and behavior in the United
States:The Gallup Organization fort he March of Dimes
Foundation Surveys, 1995-2005. Matern Child Health J
2006;10(5):177-82
- 13. Honein MA, Paulozzi LJ, Mathews TJ, Erickson JD, Wong
LY. Impact of folic acid fortification of the US food
supply on the occurrence of neural tube defects. JAMA
2001;285(23):2981-6
- 14. Pacheco SS, Braga C, Souza AI, Figueiroa JN. Effects of
folic acid fortification on tha prevalence of neural tube
defects. Rev Saude Publica 2009;43(4):565-71
- 15. McLone DG. The etiology of neural tube defects: the role
of folic acid. Child Nerv Syst 2003;19(7-8):537-9
- 16. Blencowe H, Cousens S, Modell B, Lawn J. Folic acid to
reduce neonatal mortality from neural tube disorders. Int
J Epidemiol 2010;39(1):i110-21
- 17. Aydınlı K, Çağdaş A, Kayserili H, Kuseyri F, Tükel T, Eriş
H, Apak MY. Prekonsepsiyonel folik asit ve multivitamin tedavisinin nonsendromik nöral tüp defektlerinin yineleme
riski üzerine etkisi. T Klin J Gynecol Obst 1999;9(3):183-9
- 18. McPartlin J, Halligan A, Scott JM, Darling M, Weir DG.
Accelerated folate breakdown in pregnancy. Lancet
1993;341(8838):148-9
- 19. Caudill MA, Gregory JF III, Hutson AD, Bailey LB. Folate
catabolism in pregnant and nonpregnant women with
controlled folate intakes. J Nutr 1998;128(2):204-8
- 20. Gregory JF III, Caudill MA, Opalko J, Bailey LB. Kinetics of
folate turnover in pregnant women (second trimester) and
nonpregnant controls during folic acid supplementation:
stable-isotopic labeling of plasma folate, urinary folate
and folate catabolites shows subtle effects of pregnancy
on turnover of folate pools. J Nutr 2001;131(7):1928-37
- 21. Bruinse HW, van den Berg H. Changes of some vitamin
levels during and after normal pregnancy. Eur J Obstet
Gynecol Reprod Biol 1995;61(1):31-7b
- 22. Baker H, Frank O, Deangelis B, Feingold S, Kaminetzky
HA. Role of placenta in maternal-fetal vitamin transfer in
humans. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;141(7):792-6
- 23. Eichner ER, Pierce HI, Hillman RS. Folate balance in
dietary-induced megaloblastic anemia. N Engl J Med
1971;284(17):933-8
- 24. Smithells RW, Sheppard S, Schorah CJ. Vitamin deficiencies
and neural tube defects. Arch Dis Childh 1976;51:944-50
- 25. Seller MJ, Nevin C. Periconceptional vitamin
supplementation and the prevention of neural tube
defects in South-East England and Northern Ireland. J
Med Genet 1984;21(5):325-30
- 26. Mulinare J, Cordero JF, Erickson JD, Berry RJ.
Periconceptional use of multivitamins and the occurrence
of neural tube defects. JAMA 1988;260(21):3141-5
- 27. Bower C, Stanley FJ. Dietary folate as a risk factor for
neural-tube defects: evidence from a case-control study in
Western Australia. Med J Aust 1989;150(11):613-9
- 28. Werler MM, Shapiro S, Mitchell AA. Periconceptional folic
acid exposure and risk of occurrent neural tube defects.
JAMA 1993;269(10):1257-61
- 29. Shaw GM, Schaffer D, Verlie EM, Morland K, Harris
JA. Periconceptional vitamin use, dietary folate and
the occurrence of neural tube defects. Epidemiology
1995;6(3):219-26
- 30. Berry RJ, Li Z, Erickson DJ, Li S, Moare CA, Wang H et all.
Prevention of neural tube defects with folic acid in China.
China-U.S Collaborative Project for Neural Tube Defect
Prevention. N Engl J Med 1999;341(20):1485-90
- 31. Mills JL, Rhoadas GG, Simpson JL, Cunnigham GC, Conley
MR, Lassman MR, Walden ME et all. The abscence as a
relation between the periconceptional use of vitamins and
neural tube defects. National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development Neural Tube Defects Study Group. N
Engl J Med 1989;321(7):430
- 32. MRC Vitamin Study Research Group. Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council
Vitamin Study. Lancet 1991:338(8760);131-7
- 33. Abramsky L, Botting B, Chapple J, Stone D. Has advice on
periconceptional folate supplementation reduced neural
tube defects? Lancet 1999;354(9183):998-9
- 34. Kallen BA, Olausson PO. Use of folic acid and delivery
outcome: a prospective registry study. Reprod Toxicol
2002;16(4):327-32
- 35. Czeizel AE, Dobo M, Vargha P. Hungarian cohort-controlled
trial of periconceptional multivitamin supplementation
shows a reduction in certain congenital abnormalities.
Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2004;70(11):853-61
- 36. Goh YI, Bollano E, Einarson TR, Koren G. Prenatal
multivitamin supplementation and rates of congenital
anomalies: a meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can
2006;28(8):680-9
- 37. National Academy of Sciences (1998) Dietary references
intakes: thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate,
vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin and choline. A report
of the Standing Committee on the Scientific evaluation
of dietary reference intakes and its panel on folate, other
B-vitamins and choline and sub-committee on upper
reference levels in nutrients, pp. 196-305. Food and
Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Washington DC:
National Academy Press
- 38. Hook EB, Czeizel AE. Can terathanasia explain the
protective effect of folic acid supplementation on birth
defects? Lancet 1997;350():513-5
- 39. Botto LD, Lisi A, Robert-Gnansia E, et all. International
retrospective cohort study of neural tube defects in relation
to folic acid recommendations: are the recommendations
working? BMJ 2005;330(7491):571
- 40. Busby A, Abramsky L, Dolk H, Armstrong B; Eurocat Folic
Acid Working Group. Preventing neural tube defects in
Europe:population based study. BMJ 2005;330(7491):574-
5
- 41. Food and Nutrition Board , National Research Council.
Maternal nutrition and the course of pregnancy.
Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences 1970
- 42. Center for Disease Control. Use of folic acid for prevention
of spina bifida and other neural tube defects-1983-1991.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1991;40(30):513-6
- 43. Center for Disease Control. Recommendations for the use
of folic acid to reduce the number of case of spina bifida
and other neural tube defects. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly
Rep 1992;41(14):1-7
- 44. Cheischer N; ACOG practice bulletin. Neural tube
defects. Number 44, July 2003 Int J Obstet Gynaecol
2003;83(1):123-33
- 45. Wolff T, Witkop CT, Miller T, Shamsuzzoha BS. Folic acid
supplementation fort he prevention of neural tube defect:
An update of the evidence for the US Preventive Services
Task Force. Ann Inter Med 2009;150(9):632-9
- 46. Ray JG. Folic acid food fortification in Canada. Nutr Rev
2004;62():35-9
- 47. Hertrampf E, Cortes F. Folic acid fortification of wheat
flour: Chile. Nutr Rev 2004;62():44-8
- 48. Choumenkovitch SF, Selhub J, Wilson PWF, Rader
JI, Rosenberg IH, Jacques PF. Folic acid intake from
fortification in United States exceeds predictions. J Nutr
2002;132():2792-8
- 49. Liu S,West R, Randell E, Longerich L, O’Connor KS, Scott
H, et all. A comprehensive evalution of food fortification
with folic acid fort he primary prevention of neural tube
defects. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2004;4(1):20
- 50. Kim YI. Will mandatory folic acid fortification prevent or
promote cancer? Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(5):1123-8
- 51. Öner N, Vatansever Ü, Karasalihoğlu S, Ekuklu G, Çeltik
C, Biner B. The prevalence of folic acid deficiency among
adolescent girls living in Edirne,Turkey. J Adolesc Health
2006;38(5):599-606
- 52. Tunçbilek E, Temel E, Özalp İ, Teziç T, Köse R, Üstündağ
M, Haznedaroğlu D, Kaptan H (2002) Genetic diseases.
Handbook for health personel. TC Ministry of Health
General Directory of Health Project, T.R. Ministry of
Health General Directorate of Mother and Child Health
and Family Planning, Ankara
- 53. Baykan Z, Öztürk A, Poyrazoğlu S, Gün İ. Awareness,
knowledge, and use of folic acid among women: a study
from Turkey. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2010 DOI 10.1007/
s00404-010-1547-5
- 54. Mignini LE, Latthe PM, Villar J, Kilby MD, Carroli G, Khan
KS. Mapping the theories of preeclampsia: the role of
homocysteine. Obstet Gynecol 2005;105(2):411-25
- 55. Ray JG, Mamdani MM. Association between folic acid
food fortification and hypertension or preeclampsia in
pregnancy. Arch Intern Med 2002;162(15):1776-7
- 56. Martin RH, Harper TA, Kelso W. Serum-folic acid in
recurrent abortions. Lancet 1965;1(7387):670-2
- 57. Gindler J, Li Z, Berry RJ, et all. Folic acid supplements
during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage. Lancet
2001;358(9284):796-800
- 58. Czeizel AE, Dudas I, Metneki J. Pregnancy outcomes
in a randomised controlled trial of periconceptional
multivitamin supplementation. Final report. Arch Gynecol
Obstet 1994;255(3):131-9
- 59. Ray JG, Meier C, Vermeulen MJ, Cole DEC, Wyatt PR.
Prevalence of trisomy 21 following folic acid food
fortification. Am J Med Genet 2003;120A(3):309-13
- 60. Botto LD, Mulinare J, Yang Q, Liu Y, Erickson JD. Autosomal
trisomy and maternal use of multivitamin supplements.
Am J Med Genet 2004;125A(2):113-6
- 61. Koren G, Goh I. Increasing folate supplementation for
selected groups of Canadian women. J Obstet Gynaecol
Can. 2007;29(12):992-6
- 62. Morris MS, Jacques PF, Rosenberg IH, Selhub J. Folates and
vitamin B12 status in relation to anemia, macrocytosis
and cognitive impairment in older Americans in the age of
folic acid fortification. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(1):193-200
- 63. Eichholzer M, Tonz O, Zimmermann R. Folic acid: a publichealth challenge. Lancet 2006;367(9519):1352-61
Should Folic Acid Be Used Periconceptionally in Turkey?
Yıl 2012,
Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 188 - 194, 01.04.2012
Ayşe Avşar
Serdar Kaya
Başak Kaya
Öz
Many studies relate folate deficiency during pregnancy
with neural tube defects and congenital disorders. How folic acid prophylaxis should be carried out has been a contentious topic in the literature. In this review, we aimed to
examine folic acid use according to current literature.
Kaynakça
- 1. Eskes T.From anemia to spina bifida-the story of folic
acid. A tribute to Professor Richard Smithells.Obstet
Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000;90(2):119-23
- 2. Reynolds EH. Folic acid, ageing, depression and dementia.
BMJ 2002;324(7352):1512-5
- 3. Ford ES, Byers TE, Giles WH.Serum folate and chronic
disease risk: findings from a cohort of United States
adults.Int J Epidemiol 1998;27(4):592-8
- 4. Wagner C. Biochemical role of folate in cellular
metabolism. In:Bailey LB,ed. Folate in health and disease.
Newyork, NY:Marcel Dekker,1995:23-42
- 5. Tamura T, Picciano MF. Folate and human reproduction.
Am J Clin Nutr 2006;83(5):993-1016
- 6. Pitkin RM. Folate and neural tube defects. Am J Clin Nutr
2007;85(1):285-8
- 7. Selhub J, Jacques PF, Wilson PWF, Rush D, Rosenberg
IH. Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants
of homocysteinemia in an elderyl population. JAMA
1993;270(22):2693-8
- 8. Butterworth CE Jr, Baugh CM, Krumdieck CL. A study of
folate absorption in man utilizing carbon-14-labeled
polyglutamate synthesized by the solid phase method. J
Clin Invest 1969:48(6);1131-42
- 9. Krishnaswamy K, Nair KM. Importance of folate in human
nutrition. Br J Nutr 2001;85(2):115-24
- 10. Tunçbilek E, Boduroğlu K, Alikaşifoğlu M. Neural tube
defects in Turkey: prevalence, distribution and risk factors.
Turk J Pediatr 1999;41(3):299-305
- 11. Boyles AB, Billups AV, Deak KL, Siegel DG, Mehltretter L,
Slifer SH, et al. Neural tube defect and folate pathway
genes:family-based association tests of gene-gene and
gene-enviroment interactions. Environ Health Perspect
2006;114(10):1547-52
- 12. Green-Raleigh K, Carter H, Mulinare J, Prue C, Petrini
J.Trends in folic acid awareness and behavior in the United
States:The Gallup Organization fort he March of Dimes
Foundation Surveys, 1995-2005. Matern Child Health J
2006;10(5):177-82
- 13. Honein MA, Paulozzi LJ, Mathews TJ, Erickson JD, Wong
LY. Impact of folic acid fortification of the US food
supply on the occurrence of neural tube defects. JAMA
2001;285(23):2981-6
- 14. Pacheco SS, Braga C, Souza AI, Figueiroa JN. Effects of
folic acid fortification on tha prevalence of neural tube
defects. Rev Saude Publica 2009;43(4):565-71
- 15. McLone DG. The etiology of neural tube defects: the role
of folic acid. Child Nerv Syst 2003;19(7-8):537-9
- 16. Blencowe H, Cousens S, Modell B, Lawn J. Folic acid to
reduce neonatal mortality from neural tube disorders. Int
J Epidemiol 2010;39(1):i110-21
- 17. Aydınlı K, Çağdaş A, Kayserili H, Kuseyri F, Tükel T, Eriş
H, Apak MY. Prekonsepsiyonel folik asit ve multivitamin tedavisinin nonsendromik nöral tüp defektlerinin yineleme
riski üzerine etkisi. T Klin J Gynecol Obst 1999;9(3):183-9
- 18. McPartlin J, Halligan A, Scott JM, Darling M, Weir DG.
Accelerated folate breakdown in pregnancy. Lancet
1993;341(8838):148-9
- 19. Caudill MA, Gregory JF III, Hutson AD, Bailey LB. Folate
catabolism in pregnant and nonpregnant women with
controlled folate intakes. J Nutr 1998;128(2):204-8
- 20. Gregory JF III, Caudill MA, Opalko J, Bailey LB. Kinetics of
folate turnover in pregnant women (second trimester) and
nonpregnant controls during folic acid supplementation:
stable-isotopic labeling of plasma folate, urinary folate
and folate catabolites shows subtle effects of pregnancy
on turnover of folate pools. J Nutr 2001;131(7):1928-37
- 21. Bruinse HW, van den Berg H. Changes of some vitamin
levels during and after normal pregnancy. Eur J Obstet
Gynecol Reprod Biol 1995;61(1):31-7b
- 22. Baker H, Frank O, Deangelis B, Feingold S, Kaminetzky
HA. Role of placenta in maternal-fetal vitamin transfer in
humans. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981;141(7):792-6
- 23. Eichner ER, Pierce HI, Hillman RS. Folate balance in
dietary-induced megaloblastic anemia. N Engl J Med
1971;284(17):933-8
- 24. Smithells RW, Sheppard S, Schorah CJ. Vitamin deficiencies
and neural tube defects. Arch Dis Childh 1976;51:944-50
- 25. Seller MJ, Nevin C. Periconceptional vitamin
supplementation and the prevention of neural tube
defects in South-East England and Northern Ireland. J
Med Genet 1984;21(5):325-30
- 26. Mulinare J, Cordero JF, Erickson JD, Berry RJ.
Periconceptional use of multivitamins and the occurrence
of neural tube defects. JAMA 1988;260(21):3141-5
- 27. Bower C, Stanley FJ. Dietary folate as a risk factor for
neural-tube defects: evidence from a case-control study in
Western Australia. Med J Aust 1989;150(11):613-9
- 28. Werler MM, Shapiro S, Mitchell AA. Periconceptional folic
acid exposure and risk of occurrent neural tube defects.
JAMA 1993;269(10):1257-61
- 29. Shaw GM, Schaffer D, Verlie EM, Morland K, Harris
JA. Periconceptional vitamin use, dietary folate and
the occurrence of neural tube defects. Epidemiology
1995;6(3):219-26
- 30. Berry RJ, Li Z, Erickson DJ, Li S, Moare CA, Wang H et all.
Prevention of neural tube defects with folic acid in China.
China-U.S Collaborative Project for Neural Tube Defect
Prevention. N Engl J Med 1999;341(20):1485-90
- 31. Mills JL, Rhoadas GG, Simpson JL, Cunnigham GC, Conley
MR, Lassman MR, Walden ME et all. The abscence as a
relation between the periconceptional use of vitamins and
neural tube defects. National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development Neural Tube Defects Study Group. N
Engl J Med 1989;321(7):430
- 32. MRC Vitamin Study Research Group. Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council
Vitamin Study. Lancet 1991:338(8760);131-7
- 33. Abramsky L, Botting B, Chapple J, Stone D. Has advice on
periconceptional folate supplementation reduced neural
tube defects? Lancet 1999;354(9183):998-9
- 34. Kallen BA, Olausson PO. Use of folic acid and delivery
outcome: a prospective registry study. Reprod Toxicol
2002;16(4):327-32
- 35. Czeizel AE, Dobo M, Vargha P. Hungarian cohort-controlled
trial of periconceptional multivitamin supplementation
shows a reduction in certain congenital abnormalities.
Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2004;70(11):853-61
- 36. Goh YI, Bollano E, Einarson TR, Koren G. Prenatal
multivitamin supplementation and rates of congenital
anomalies: a meta-analysis. J Obstet Gynaecol Can
2006;28(8):680-9
- 37. National Academy of Sciences (1998) Dietary references
intakes: thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate,
vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin and choline. A report
of the Standing Committee on the Scientific evaluation
of dietary reference intakes and its panel on folate, other
B-vitamins and choline and sub-committee on upper
reference levels in nutrients, pp. 196-305. Food and
Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Washington DC:
National Academy Press
- 38. Hook EB, Czeizel AE. Can terathanasia explain the
protective effect of folic acid supplementation on birth
defects? Lancet 1997;350():513-5
- 39. Botto LD, Lisi A, Robert-Gnansia E, et all. International
retrospective cohort study of neural tube defects in relation
to folic acid recommendations: are the recommendations
working? BMJ 2005;330(7491):571
- 40. Busby A, Abramsky L, Dolk H, Armstrong B; Eurocat Folic
Acid Working Group. Preventing neural tube defects in
Europe:population based study. BMJ 2005;330(7491):574-
5
- 41. Food and Nutrition Board , National Research Council.
Maternal nutrition and the course of pregnancy.
Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences 1970
- 42. Center for Disease Control. Use of folic acid for prevention
of spina bifida and other neural tube defects-1983-1991.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1991;40(30):513-6
- 43. Center for Disease Control. Recommendations for the use
of folic acid to reduce the number of case of spina bifida
and other neural tube defects. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly
Rep 1992;41(14):1-7
- 44. Cheischer N; ACOG practice bulletin. Neural tube
defects. Number 44, July 2003 Int J Obstet Gynaecol
2003;83(1):123-33
- 45. Wolff T, Witkop CT, Miller T, Shamsuzzoha BS. Folic acid
supplementation fort he prevention of neural tube defect:
An update of the evidence for the US Preventive Services
Task Force. Ann Inter Med 2009;150(9):632-9
- 46. Ray JG. Folic acid food fortification in Canada. Nutr Rev
2004;62():35-9
- 47. Hertrampf E, Cortes F. Folic acid fortification of wheat
flour: Chile. Nutr Rev 2004;62():44-8
- 48. Choumenkovitch SF, Selhub J, Wilson PWF, Rader
JI, Rosenberg IH, Jacques PF. Folic acid intake from
fortification in United States exceeds predictions. J Nutr
2002;132():2792-8
- 49. Liu S,West R, Randell E, Longerich L, O’Connor KS, Scott
H, et all. A comprehensive evalution of food fortification
with folic acid fort he primary prevention of neural tube
defects. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2004;4(1):20
- 50. Kim YI. Will mandatory folic acid fortification prevent or
promote cancer? Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(5):1123-8
- 51. Öner N, Vatansever Ü, Karasalihoğlu S, Ekuklu G, Çeltik
C, Biner B. The prevalence of folic acid deficiency among
adolescent girls living in Edirne,Turkey. J Adolesc Health
2006;38(5):599-606
- 52. Tunçbilek E, Temel E, Özalp İ, Teziç T, Köse R, Üstündağ
M, Haznedaroğlu D, Kaptan H (2002) Genetic diseases.
Handbook for health personel. TC Ministry of Health
General Directory of Health Project, T.R. Ministry of
Health General Directorate of Mother and Child Health
and Family Planning, Ankara
- 53. Baykan Z, Öztürk A, Poyrazoğlu S, Gün İ. Awareness,
knowledge, and use of folic acid among women: a study
from Turkey. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2010 DOI 10.1007/
s00404-010-1547-5
- 54. Mignini LE, Latthe PM, Villar J, Kilby MD, Carroli G, Khan
KS. Mapping the theories of preeclampsia: the role of
homocysteine. Obstet Gynecol 2005;105(2):411-25
- 55. Ray JG, Mamdani MM. Association between folic acid
food fortification and hypertension or preeclampsia in
pregnancy. Arch Intern Med 2002;162(15):1776-7
- 56. Martin RH, Harper TA, Kelso W. Serum-folic acid in
recurrent abortions. Lancet 1965;1(7387):670-2
- 57. Gindler J, Li Z, Berry RJ, et all. Folic acid supplements
during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage. Lancet
2001;358(9284):796-800
- 58. Czeizel AE, Dudas I, Metneki J. Pregnancy outcomes
in a randomised controlled trial of periconceptional
multivitamin supplementation. Final report. Arch Gynecol
Obstet 1994;255(3):131-9
- 59. Ray JG, Meier C, Vermeulen MJ, Cole DEC, Wyatt PR.
Prevalence of trisomy 21 following folic acid food
fortification. Am J Med Genet 2003;120A(3):309-13
- 60. Botto LD, Mulinare J, Yang Q, Liu Y, Erickson JD. Autosomal
trisomy and maternal use of multivitamin supplements.
Am J Med Genet 2004;125A(2):113-6
- 61. Koren G, Goh I. Increasing folate supplementation for
selected groups of Canadian women. J Obstet Gynaecol
Can. 2007;29(12):992-6
- 62. Morris MS, Jacques PF, Rosenberg IH, Selhub J. Folates and
vitamin B12 status in relation to anemia, macrocytosis
and cognitive impairment in older Americans in the age of
folic acid fortification. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85(1):193-200
- 63. Eichholzer M, Tonz O, Zimmermann R. Folic acid: a publichealth challenge. Lancet 2006;367(9519):1352-61