Ergenlerde ve Ebeveynlerinde Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Bulunmasının Ergenlerin Bağlanma Örüntüleri Üzerine Etkisi

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 0 - 0, 04.03.2016

Salih Gençoğlan , Mustafa Erkan Leyla Akgüç Hamit Sırrı Keten , Esin Özatalay Emine Çığıl Fettahoğlu

https://doi.org/10.17098/amj.30067

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu (DEHB) olan ergenlerin bağlanma örüntüleri ve ebeveynlerinde DEHB bulunmasının ergenlerin bağlanma örüntüleri üzerine olan etkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır.

Materyal ve Metot: Araştırmaya DEHB tanısı olan 30 ergen ve onların ebeveynleri, kontrol grubuna ise 30 sağlıklı ergen ve onların ebeveynleri dahil edildi. Katılan ergenler 12-17 yaş aralığında idi. DEHB ve kontrol grubundaki ergenlere; sosyodemografik veri formu ve İlişki Ölçekleri Anketi (İÖA-E) verilmiş ve K-SADS (Okul çağı çocukları için duygudurum bozuklukları ve şizofreni görüşme çizelgesi – Şimdi ve yaşam boyu versiyonu) ile Wechsler Çocuklar İçin Zeka Ölçeği (WISC-R) uygulanmıştır. Çalışmaya alınan ergenlerin ebeveynlerinin DEHB belirtilerini sorgulamak amacıyla Wender-Utah Derecelendirme Ölçeği (WUDÖ) ve Erişkin Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Öz Bildirim Ölçeği (ASRS) kullanılmıştır.

Bulgular: Araştırma sonucunda deneklerimizin İÖA-E’dan aldıkları skor ortalamalarına bakıldığında tüm bağlanma tipleri bakımından DEHB ve kontrol grupları arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır. Ebeveynlerinde DEHB olan ergenlerin kayıtsız bağlanma örüntüsü skorları anlamlı oranda yüksek olduğunu saptanmıştır.

Sonuç: DEHB’li ergenler ile sağlıklı ergenlerin bağlanma örüntülerinin benzer olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca ebeveynlerde DEHB bulunan DEHB’li ergenlerin kayıtsız bağlanma örüntüsüne sahip olduğunu ortaya koyulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu, bağlanma örüntüsü, ergenlik, ebeveyn

The Effect of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder of Parents and Adolescents on Attachment Patterns of the Adolescents

Öz

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the attachment patterns of adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the effect of the presence of ADHD in their parents on the attachment patterns of adolescents with ADHD.

Materials and Methods: 30 adolescents diagnosed with ADHD and their parents were included in the research and 30 healthy adolescents and their parents were included in the control group. The participating adolescents were aged 12-17. The adolescents in both the ADHD group and the control group were given sociodemographic data form and the Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ) as well as the Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children – present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-R). In order to examine the ADHD symptoms of the parents of the adolescents included in the study, the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) and the Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-report Scale (ASRS) were utilized.

Results: As a result of the research, the mean A-RSQ scores of our subjects revealed no significant difference between the ADHD and the control groups in any attachment type. It was determined that the dismissing attachment patterns scores of those adolescents whose parents had ADHD were significantly high.

Conclusion: The attachment patterns of adolescents with ADHD and healthy adolescents were observed to be similar. Furthermore, we found that those adolescents with ADHD whose parents also had ADHD show dismissing attachment pattern.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, attachment pattern, adolescence, parent

Kaynakça

• Ainsworth MS. The personal origins of attachment theory. An interview with Mary Salter Ainsworth. Interview by Peter L. Rudnytsky. Psychoanal Study Child 1997;52:386–405.
• Bowlby J. A Secure Base. London: Routledge; 1988.
• Biederman J. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a selective overview. Biol Psychiatry 2005;57(11):1215–20.
• Clarke L, Ungerer J, Chahoud K, Johnson S, Stiefel I. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is associated with attachment insecurity. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2002;7(2):179–98.
• Chronis AM, Lahey BB, PELHAM Jr WE, Kipp HL, Baumann BL, Lee SS. Psychopathology and substance abuse in parents of young children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003;42(12):1424–32.
• Çuhadaroğlu-Çetin F, Akdemir D, Tüzün Z, et al. Identity status and attachment in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Turk J Pediatr 2013;55:190–7.
• Finzi-Dottan R, Manor I, Tyano S. ADHD, Temperament, and Parental Style as Predictors of the Child’s Attachment Patterns. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2006;37(2):103–14.
• Pinto C. ADHD and Infant Disorganized Attachment: A Prospective Study of Children Next-Born After Stillbirth. J Atten Disord 2006;10(1):83–91.
• Isabella RA, Belsky J. Interactional synchrony and the origins of infant-mother attachment: A replication study. Child Dev 1991;62(2):373–84.
• Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, et al. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36(7):980–8.
• Gökler B, Ünal F, Pehlivantürk B, Kültür EÇ, Akdemir D, Taner Y. Reliability and Validity of Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version-Turkish Version (K-SADS-PL-T). Turk J Chıld Adolesc Ment Health 2004;11(3):109–16.
• Wechsler D. Wechsler intelligence scale for children, revised: WISC-R; manual. Psychological Corporation; 1974.
• Savaşır I, Şahin N. Wechsler çocuklar için zeka ölçeği (WISC-R). Ankara: Türk Psikologlar Derneği; 1995.
• Bartholomew K, Horowitz LM. Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model. J Pers Soc Psychol 1991;61(2):226.
• Sümer N, Güngör D. Yetişkin bağlanma stilleri ölçeklerinin Türk örneklemi üzerinde psikometrik değerlendirmesi ve kültürlerarası bir karşılaştırma. Türk Psikol Derg 1999;14(43):71–106.
• Kessler RC, Adler LA, Gruber MJ, Sarawate CA, Spencer T, Van Brunt DL. Validity of the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Screener in a representative sample of health plan members. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2007;16(2):52–65.
• Doğan S, Öncü B, Varol Saraçoğlu G, Küçükgöncü S. Erişkin dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu kendi bildirim ölçeği (ASRS-v1. 1): Türkçe formunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg 2009;10(2):77.
• Ward MF. The Wender Utah Rating Scale: An Aid in the Retrospective. Am J Psychiatry 1993;1(50):885.
• Öncü B, Ölmez Ş, Şentürk V. Wender-Utah Derecelendirme Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun Erişkin Dikkat Eksikliği Ve Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu’nda Geçerlik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Derg 2005;16(4):252–9.
• Storebo OJ, Rasmussen PD, Simonsen E. Association Between Insecure Attachment and ADHD: Environmental Mediating Factors. J Atten Disord 2013;1087054713501079.
• Abrines N, Barcons N, Marre D, Brun C, Fornieles A, Fumadó V. ADHD-like symptoms and attachment in internationally adopted children. Attach Hum Dev 2012;14(4):405–23.
• Follan M, Anderson S, Huline-Dickens S, et al. Discrimination between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and reactive attachment disorder in school aged children. Res Dev Disabil 2011;32(2):520–6.
• Crittenden PM, Kulbotton GR. Familial contributions to ADHD: An attachment perspective. Tidsskr Nor Psykologorening 2007;10:1220–9.
• Chronis-Tuscano A, Raggi VL, Clarke TL, Rooney ME, Diaz Y, Pian J. Associations between maternal attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and parenting. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2008;36(8):1237–50.
• Johnston C, Mash EJ, Miller N, Ninowski JE. Parenting in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Clin Psychol Rev 2012;32(4):215–28.
• Riley AW, Lyman LM, Spiel G, Döpfner M, Lorenzo MJ, Ralston SJ. The Family Strain Index (FSI). Reliability, validity, and factor structure of a brief questionnaire for families of children with ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;15(1):i72–8.
• Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, et al. Molecular genetics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2005;57(11):1313–23.
• Khan SA. A, Faraone SV. The genetics of ADHD: a literature review of 2005. Current Psychiatry Reports 2006;8(5):393-7.
• Lasky-Su J, Lange C, Biederman J, et al. Family-based association analysis of a statistically derived quantitative traits for ADHD reveal an association in DRD4 with inattentive symptoms in ADHD individuals. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008;147(1):100–6.
• Sharp SI, McQuillin A, Gurling H. Genetics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neuropharmacology 2009;57(7):590–600.
• Faraone SV, Biederman J, Spencer T, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: an overview. Biol Psychiatry 2000;48(1):9–20.