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Multiple Sklerozda D vitamininin Rolü

Yıl 2023, , 742 - 755, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.1283542

Öz

Multiple Skleroz (MS), merkezi sinir sisteminde miyelin ve aksonal hasar ile ilişkili sık görülen kronik otoimmün bir nörolojik hastalıktır. Etiyolojisi tam olarak bilinmemekle beraber D vitamini, hem genetik hem de çevresel risk faktörü olarak MS gelişiminde rol oynar. Epidemiyolojik ve deneysel çalışmalar MS’li bireylerde serum 25-hidroksivitamin D (25(OH)D) yetersizliğinin olduğunu belirtmektedir. Buna ek olarak düşük serum D vitamini düzeylerinin MS semptomlarının şiddetlenmesine ve nüks oranlarının artmasına sebep olduğu bildirilmiştir. D vitamininin ise immünomodülatör etkileri sayesinde MS patofizyolojisinde önemli bir potansiyel role sahip olduğu öngörülmektedir. Bu doğrultuda serum 25(OH)D düzeylerini optimal seviyede tutmak amacıyla ılımlı dozlarda D vitamini takviyesinin MS’in önlenmesi ve tedavisinde etkili bir yöntem olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu derlemede, MS ve D vitamini ilişkisi mevcut literatür doğrultusunda ele alınmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Zorzella-Pezavento, S. F. G., Mimura, L. A. N., Denadai, M. B, De Souza, W. D. F., de Campos Fraga-Silva, T. F., & Sartori, A. (2022). Is there a window of opportunity for the therapeutic use of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis?. Neural Regen Res, 17(9), 1945.
  • 2. Bahmani, E., Hoseini, R., & Amiri, E. (2022). The effect of home-based aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation on fatigue and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis during COVID-19 outbreak. Science & Sports, 37(8), 710-719.
  • 3. Fatima, M., Lamis, A., Siddiqui, S.W., Ashok, T., Patni, N., & Fadiora, O. E. (2022). Therapeutic role of Vitamin D in multiple sclerosis: An essentially contested concept. Cureus, 14(6).
  • 4. Bardak, N. (2018). D vitamini ve Multiple Skleroz İlişkisi. Turkiye Klinikleri J Health Sci, 3(1), 66-70.
  • 5. Brütting, C., Stangl, G. I., & Staege, M. S. (2021). Vitamin D, Epstein-Barr virus, and endogenous retroviruses in multiple sclerosis-facts and hypotheses. J Integr Neurosci, 20(1), 233-238.
  • 6. Galoppin, M., Kari, S., Soldati, S., Pal, A., Rival, M., Engelhardt, B., et al. (2022). Full spectrum of vitamin D immunomodulation in multiple sclerosis: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Brain Commun, 4(4), fcac171.
  • 7. Nourbakhsh, B, & Mowry, E. M. (2019). Multiple sclerosis risk factors and pathogenesis. Continuum (Minneap Minn), 25(3), 596-610.
  • 8. Ashtari, F., Madanian, R., Zarkesh, S. H., & Ghalamkari, A. (2022). Serum levels of interleukin-6 and Vitamin D at the onset of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica: A pilot study. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 27(1), 67.
  • 9. Kim, D., Witt, E. E., Schubert, S., Sotirchos, E., Bhargava, P., Mowry, E. M., et al. (2022). Peripheral T-Cells, B- Cells, and Monocytes from Multiple Sclerosis Patients Supplemented with High-Dose Vitamin D Show Distinct Changes in Gene Expression Profiles. Nutrients, 14(22), 4737.
  • 10. Janoušek, J., Pilařová, V., Macáková, K., Nomura, A., Veiga-Matos, J., Silva, D. D. D., et al. (2022). Vitamin D: sources, physiological role, biokinetics, deficiency, therapeutic use, toxicity, and overview of analytical methods for detection of vitamin D and its metabolites. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci, 59(8), 517-554.
  • 11. Lemke, D., Klement, R. J., Schweiger, F., Schweiger, B.,& Spitz, J. (2021). Vitamin D resistance as a possible cause of autoimmune diseases: a hypothesis confirmed by a therapeutic high-dose vitamin D protocol. Front Immunol, 1110.
  • 12. Häusler, D., & Weber, M. S. (2019). Vitamin D Supplementation in Central Nervous System Demyelinating Disease—Enough Is Enough. Int J Mol Sci, 20(1), 218.
  • 13. Heureux, N. (2017). Vitamin D testing—where are we and what is on the horizon?. In: Advances in clinical chemistry. Adv Clin Chem, 78, 59-101.
  • 14. Sintzel, M. B., Rametta, M., & Reder, A. T. (2018). Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: a comprehensive review. Neurol Ther, 7(1), 59-85.
  • 15. Boltjes, R., Knippenberg, S., Gerlach, O., Hupperts, R., & Damoiseaux, J. (2021). Vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis: an expert opinion based on the review of current evidence. Expert Rev Neurother, 21(6), 715-725.
  • 16. Pierrot-Deseilligny, C., Rivaud-Péchoux, S., Clerson, P., de Paz, R., & Souberbielle, J. C. (2012). Relationship between 25-OH-D serum level and relapse rate in multiple sclerosis patients before and after vitamin D supplementation. Ther Adv Neurol Disord, 5(4), 187-198.
  • 17. Maghbooli, Z., Omidifar, A., Varzandi, T., Salehnezhad, T., & Sahraian, M. A. (2021). Reduction in circulating vitamin D binding protein in patients with multiple sclerosis. BMC neurol, 21(1), 1-8.
  • 18. Grut, V., Biström, M., Salzer, J., Stridh, P., Lindam, A., Alonso‐Magdalena, L., et al. (2022). Free vitamin D3 index and vitamin D‐binding protein in multiple sclerosis: A presymptomatic case–control study. Eur J Neurol, 29(8), 2335-2342.
  • 19. Prietl, B., Treiber, G., Pieber, T. R., & Amrein, K. (2013). Vitamin D and immune function. Nutrients, 5(7), 2502-21.
  • 20. Pierrot-Deseilligny, C., & Souberbielle, J. C. (2017). Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: an update. Mult Scler Relat Disor, 14, 35-45.
  • 21. Gombash, S. E., Lee, P. W., Sawdai, E., & Lovett-Racke, A. E. (2022). Vitamin D as a risk factor for multiple sclerosis: immunoregulatory or neuroprotective? Front Neurol, 895.
  • 22. Ghareghani, M., Reiter, R. J., Zibara, K., & Farhadi N. (2018). Latitude, vitamin D, melatonin, and gut microbiota act in concert to initiate multiple sclerosis: a new mechanistic pathway. Front Immunol, 9, 2484.
  • 23. Vitkova, M., Diouf, I., Malpas, C., Horakova, D., Havrdova, E. K., Patti, F., et al (2022). Association of latitude and exposure to ultraviolet B radiation with severity of multiple sclerosis: an international registry study. Neurology, 98(24), e2401-e2412.
  • 24. Forouhari, A., Taheri, G., Salari, M., Moosazadeh, M., & Etemadifar, M. (2021). Multiple sclerosis epidemiology in Asia and Oceania; A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord, 54, 103119.
  • 25. Simpson, S., Blizzard, L., Otahal, P., Van der Mei, I., & Taylor, B. (2011). Latitude is significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 82(10), 1132-1141.
  • 26. Sabel, C. E, Pearson, J. F, Mason, D. F, Willoughby, E, Abernethy, D. A, &Taylor, B. V. (2021). The latitude gradient for multiple sclerosis prevalence is established in the early life course. Brain, 144(7), 2038-2046.
  • 27. Watad, A., Azrielant, S., Soriano, A., Bracco, D., Much, A. A, & Amital, H. (2016). Association between seasonal factors and multiple sclerosis. Eur J Epidemiol, 31(11), 1081-9.
  • 28. Nielsen, N. M, Munger, K. L, Koch-Henriksen, N, Hougaard, D. M, Magyari, M, Jørgensen K. T., et al. (2017). Neonatal vitamin D status and risk of multiple sclerosis: A population-based case-control study. Neurology, 88(1), 44-51.
  • 29. Breuer, J., Loser, K., Mykicki, N., Wiendl, H., & Schwab, N. (2019). Does the environment influence multiple sclerosis pathogenesis via UVB light and/or induction of vitamin D?. J Neuroimmunol, 329, 1-8.
  • 30. Wang, R. (2022). Mendelian randomization study updates the effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels on the risk of multiple sclerosis. J Transl Med, 20, 1-10.
  • 31. Agnello, L., Scazzone, C., Sasso B. L., Ragonese P., Milano S., Salemi G., et al. (2018). CYP27A1, CYP24A1, and RXR-α Polymorphisms, Vitamin D, and Multiple Sclerosis: a Pilot Study. J Mol Neurosci, 66(1), 77-84.
  • 32. Imani, D., Razi, B., Motallebnezhad, M., & Rezaei, R. (2019). Association between vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms and the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS): an updated meta-analysis. BMC Neurol, 19(1), 339.
  • 33. Bulan, B., Hoscan, A. Y., Keskin, S. N., Cavus, A., Culcu, E. A., Isik, N., et al. (2022). Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms among the Turkish population are associated with multiple sclerosis. Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics, 25(1), 41-50.
  • 34. Alanazi, A. (2022). Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) and Multiple Sclerosis Disease: A Biomedical Diagnosis. Comput Intell Neurosci, 2022.
  • 35. Gandhi, F., Jhaveri, S., Avanthika, C., Singh, A., Jain, N., Gulraiz, A., et al. (2021). Impact of vitamin D supplementation on multiple sclerosis. Cureus, 13(10).
  • 36. AL-Eitan, L., Qudah, M. A., & Qawasmeh, M. A. (2020). Association of Multiple Sclerosis Phenotypes with Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of IL7R, LAG3, and CD40 Genes in a Jordanian Population: A Genotype- Phenotype Study. Biomolecules, 10(3), 356.
  • 37. Conway, S. E., Healy, B. C., Zurawski, J., Severson, C., Kaplan, T., Stazzone, L., et al. (2022). COVID-19 severity is associated with worsened neurological outcomes in multiple sclerosis and related disorders. Mult Scler Relat Disord, 63, 103946.
  • 38. Maghbooli, Z., Sahraian, M. A., Ebrahimi, M., Pazoki, M., Kafan, S., Tabriz, H. M., et al. (2020). Vitamin D sufficiency, a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at least 30 ng/mL reduced risk for adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infection. PloS one, 15(9), e0239799.
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The Role of Vitamin D in Multiple Sclerosis

Yıl 2023, , 742 - 755, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.1283542

Öz

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a common chronic autoimmune neurological disease associated with myelin and axonal damage in the central nervous system. Although its etiology is not fully known, vitamin D plays a role in the development of MS, both as a genetic and environmental risk factor. Epidemiological and experimental studies indicate that individuals with MS have a deficiency of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D). In addition, low serum vitamin D levels have been reported to cause exacerbation of MS symptoms and increased relapse rates. Vitamin D is predicted to have an important potential role in the pathophysiology of MS, thanks to its immunomodulatory effects. Accordingly, moderate doses of vitamin D supplementation are thought to be an effective method in the prevention and treatment of MS in order to keep serum 25(OH)D levels at an optimal level. In this review, the relationship between MS and vitamin D is discussed in accordance with the current literature.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Zorzella-Pezavento, S. F. G., Mimura, L. A. N., Denadai, M. B, De Souza, W. D. F., de Campos Fraga-Silva, T. F., & Sartori, A. (2022). Is there a window of opportunity for the therapeutic use of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis?. Neural Regen Res, 17(9), 1945.
  • 2. Bahmani, E., Hoseini, R., & Amiri, E. (2022). The effect of home-based aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation on fatigue and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis during COVID-19 outbreak. Science & Sports, 37(8), 710-719.
  • 3. Fatima, M., Lamis, A., Siddiqui, S.W., Ashok, T., Patni, N., & Fadiora, O. E. (2022). Therapeutic role of Vitamin D in multiple sclerosis: An essentially contested concept. Cureus, 14(6).
  • 4. Bardak, N. (2018). D vitamini ve Multiple Skleroz İlişkisi. Turkiye Klinikleri J Health Sci, 3(1), 66-70.
  • 5. Brütting, C., Stangl, G. I., & Staege, M. S. (2021). Vitamin D, Epstein-Barr virus, and endogenous retroviruses in multiple sclerosis-facts and hypotheses. J Integr Neurosci, 20(1), 233-238.
  • 6. Galoppin, M., Kari, S., Soldati, S., Pal, A., Rival, M., Engelhardt, B., et al. (2022). Full spectrum of vitamin D immunomodulation in multiple sclerosis: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Brain Commun, 4(4), fcac171.
  • 7. Nourbakhsh, B, & Mowry, E. M. (2019). Multiple sclerosis risk factors and pathogenesis. Continuum (Minneap Minn), 25(3), 596-610.
  • 8. Ashtari, F., Madanian, R., Zarkesh, S. H., & Ghalamkari, A. (2022). Serum levels of interleukin-6 and Vitamin D at the onset of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica: A pilot study. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, 27(1), 67.
  • 9. Kim, D., Witt, E. E., Schubert, S., Sotirchos, E., Bhargava, P., Mowry, E. M., et al. (2022). Peripheral T-Cells, B- Cells, and Monocytes from Multiple Sclerosis Patients Supplemented with High-Dose Vitamin D Show Distinct Changes in Gene Expression Profiles. Nutrients, 14(22), 4737.
  • 10. Janoušek, J., Pilařová, V., Macáková, K., Nomura, A., Veiga-Matos, J., Silva, D. D. D., et al. (2022). Vitamin D: sources, physiological role, biokinetics, deficiency, therapeutic use, toxicity, and overview of analytical methods for detection of vitamin D and its metabolites. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci, 59(8), 517-554.
  • 11. Lemke, D., Klement, R. J., Schweiger, F., Schweiger, B.,& Spitz, J. (2021). Vitamin D resistance as a possible cause of autoimmune diseases: a hypothesis confirmed by a therapeutic high-dose vitamin D protocol. Front Immunol, 1110.
  • 12. Häusler, D., & Weber, M. S. (2019). Vitamin D Supplementation in Central Nervous System Demyelinating Disease—Enough Is Enough. Int J Mol Sci, 20(1), 218.
  • 13. Heureux, N. (2017). Vitamin D testing—where are we and what is on the horizon?. In: Advances in clinical chemistry. Adv Clin Chem, 78, 59-101.
  • 14. Sintzel, M. B., Rametta, M., & Reder, A. T. (2018). Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: a comprehensive review. Neurol Ther, 7(1), 59-85.
  • 15. Boltjes, R., Knippenberg, S., Gerlach, O., Hupperts, R., & Damoiseaux, J. (2021). Vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis: an expert opinion based on the review of current evidence. Expert Rev Neurother, 21(6), 715-725.
  • 16. Pierrot-Deseilligny, C., Rivaud-Péchoux, S., Clerson, P., de Paz, R., & Souberbielle, J. C. (2012). Relationship between 25-OH-D serum level and relapse rate in multiple sclerosis patients before and after vitamin D supplementation. Ther Adv Neurol Disord, 5(4), 187-198.
  • 17. Maghbooli, Z., Omidifar, A., Varzandi, T., Salehnezhad, T., & Sahraian, M. A. (2021). Reduction in circulating vitamin D binding protein in patients with multiple sclerosis. BMC neurol, 21(1), 1-8.
  • 18. Grut, V., Biström, M., Salzer, J., Stridh, P., Lindam, A., Alonso‐Magdalena, L., et al. (2022). Free vitamin D3 index and vitamin D‐binding protein in multiple sclerosis: A presymptomatic case–control study. Eur J Neurol, 29(8), 2335-2342.
  • 19. Prietl, B., Treiber, G., Pieber, T. R., & Amrein, K. (2013). Vitamin D and immune function. Nutrients, 5(7), 2502-21.
  • 20. Pierrot-Deseilligny, C., & Souberbielle, J. C. (2017). Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: an update. Mult Scler Relat Disor, 14, 35-45.
  • 21. Gombash, S. E., Lee, P. W., Sawdai, E., & Lovett-Racke, A. E. (2022). Vitamin D as a risk factor for multiple sclerosis: immunoregulatory or neuroprotective? Front Neurol, 895.
  • 22. Ghareghani, M., Reiter, R. J., Zibara, K., & Farhadi N. (2018). Latitude, vitamin D, melatonin, and gut microbiota act in concert to initiate multiple sclerosis: a new mechanistic pathway. Front Immunol, 9, 2484.
  • 23. Vitkova, M., Diouf, I., Malpas, C., Horakova, D., Havrdova, E. K., Patti, F., et al (2022). Association of latitude and exposure to ultraviolet B radiation with severity of multiple sclerosis: an international registry study. Neurology, 98(24), e2401-e2412.
  • 24. Forouhari, A., Taheri, G., Salari, M., Moosazadeh, M., & Etemadifar, M. (2021). Multiple sclerosis epidemiology in Asia and Oceania; A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord, 54, 103119.
  • 25. Simpson, S., Blizzard, L., Otahal, P., Van der Mei, I., & Taylor, B. (2011). Latitude is significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 82(10), 1132-1141.
  • 26. Sabel, C. E, Pearson, J. F, Mason, D. F, Willoughby, E, Abernethy, D. A, &Taylor, B. V. (2021). The latitude gradient for multiple sclerosis prevalence is established in the early life course. Brain, 144(7), 2038-2046.
  • 27. Watad, A., Azrielant, S., Soriano, A., Bracco, D., Much, A. A, & Amital, H. (2016). Association between seasonal factors and multiple sclerosis. Eur J Epidemiol, 31(11), 1081-9.
  • 28. Nielsen, N. M, Munger, K. L, Koch-Henriksen, N, Hougaard, D. M, Magyari, M, Jørgensen K. T., et al. (2017). Neonatal vitamin D status and risk of multiple sclerosis: A population-based case-control study. Neurology, 88(1), 44-51.
  • 29. Breuer, J., Loser, K., Mykicki, N., Wiendl, H., & Schwab, N. (2019). Does the environment influence multiple sclerosis pathogenesis via UVB light and/or induction of vitamin D?. J Neuroimmunol, 329, 1-8.
  • 30. Wang, R. (2022). Mendelian randomization study updates the effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels on the risk of multiple sclerosis. J Transl Med, 20, 1-10.
  • 31. Agnello, L., Scazzone, C., Sasso B. L., Ragonese P., Milano S., Salemi G., et al. (2018). CYP27A1, CYP24A1, and RXR-α Polymorphisms, Vitamin D, and Multiple Sclerosis: a Pilot Study. J Mol Neurosci, 66(1), 77-84.
  • 32. Imani, D., Razi, B., Motallebnezhad, M., & Rezaei, R. (2019). Association between vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms and the risk of multiple sclerosis (MS): an updated meta-analysis. BMC Neurol, 19(1), 339.
  • 33. Bulan, B., Hoscan, A. Y., Keskin, S. N., Cavus, A., Culcu, E. A., Isik, N., et al. (2022). Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms among the Turkish population are associated with multiple sclerosis. Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics, 25(1), 41-50.
  • 34. Alanazi, A. (2022). Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) and Multiple Sclerosis Disease: A Biomedical Diagnosis. Comput Intell Neurosci, 2022.
  • 35. Gandhi, F., Jhaveri, S., Avanthika, C., Singh, A., Jain, N., Gulraiz, A., et al. (2021). Impact of vitamin D supplementation on multiple sclerosis. Cureus, 13(10).
  • 36. AL-Eitan, L., Qudah, M. A., & Qawasmeh, M. A. (2020). Association of Multiple Sclerosis Phenotypes with Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of IL7R, LAG3, and CD40 Genes in a Jordanian Population: A Genotype- Phenotype Study. Biomolecules, 10(3), 356.
  • 37. Conway, S. E., Healy, B. C., Zurawski, J., Severson, C., Kaplan, T., Stazzone, L., et al. (2022). COVID-19 severity is associated with worsened neurological outcomes in multiple sclerosis and related disorders. Mult Scler Relat Disord, 63, 103946.
  • 38. Maghbooli, Z., Sahraian, M. A., Ebrahimi, M., Pazoki, M., Kafan, S., Tabriz, H. M., et al. (2020). Vitamin D sufficiency, a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at least 30 ng/mL reduced risk for adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infection. PloS one, 15(9), e0239799.
  • 39. Hashemi, R., Morshedi, M., Jafarabadi, M. A., Altafi, D., Hosseini-Asl, S. S., & Rafie-Arefhosseini S. (2018). Anti-inflammatory effects of dietary vitamin D3 in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurol Genet, 4(6), e278.
  • 40. Feige, J., Moser, T., Bieler, L., Schwenker, K., Hauer, L., & Sellner, J. (2020). Vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis: a critical analysis of potentials and threats” Nutrients, 12(3), 783.
  • 41. Khosravi-Largani, M., Pourvali-Talatappeh, P., Rousta, A. M., Karimi-Kivi, M., Noroozi, E., Mahjoob, A., et al. (2018). A review on potential roles of vitamins in incidence, progression, and improvement of multiple sclerosis. eNeurologicalSci,10, 37-44.
  • 42. Özkan, B., & Döneray, H. (2011). D vitamininin iskelet sistemi dışı etkileri. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi, 54(2), 99-119.
  • 43. Toghianifar, N., Ashtari, F., Zarkesh-Esfahani, S. H., & Mansourian, M. (2015). Effect of high dose vitamin D intake on interleukin-17 levels in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J. Neuroimmunol, 285, 125-8.
  • 44. Berezowska, M., Coe, S., & Dawes, H. (2019). Effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in the management of multiple sclerosis: A systematic review. Int J Mol Sci, 20(6), 1301.
  • 45. Mansoor, F., Kumar, V., Kumar, S., Kaur, N., Naz, S., Shahid, S., et al. (2021). Association between serum vitamin D levels and frequency of relapses in patients with multiple sclerosis. Cureus, 13(4).
  • 46. Moosazadeh, M., Nabinezhad-Male, F., Afshari, M., Nasehi, M. M., Shabani, M., Kheradmand, M. Et al. (2021). Vitamin D status and disability among patients with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta- analysis. AIMS neuroscience, 8(2), 239.
  • 47. Wesnes, K., Myhr, K. M., Riise, T. K., Vistad S. S., Torkildsen, Ø., Wergeland, S., et al. (2021). Low vitamin D, but not tobacco use or high BMI, is associated with long-term disability progression in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord, 50, 102801.
  • 48. Beckmann, Y., Türe, S., & Duman S. U. (2020). Vitamin D deficiency and its association with fatigue and quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients. EPMA J, 11(1), 65-72.
  • 49. Martínez-Lapiscina, E. H., Mahatanan, R., Lee C. H., Charoenpong, P., & Hong J. P. (2020). Associations of serum 25 (OH) vitamin D levels with clinical and radiological outcomes in multiple sclerosis, a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci, 411, 116668.
  • 50. Hanaei, S., Sahraian, M. A., Mohammadifar, M., Ramagopalan, S. V., & Ghajarzadeh, M. (2021). Effect of vitamin D supplements on relapse rate and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) in multiple sclerosis (MS): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Prev Med, 12.
  • 51. Holmøy, T., Kampman, M. T., & Smolders, J. (2012). Vitamin D in multiple sclerosis: implications for assessment and treatment. Expert Review Of Neurotherapeutics, 12(9), 1101-1112.
  • 52. Wingerchuk, DM, & Weinshenker, BG (2016). Relaps multipl skleroz için hastalık modifiye edici tedaviler. Bmj, 354.
  • 53. Smolders, J., Torkildsen, Ø., Camu, W., & Holmøy, T. (2019). An Update on Vitamin D and Disease Activity in Multiple Sclerosis. CNS Drugs, 33(12), 1187-99.
  • 54. Häusler, D., Torke, S., & Weber, M. S. (2020). High-Dose Vitamin D-Mediated Hypercalcemia as a Potential Risk Factor in Central Nervous System Demyelinating Disease. Front Immunol, 11, 301.
  • 55. Biström, M., Alonso-Magdalena, L., Andersen, O., Jons, D., Gunnarsson, M., Vrethem, M., et al. (2019). High serum concentration of vitamin D may protect against multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin, 5(4), 1- 5.
  • 56. Munger KL, Levin LI, Hollis BW, Howard NS, Ascherio A. (2006). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis. JAMA, 20;296(23), 2832-2838.
  • 57. Salzer, J., Hallmans, G., Nyström, M., Stenlund, H., Wadell, G., & Sundström, P. (2012). Vitamin D as a protective factor in multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 79(21), 2140-2145.
  • 58. McLaughlin, L., Clarke, L., Khalilidehkordi, E., Butzkueven, H., Taylor, B., & Broadley, S. A. (2015). Vitamin D for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Journal of neurology, 265(12), 2893-2905.
  • 59. Walawska-Hrycek, A., Galus, W., Hrycek, E., Kaczmarczyk, A., & Krzystanek, E. (2021). The impact of vitamin D low doses on its serum level and cytokine profile in multiple sclerosis patients. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(13), 2781.
  • 60. Yuan, X., Guo, L., Jiang, C., Yang, X., & Huang, J. (2021). The effect of different administration time and dosage of vitamin D supplementation in patients with multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Neuroimmunomodulation, 28(3), 118-128.
  • 61. Sotirchos, E. S., Bhargava, P., Eckstein, C., Van Haren, K., Baynes, M., Ntranos, A., et al. (2016). Safety and immunologic effects of high-vs low-dose cholecalciferol in multiple sclerosis. Neurology, 86(4), 382-90.
  • 62. Camu, W., Lehert, P., Pierrot-Deseilligny, C., Hautecoeur, P., Besserve, A., Deleglise, A. S. J., et al. (2019). Cholecalciferol in relapsing-remitting MS: A randomized clinical trial (CHOLINE). Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 6(5), e597.
  • 63. Hupperts, R., Smolders, J., Vieth, R., Holmøy, T., Marhardt, K., Schluep, M., et al. (2019). Randomized trial of daily high-dose vitamin D3 in patients with RRMS receiving subcutaneous interferon β-1a. Neurology, 93(20), e1906-e1916.
  • 64. Dörr, J., Bäcker-Koduah, P., Wernecke, K. D., Becker, E., Hoffmann, F., Faiss, J., et al. (2020). High-dose vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis–results from the randomized EVIDIMS (efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis) trial. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin, 6(1), 1-8.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme Makaleler
Yazarlar

Kübra Küçükyılmaz 0000-0001-5019-3291

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 1 Ekim 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Küçükyılmaz, K. (2023). Multiple Sklerozda D vitamininin Rolü. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(3), 742-755. https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.1283542