Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, hemşire adaylarının cinsiyetlerine göre mesleki sonuç beklentileri, kariyer hedef tutarsızlıkları ve psikolojik iyi oluşlarının incelenmesidir.
Yöntem: 358 hemşire adayı ile yapılan çalışmada, Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Mesleki Sonuç Beklentisi Ölçeği, Kariyer Hedef Tutarsızlık Ölçeği ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği kullanıldı.
Bulgular: Hemşire adaylarının cinsiyetlerine göre mesleki sonuç beklentileri ve psikolojik iyi oluşları arasında anlamlı bir fark yoktu (sırası ile t358=1.674, p>.05; t358=.495, p>.05). Ancak hemşire adaylarının cinsiyetlerine göre kariyer hedef tutarsızlığı arasında anlamlı bir fark vardı (t358= -2.266, p<.05). Buna göre erkek hemşire adaylarının kariyer hedef tutarsızlık ortalamaları (X=3.81), kadın hemşire adaylarının kariyer hedef tutarsızlık ortalamalarından (X=3.45) daha yüksekti.
Sonuç: İleride yapılacak araştırmalarda karma ya da nitel çalışmalar yapılarak hemşire adaylarının mesleğe yönelik tutumları farklı açılardan tartışılabilir.
1. Blaese, R., Noemi, S., & Brigitte, L. (2021). Should I Stay, or Should I Go? Job satisfaction as a moderating factor between outcome expectations and entrepreneurial intention among academics. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 17, 1357–1386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-021-00744-8
2. Huang, J.T., & Hsieh, H.H. (2011). Linking socioeconomic status to social cognitive career theory factors: A partial least squares path modeling analysis. Journal of Career Assessment, 19(4), 452-461. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072711409723
3. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman.
4. Şeker, G., & Çapri, B. (2022). The effect of the career psychoeducation program on the career decision
self-efficacy and educational outcome expectations of eleventh-grade students. International Journal of
Progressive Education, 18(2), 87-103. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2022.431.6
5. Miesch, J.J. (2011). An investigation of background and contextual variables related to career decision
self-efficacy and vocational outcome expectations for college women with learning disabilities.
Unpublished Dissertation, Graduate School of the University of Oregon.
6. Betz, N., & Voyten, K.K. (1997). Efficacy and outcome expectation influence career exploration. Career
Development Quarterly, 46, 197-189.
7. Ali, S.R., McWhirter, E.H., & Chronister, K.M. (2005). Self-efficacy and vocational outcome expectations for
adolescents of lower socioeconomic status: A pilot study. Journal of Career Assessment, 13, 40-58.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072704270273
8. Duffy, R.D., Dik, B.J., & Steger, M.F. (2011). Calling and work-related outcomes: Career commitment as a
mediator. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78(2), 210–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.09.013
9. Işık, E. (2013). Perceived social support and locus of control as predictors of vocational outcome
expectancy. Educational Science: Theory & Practice, 13(3),1419-1430.
10. Lent, R.W., Brown, S.D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and
academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, 79-122.
11. Lent, R.W., Hackett, G., & Brown, S.D. (2000). A social cognitive view of school-to work transition. The
Career Development Quarterly, 47, 297–311.
12. Lent, R.W., Brown, S.D., Nota, L., & Soresi, S. (2003). Testing social cognitive interest and choice
hypotheses across Holland types in Italian high school students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62, 101-118.
13. Aydın, A., Kahraman, N., & Hiçdurmaz, D. (2017). Determining the levels of perceived social support and
psychological well-being of nursing students. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 8(1),40-47.
14. Austin, J., & Vancouver, J. (1996). Goal construction in psychology: Structure, process and content.
Psychol Bull, 120(3), 338–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.338
15. Dietrich, J., Parker, P., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2012). Phase-adequate engagement at the post-school
transition. Dev Psychol, 48(6), 1575–1593. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030188
16. Latham, G.P., & Locke, E.A. (2013). Goal setting theory, 1990. In E.A. Locke & G.P. Latham (Eds.), New developments in goal setting and task performance (pp. 3–15). Routledge.
17. Heckhausen, J., & Wrosch, C. (2016). Challenges to developmental regulation across the life course:
What are they and which individual differences matter?. International Journal of Behavioral Development,
40(2), 145-150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025415588796
18. O'Brien, K.M. (1996). The influence of psychological separation and parental attachment on the career
development of adolescent women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 48, 257-274.
https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.0024
19. Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annu Rev Physiol, 52, 1-26.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
20. Creed, P.A., Hood., M. H., & Hu, S. (2017). Personal orientation as an antecedent to career stress and
employability confidence: The intervening roles of career goal-performance discrepancy and career goal
importance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 99, 79-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.12.007
21. Creed, P.A., & Hood, M. (2015). The development and initial validation of a scale to assess career goal discrepancies. Journal of Career Assessment, 23, 308-317. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072714535175
22. Reverté-Villarroya, S., Ortega, L., Raigal-Aran, L., Sauras-Colón, E., Ricomà-Muntané, R., Ballester-
Ferrando, D., et al. (2021). Psychological well-being in nursing students: A multicentric, cross-sectional study.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063020
23. Mooney, M. (2007). Professional socialization: The key to survival as a newly qualified nurse.
International Journal of Nursing Practice, 13(2), 75–80.
24. Li, Y., Wang, Y., Jiang, J., Valdimarsdóttir, U.A., Fall, K., Fang, F., et al. (2021). Psychological distress among
health professional students during the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychol Med, 51, 1952-4.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720001555
25. Chernomas, W.M., & Shapiro, C. (2013). Stress, depression, and anxiety among undergraduate nursing
students. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 10(1), 1-12.
26. Rehmani, N., Khan, Q.U.A., & Fatima, S.S. (2018). Stress, Anxiety and Depression in students of a private
medical school in Karachi, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 34(3).
https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.343.14664 PMID: 30034442
27. Li, Z.S., & Hasson, F. (2020). Resilience, stress, and psychological well-being in nursing students: A systematic review. Nurse Education Today, 90, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104440.
28. Morales-Rodríguez, F. M., Espigares-López, I., Brown, T., & Pérez-Mármol, J.M. (2020). The relationship between psychological well-being and psychosocial factors in university students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 1-20, 4778. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134778
30. Zhou, L., Sukpasjaroen, K., Wu, Y., Wang, Lei., Chankoson, T., & Cai, E. (2022). Predicting nursing students’ psychological well-being: network analysis based on a model of thriving through relationships. BMC Medical Education, 22, 463. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03517-1
31. Dayma, D.L., & Mohan, M. (2017). Psychological well-being of nursing staff employed in government and private hospitals. International Journal of Education & Management, 7(1), 27-30.
32. Levi, L. (1987). Definitions and the conceptual aspects of health in relation to work. In Kalimo et al. (Eds.) Psychosocial factors at work and their relation to health. World Health Organization Geneva Publication.
33. Chauhan, V.A. (2018). Psychological well-being among the nurses working in the hospitals. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 6(4), 58-61. https://doi.org/10.25215/0604.127
34. Ryff, C.D. (1995). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol, 57, 1069-1081.
35. Yeh, P-M., Moxham, L., Patterson, C., & Antoniou, C. (2016). Influences of Australian nursing students’ anxiety, depression, personality and family interaction on their psychological well-being and suicidal ideation. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Mental Health, 1(2), 1-11.
36. Bourne, P. A., Lee, D., Powell, S., Douglas, T., Lambert, R., & Foster, C. (2021). A comparative analysis of self-reported psychological wellbeing of undergraduate nursing and non-nursing students in Jamaica. Annals of Public Health & Epidemiology, 1(4), 1-7.
37. Gonçalves Lourenço, T.M., da Silva Reis, A., Sáez Alvarez, E.J., Abreu-Figueiredo, R., Charepe, Z.B., Marques, G., et al. (2022). Predictive model of the psychological well-being of nursing students during the COVID-19 lockdown. SAGE open nursing, 8, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608221094547
38. Griffin, L., & Riley, R. (2022). Exploring the psychological impact of working during COVID-19 on medical and nursing students: A qualitative study, BMJ Open, 12(6), e055804. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055804
39. Yıldırım, S., Yılmaz, E., Yalçın, D., & Güler, C. (2021). Examining the Psychological Well-Being of Nursing
Students and the Affecting Factors. Journal of Education and Research in Nursing, 18(1), 57-64.
40. Karasar, N. (2015). Betimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Yayımevi
41. Işık, E. (2010). Effects of a social cognitive career theory-based group intervention on career decision
self-efficacy and vocational outcome expectations among undergraduate students. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Çukurova University, Adana. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
42. Yam, F.C., Alkın, S., & Barut, Y. (2020). Adaptation of career goal discrepancies scale to Turkish: Validity
and reliability study. The Journal of Human and Work, 7(1), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.18394/iid.629970
43. Telef, B.B. (2011). Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği (PİOO): Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. 11.
Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, 3–5 Ekim, Selçuk- İzmir.
44. Telef, B.B. (2013). Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği (PİOO): Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması.
Hacettepe Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(3), 374-384.
45. Gönüllüoğlu, S., & Çakmak, D. (2022). Examination of the relationship between professional result
expectation level and career anxiety: An application on Ferizli Vocational Students. The Sakarya Journal of
Economics, 11(1), 149-170.
Examination of Nurse Candidates' Vocational Outcome Expectations, Career Goal Discrepancy and Psychological Well-Being Based on Their Genders
Objective: This study aims to examine nurse candidates' vocational outcome expectations, career goal discrepancy and psychological well-being based on their genders.
Methods: Personal Information Form, Vocational Outcome Expectations Scale, Career Goal Discrepancies Scale and Psychological Well-Being Scale were used in the study conducted with 358 nurse candidates.
Results: There was no significant difference in the professional outcome expectations and psychological well-being of the nurse candidates based on their gender (t358=1.674, p>.05; t358=.495, p>.05, respectively). However, there was a significant difference in the the career goal discrepancy of the nurse candidates based on their gender (t358= -2.266, p<.05). Accordingly, the mean of career goal discrepancy of male nurse candidates (X=3.81) was higher than the mean of career goal discrepancy of female nurse candidates (X=3.45).
Conclusion: In further studies to be conducted, the attitudes of nurse candidates towards their profession can be discussed from different perspectives by conducting mixed or qualitative studies.
1. Blaese, R., Noemi, S., & Brigitte, L. (2021). Should I Stay, or Should I Go? Job satisfaction as a moderating factor between outcome expectations and entrepreneurial intention among academics. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 17, 1357–1386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-021-00744-8
2. Huang, J.T., & Hsieh, H.H. (2011). Linking socioeconomic status to social cognitive career theory factors: A partial least squares path modeling analysis. Journal of Career Assessment, 19(4), 452-461. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072711409723
3. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman.
4. Şeker, G., & Çapri, B. (2022). The effect of the career psychoeducation program on the career decision
self-efficacy and educational outcome expectations of eleventh-grade students. International Journal of
Progressive Education, 18(2), 87-103. https://doi.org/10.29329/ijpe.2022.431.6
5. Miesch, J.J. (2011). An investigation of background and contextual variables related to career decision
self-efficacy and vocational outcome expectations for college women with learning disabilities.
Unpublished Dissertation, Graduate School of the University of Oregon.
6. Betz, N., & Voyten, K.K. (1997). Efficacy and outcome expectation influence career exploration. Career
Development Quarterly, 46, 197-189.
7. Ali, S.R., McWhirter, E.H., & Chronister, K.M. (2005). Self-efficacy and vocational outcome expectations for
adolescents of lower socioeconomic status: A pilot study. Journal of Career Assessment, 13, 40-58.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072704270273
8. Duffy, R.D., Dik, B.J., & Steger, M.F. (2011). Calling and work-related outcomes: Career commitment as a
mediator. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78(2), 210–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2010.09.013
9. Işık, E. (2013). Perceived social support and locus of control as predictors of vocational outcome
expectancy. Educational Science: Theory & Practice, 13(3),1419-1430.
10. Lent, R.W., Brown, S.D., & Hackett, G. (1994). Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and
academic interest, choice, and performance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 45, 79-122.
11. Lent, R.W., Hackett, G., & Brown, S.D. (2000). A social cognitive view of school-to work transition. The
Career Development Quarterly, 47, 297–311.
12. Lent, R.W., Brown, S.D., Nota, L., & Soresi, S. (2003). Testing social cognitive interest and choice
hypotheses across Holland types in Italian high school students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62, 101-118.
13. Aydın, A., Kahraman, N., & Hiçdurmaz, D. (2017). Determining the levels of perceived social support and
psychological well-being of nursing students. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 8(1),40-47.
14. Austin, J., & Vancouver, J. (1996). Goal construction in psychology: Structure, process and content.
Psychol Bull, 120(3), 338–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.120.3.338
15. Dietrich, J., Parker, P., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2012). Phase-adequate engagement at the post-school
transition. Dev Psychol, 48(6), 1575–1593. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030188
16. Latham, G.P., & Locke, E.A. (2013). Goal setting theory, 1990. In E.A. Locke & G.P. Latham (Eds.), New developments in goal setting and task performance (pp. 3–15). Routledge.
17. Heckhausen, J., & Wrosch, C. (2016). Challenges to developmental regulation across the life course:
What are they and which individual differences matter?. International Journal of Behavioral Development,
40(2), 145-150. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025415588796
18. O'Brien, K.M. (1996). The influence of psychological separation and parental attachment on the career
development of adolescent women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 48, 257-274.
https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1996.0024
19. Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annu Rev Physiol, 52, 1-26.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
20. Creed, P.A., Hood., M. H., & Hu, S. (2017). Personal orientation as an antecedent to career stress and
employability confidence: The intervening roles of career goal-performance discrepancy and career goal
importance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 99, 79-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.12.007
21. Creed, P.A., & Hood, M. (2015). The development and initial validation of a scale to assess career goal discrepancies. Journal of Career Assessment, 23, 308-317. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072714535175
22. Reverté-Villarroya, S., Ortega, L., Raigal-Aran, L., Sauras-Colón, E., Ricomà-Muntané, R., Ballester-
Ferrando, D., et al. (2021). Psychological well-being in nursing students: A multicentric, cross-sectional study.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 1-11.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063020
23. Mooney, M. (2007). Professional socialization: The key to survival as a newly qualified nurse.
International Journal of Nursing Practice, 13(2), 75–80.
24. Li, Y., Wang, Y., Jiang, J., Valdimarsdóttir, U.A., Fall, K., Fang, F., et al. (2021). Psychological distress among
health professional students during the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychol Med, 51, 1952-4.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720001555
25. Chernomas, W.M., & Shapiro, C. (2013). Stress, depression, and anxiety among undergraduate nursing
students. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship, 10(1), 1-12.
26. Rehmani, N., Khan, Q.U.A., & Fatima, S.S. (2018). Stress, Anxiety and Depression in students of a private
medical school in Karachi, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 34(3).
https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.343.14664 PMID: 30034442
27. Li, Z.S., & Hasson, F. (2020). Resilience, stress, and psychological well-being in nursing students: A systematic review. Nurse Education Today, 90, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104440.
28. Morales-Rodríguez, F. M., Espigares-López, I., Brown, T., & Pérez-Mármol, J.M. (2020). The relationship between psychological well-being and psychosocial factors in university students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 1-20, 4778. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134778
30. Zhou, L., Sukpasjaroen, K., Wu, Y., Wang, Lei., Chankoson, T., & Cai, E. (2022). Predicting nursing students’ psychological well-being: network analysis based on a model of thriving through relationships. BMC Medical Education, 22, 463. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03517-1
31. Dayma, D.L., & Mohan, M. (2017). Psychological well-being of nursing staff employed in government and private hospitals. International Journal of Education & Management, 7(1), 27-30.
32. Levi, L. (1987). Definitions and the conceptual aspects of health in relation to work. In Kalimo et al. (Eds.) Psychosocial factors at work and their relation to health. World Health Organization Geneva Publication.
33. Chauhan, V.A. (2018). Psychological well-being among the nurses working in the hospitals. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 6(4), 58-61. https://doi.org/10.25215/0604.127
34. Ryff, C.D. (1995). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol, 57, 1069-1081.
35. Yeh, P-M., Moxham, L., Patterson, C., & Antoniou, C. (2016). Influences of Australian nursing students’ anxiety, depression, personality and family interaction on their psychological well-being and suicidal ideation. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Mental Health, 1(2), 1-11.
36. Bourne, P. A., Lee, D., Powell, S., Douglas, T., Lambert, R., & Foster, C. (2021). A comparative analysis of self-reported psychological wellbeing of undergraduate nursing and non-nursing students in Jamaica. Annals of Public Health & Epidemiology, 1(4), 1-7.
37. Gonçalves Lourenço, T.M., da Silva Reis, A., Sáez Alvarez, E.J., Abreu-Figueiredo, R., Charepe, Z.B., Marques, G., et al. (2022). Predictive model of the psychological well-being of nursing students during the COVID-19 lockdown. SAGE open nursing, 8, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608221094547
38. Griffin, L., & Riley, R. (2022). Exploring the psychological impact of working during COVID-19 on medical and nursing students: A qualitative study, BMJ Open, 12(6), e055804. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055804
39. Yıldırım, S., Yılmaz, E., Yalçın, D., & Güler, C. (2021). Examining the Psychological Well-Being of Nursing
Students and the Affecting Factors. Journal of Education and Research in Nursing, 18(1), 57-64.
40. Karasar, N. (2015). Betimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. Ankara: Nobel Yayımevi
41. Işık, E. (2010). Effects of a social cognitive career theory-based group intervention on career decision
self-efficacy and vocational outcome expectations among undergraduate students. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Çukurova University, Adana. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/
42. Yam, F.C., Alkın, S., & Barut, Y. (2020). Adaptation of career goal discrepancies scale to Turkish: Validity
and reliability study. The Journal of Human and Work, 7(1), 23-32. https://doi.org/10.18394/iid.629970
43. Telef, B.B. (2011). Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği (PİOO): Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. 11.
Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi, 3–5 Ekim, Selçuk- İzmir.
44. Telef, B.B. (2013). Psikolojik İyi Oluş Ölçeği (PİOO): Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması.
Hacettepe Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(3), 374-384.
45. Gönüllüoğlu, S., & Çakmak, D. (2022). Examination of the relationship between professional result
expectation level and career anxiety: An application on Ferizli Vocational Students. The Sakarya Journal of
Economics, 11(1), 149-170.
Bezgin, S. (2024). Examination of Nurse Candidates’ Vocational Outcome Expectations, Career Goal Discrepancy and Psychological Well-Being Based on Their Genders. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 16-28. https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.1344109