Pancar Suyu Tüketiminin Erkek Voleybolcuların Aerobik ve Anaerobik Performansı Üzerine Etkisi

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, pancar suyunun voleybolculardaki aerobik ve anaerobik performans üzerine etkilerini belirlemektir.

Yöntem: Çift kör, plasebo kontrollü ve çapraz tasarımla yürütülen çalışmaya, elit olmayan 11 erkek voleybolcu katılmıştır. Çalışma başında sporcuların antropometrik ölçümleri alınmış ve sosyodemografik bilgiler için anket formu doldurmaları istenmiştir. Sporcular altı gün boyunca günlük 140 mL konsantre pancar suyu (~12.8 mmol nitrat) veya plasebo tüketmiştir. Katılımcıların anaerobik performanslarının değerlendirilmesi amacıyla dikey sıçrama ve yaylanarak sıçrama yükseklik değerleri ile kan laktat düzeyleri ölçülmüştür. Aerobik performansları ise Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) testi ve VO₂max değerleri ile değerlendirilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde lineer karma modeller kullanılmıştır. Anlamlılık düzeyi p<0.05 olarak kabul edilmiştir.

Bulgular: Çalışma sonucunda, pancar suyu ile plasebo koşullarındaki dikey sıçrama yükseklik ortalamaları sırasıyla 44.4 ± 5.9 cm ve 46.8 ± 6.9 cm olup, plasebo yönünde anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur (β = -2.74, p = 0.011). Yaylanarak sıçrama yüksekliği pancar suyu koşulunda 53.5 ± 5.1 cm, plasebo koşulunda 55.5 ± 6.0 cm olup; fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildir (p = 0.051). Yo-Yo IR1 testi mesafeleri (Pancar suyu: 692.7 ± 253.3 m, Plasebo: 698.2 ± 261.9 m) arasında anlamlı bir fark saptanmamıştır (p > 0.05). VO₂max değerleri, pancar suyu koşulunda 42.2 ± 2.1 ml/kg/dk, plasebo koşulunda 42.3 ± 2.2 ml/kg/dk olarak hesaplanmıştır. Kan laktat düzeylerinde zaman ana etkisi anlamlı bulunmuş (p < 0.001), ancak müdahale ve sıra etkileri anlamlı bulunmamıştır (p > 0.05).

Sonuç: Kronik pancar suyu tüketiminin elit olmayan erkek voleybolcularda aerobik ve anaerobik performans parametreleri üzerinde plaseboya kıyasla anlamlı bir ergojenik etkisi bulunmamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ergojenik destek
• nitrat
• pancar suyu
• sporcu beslenmesi
• voleybol

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu tez Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından SBF-18013 proje numarası ile desteklenmiştir.

Proje Numarası

Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi SBF-18013

Etik Beyan

Araştırma için, Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu tarafından 2018/44 protokol numaralı çalışma olarak 01.08.2018 tarihli 92340882-050.04.04 sayılı kararı ile etik kurul onayı alınmıştır. Ayrıca 16.10.2018 tarihinde Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Dekanlığı’ndan, cihazların kullanımı ile egzersiz ve testlerin Spor Salonunda yapılabilmesi için gerekli izin alınmıştır. Araştırma Helsinki Bildirgesi kurallarına uygun olarak yürütülmüştür.

Teşekkür

Çalışmaya dahil olan sporculara teşekkür ederiz.

The Effect of Beetroot Juice Consumption on Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance in Male Volleyball Players

Öz

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of beetroot juice on aerobic and anaerobic performance in volleyball players.

Methods: Eleven, non-elite male volleyball players participated in this double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. First, the athletes’ complete a questionnaire regarding sociodemographic information and their anthropometric measurements were taken. The athletes consumed either 140 mL/day of concentrated beetroot juice (~12.8 mmol nitrate) or a placebo for six days. To evaluate anaerobic performance, vertical jump and countermovement jump heights, as well as blood lactate levels, were measured. Aerobic performance was assessed using the Yo-Yo IR1 and VO₂max values. Linear mixed models were used for data analysis. The significance level was set at p<0.05.

 Results: Mean vertical jump heights were 44.4 ± 5.9 cm for the beetroot juice and 46.8 ± 6.9 cm for the placebo condition, revealing a significant difference favoring the placebo (β = -2.74, p = 0.011). Countermovement jump heights were 53.5 ± 5.1 cm in the beetroot juice and 55.5 ± 6.0 cm in the placebo conditions; the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.051). No significant difference was found between Yo-Yo IR1 test results (Beetroot juice: 692.7 ± 253.3 m, Placebo: 698.2 ± 261.9 m) (p > 0.05). VO₂max values for beetroot juice and placebo conditions were calculated as 42.2 ± 2.1 ml/kg/min and 42.3 ± 2.2 ml/kg/min, respectively. A significant main effect of time was observed for blood lactate levels (p < 0.001), whereas the effects of intervention and order were not significant (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: Chronic beetroot juice consumption did not yield a significant ergogenic effect on aerobic and anaerobic performance parameters in non-elite male volleyball players compared to placebo.

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ergogenic aid
• nitrate
• beetroot juice
• sports nutrition

Proje Numarası

Aydın Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi SBF-18013

Kaynakça

1. 1.Ersoy, G., (2004) Egzersiz ve spor yapanlar için beslenme kitabından, Geliştirilmiş 3. baskı, Nobel Yayın No:621, Nobel Basımevi, Ankara.
2. 2. Dinç, N., & Beşikçi, E. A. (2025). A qualitative research on national athletes’ use of ergogenic aids: the case of combat athletes. Journal of Sport Sciences Research, 10(1), 67-79. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.1512612
3. 3. Lansley, K. E., Winyard, P. G., Fulford, J., Vanhatalo, A., Bailey, S. J., Blackwell, J. R., et al. (2011). Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of walking and running: A placebo-controlled study. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985), 110(3), 591–600. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01070.2010
4. 4. Cermak, M. N., Gibala, J. M., & van Loon, J. C. L. (2012). Nitrate supplementation’s improvement of 10-km time- trial performance in trained cyclists, International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 22, 64 -71. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.22.1.64
5. 5. Nyakayiru, J., Jonvik, L. K, Trommelen, J., Pinckaers, J. M. P., Senden, M.J., van Loon J.C.L., et al. (2017). Beetroot juice supplementation improves high-intensity intermittent type exercise performance in trained soccer players, Nutrients, 9, 314. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030314
6. 6. Hord, G. N., Tang, Y., & Bryan, S. N. (2009). Food sources of nitrates and nitrites: the physiologic context for potential health benefits, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 90, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.27131
7. 7. Şahin Kömür, A., & Şenel, Ö. (2024). Spor beslenmesinde bir ergojenik destek olarak pancar suyu: sistematik derleme çalışması. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(1), 154-167. https://doi.org/10.33689/spormetre.1266414
8. 8. Kubas, W., Sadok, A., Białek, A., Karczewski, J., Niemcewicz, W. J., Ryń, K., et al. (2026). The impact of beetroot juice supplementation on performance in endurance sports: A review of running, cycling, and swimming. Quality in Sport, 54, 69969. https://doi.org/10.12775/QS.2026.54.69969

9. 9. Zamani, H., de Joode, M. E. J. R., Hossein, I. J., Henckens, N. F. T., Guggeis, M. A., Berends, et al. (2021). The benefits and risks of beetroot juice consumption: A systematic review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 61(5), 788-804. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2020.1746629
10. 10. World Anti-Doping Agency. (2025). WADA's 2025 Prohibited List now in force. https://www.wada- ama.org/en/news/wadas-2025-prohibited-list-now-force
11. 11. Jones A. (2014). Dietary nitrate supplementation and exercise performance. Sports Medicine, 44, 35-45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0149-y
12. 12. Jakubcik, E. M., Rutherfurd-Markwick, K., Chabert, M., Wong, M., & Ali, A. (2021). Pharmacokinetics of nitrate and nitrite following beetroot juice drink consumption. Nutrients, 13(2), 281. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020281
13. 13. Lundberg, O.J., Weitzberg, E., & Gladwin T.M. (2008). The nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics, Nature, 7(2), 156-67. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd2466
14. 14. Gilchrist, M., Shore, C.A., & Benjamin, N. (2011) Inorganic nitrate and nitrite and control of blood pressure, Cardiovascular Research, 89, 492-498. https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/cvq309
15. 15. da Silva, D., de Oliveira Silva, F., Perrone, D., Pierucci, A., Conte-Junior, C., Alvares, T., et al. (2016). Physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory analyses of a nitrate enriched beetroot gel and its effects on plasmatic nitric oxide and blood pressure, Food & Nutrition Research, 60. https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v60.29909
16. 16. Uçar, H., Buzdağlı, Y., & Türkmen, M. (2026). Nitrat metabolizması ve fiziksel aktivite: sistematik inceleme. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 37(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.17644/sbd.1794660
17. 17. Yılmaz, A., Müniroğlu, S., Kin, İ. A., & Akalan, C. (2012). Aerobik ve anaerobik performans özelliklerinin tekrarlı sprint yeteneği ile ilişkisi. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(3), 95-100. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000225
18. 18. Wylie, J. L., Kelly, J., Bailey, J. S., Blackwell, J., Skiba, P., Winyard, P., et al. (2013). Beetroot juice and exercise: Pharmacodynamic and dose-response relationships, Journal of Applied Physiology-American Journal of Physiology, 115, 325-336. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00372.2013
19. 19. Muggeridge, D. J., Howe, C. C. F., Spendiff, O., Pedlar, C., James, P. E., & Easton, C. (2014). A single dose of beetroot juice enhances cycling performance in simulated altitude. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 46(1), 143–150. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182a1dc51
20. 20. Walker, C. (2014). The effects of acute beetroot juice supplementation on the physiological responses during a rugby league match simulation protocol and recovery. Master’s Thesis, University of Chester Sports Sciences, 84. (Yayımlanmamış tez)
21. 21. Rojano-Ortega, D., Pena Amaro, J., Berral-Aguilar, A. J., & Berral-de la Rosa, F. J. (2021). Effects of beetroot supplementation on recovery after exercise-induced muscle damage: A systematic review. Sports Health, 14, 556–565. https://doi.org/10.1177/19417381211036412
22. 22. Tan, R., Cano, L., Lago-Rodriguez, A., & Dominguez, R. (2022). The effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on explosive exercise performance: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(2), 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020762
23. 23. Wong, T. H., Ooi, D. S. Q., & Burns, S. F. (2025). Five-day supplementation with an isotonic beetroot juice drink improves sprint interval exercise and muscle oxygenation in physically active individuals: A randomized crossover trial. Beverages, 11(4), 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages11040097
24. 24. Lee, E., Park, H. Y., Sun, Y., Choi, J. H., Woo, S., Cho, S., et al. (2026). Beetroot juice and exercise for clinical health and athletic performance: A narrative review. Nutrients, 18(1), 151. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010151
25. 25. Reeser, J. C. ve Bahr, R. (Ed.s). (2003). Handbook of sports medicine and science: Volleyball (1. baskı). Blackwell Science. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9780470693902
26. 26. Hernández-Landa, R. E., Lazo, M., Salado, D. D., Sánchez-Almanzar, E., Cepeda-Marte, J. L., Zare, R., et al. (2024). Dietary supplementation strategies for improving training adaptations, antioxidant status and performance of volleyball players: A systematic review. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-024-00297-6
27. 27. Hemmatinafar, M., Zaremoayedi, L., Koushkie Jahromi, M., Alvarez-Alvarado, S., Wong, A., Niknam, A., et al. (2023). Effect of beetroot juice supplementation on muscle soreness and performance recovery after exercise-induced muscle damage in female volleyball players. Nutrients, 15(17), 3763. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173763
28. 28. López-León, I., Moreno-Lara, J., Sánchez-Oliver, A.J., Rico-Saborido, E., Muñoz-López, A., Muñoz-Llerena, A., et al. (2025). Does beetroot juice supplementation affect to sport performance in high performance female volleyball players? Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 20(64), 2235. https://doi.org/10.12800/ccd.v20i64.2235
29. 29. Bonaventura, J. M., Sharpe, K., Knight, E., Fuller, K. L., Tanner, R. K., & Gore, C.J. (2015). Reliability and accuracy of six hand-held blood lactate analysers. J Sports Sci Med, 14(1), 203-14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25729309/
30. 30. Poole, D. C., & Jones, A. M. (2017). Measurement of the maximum oxygen uptake VO2max: VO2peak is no longer acceptable. Journal of applied physiology, 122(4), 997-1002. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01063.2016
31. 31. Bangsbo, J., Iaia, F. M., & Krustrup, P. (2008). The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test : a useful tool for evaluation of physical performance in intermittent sports. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 38(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200838010-00004
32. 32. Başandaç, G., Barğı, G., & Bayrakcı Tunay, V. (2023). Elit sporcularda anaerobik kapasite, anaerobik güç, yorgunluk indeksi ve fonksiyonel performansın karşılaştırılması. Journal of Exercise Therapy and Rehabilitation, 10(1), 57-65. https://doi.org/10.15437/jetr.1126517
33. 33. Barker, L.A., Harry, J.R., & Mercer, J.A. (2018). Relationships between countermovement jump ground reaction forces and jumpheight, reactive strength index, and jump time. J Strength Cond Res, 32(1), 248–254. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002160
34. 34. Kilic-Toprak, E., Yapici, A., Kilic-Erkek, O., Koklu, Y., Tekin, V., Alemdaroglu, U., et al. (2015). Acute effects of Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) on hemorheological parameters in female volleyball players. Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, 60(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.3233/CH-141844
35. 35. Krustrup, P., Mohr, M., Amstrup, T., Rysgaard, T., Johansen, J., Steensberg, A., et al. (2003). The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test: Physiological response, reliability, and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 35, 697-705. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000058441.94520.32
36. 36. Bailey, S. J., Fulford, J., VanHatalo, A., Winyard, P. G., Blackwell, J. R., DiMenna, F., et al. (2009). Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2 cost of low intensity exercise and enhances tolerance to high intensity exercise in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 107, 1144-1155. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00722.2009
37. 37. Tian, C., Jiang, Q., Han, M., Guo, L., Huang, R., Zhao, L., et al. (2025). Effects of beetroot juice on physical performance in professional athletes and healthy individuals: An umbrella review. Nutrients, 17, 1958. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17121958
38. 38. Li, T., Yu, T., Hawkins, B. S., & Dickersin, K. (2015). Design, analysis, and reporting of crossover trials for inclusion in a meta-analysis. PloS one, 10(8), e0133023. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133023
39. 39. López-Samanes, Á., Moreno-Pérez, D., Aguilar-Navarro, M., Muñoz, A., López-Moreno, M., Garcés-Rimón, M., et al. (2026). Acute beetroot juice ingestion fails to improve sprint performance and neuromuscular function in trained male sprinters: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 23(1), 2674220. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2026.2674220
40. 40. Poole, D., Vanhatalo, A., Bailey, S., Ferguson, S., & Jones, A. (2016). Fiber type-specific effects of dietary nitrate. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 44(2), 53–60. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000074
41. 41. Jones, L., Bailey, S. J., Rowland, S. N., Alsharif, N., Shannon, O. M., & Clifford, T. (2021). The effect of nitrate-rich beetroot juice on markers of exercise-induced muscle damage: A systematic review and meta-analysis of human intervention trials. J. Diet. Suppl., 19, 749–771. https://doi.org/10.1080/19390211.2021.1939472
42. 42. Jonvik, K. L., Hoogervorst, D., Peelen, H. B., de Niet, M., Verdijk, L. B., van Loon, L. J. C., et al. (2021). The impact of beetroot juice supplementation on muscular endurance, maximal strength and countermovement jump performance. European Journal of Sport Science, 21(6), 871–878. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2020.1788649
43. 43. Clifford, T., Allerton, D. M., Brown, M. A., Harper, L., Horsburgh, S., Keane, K. M., et al. (2017). Minimal muscle damage after a marathon and no influence of beetroot juice on inflammation and recovery. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 42(3), 263-270. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2016-0525
44. 44. Clifford, T., Howatson, G., West, D. J., & Stevenson, E. J. (2017). Beetroot juice is more beneficial than sodium nitrate for attenuating muscle pain after strenuous eccentric-bias exercise. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 42(11), 1185-1191. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2017-0238
45. 45. Cuenca, E., Jodra, P., Pérez-López, A., González-Rodríguez, L. G., Fernandes da Silva, S., Veiga-Herreros, P., et al. (2018). Effects of beetroot juice supplementation on performance and fatigue in a 30-s all-out sprint exercise: A randomized, double-blind cross-over study. Nutrients, 10(9), 1222. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091222
46. 46. Wong, T. H., Sim, A., & Burns, S. F. (2021). The effect of beetroot ingestion on high-intensity interval training: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 13(11), 3674. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113674
47. 47. Alemdaroğlu, U., Dündar, U., Köklü, Y., & Aşcı, A. (2012). Evaluation of aerobic capacity in soccer players: Comparison of field and laboratory tests. Biology of sport, 29(2), 157-161. doi: 10.5604/20831862.990468
48. 48. MacLeod, K. E., Nugent, S. F., Barr, S. I., Koehle, M. S., Sporer, B. C., & MacInnis, M. J. (2015). Acute beetroot juice supplementation does not improve cycling performance in normoxia or moderate hypoxia. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 25, 359-366. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0129
49. 49. Wilkerson, D. P., Hayward, G. M., Bailey, S. J., Vanhatalo, A., Blackwell, J. R., & Jones, A. M. (2012). Influence of acute dietary nitrate supplementation on 50-mile time trial performance in well-trained cyclists, Eur J Appl Physiol, 112, 4127-4134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-012-2397-6
50. 50. Tatlici, A. & Çakmakçı, O. (2019). The effects of acute dietary nitrate supplementation on anaerobic power of elite boxers. Med. Dello Sport, 72, 225–233. https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/medicina-dello-sport/article.php?cod=R26Y2019N02A0225
51. 51. Alsharif, N. S., Clifford, T., Alhebshi, A., Rowland, S. N., & Bailey, S. J. (2023). Effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on performance during single and repeated bouts of short-duration high-intensity exercise: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Antioxidants, 12, 1194. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12061194
52. 52. Perez, J. M., Dobson, J. L., Ryan, G. A., & Riggs, A. J. (2019). The effects of beetroot juice on VO2max and blood pressure during submaximal exercise. International journal of exercise science, 12(2), 332. doi: 10.70252/DXYA1365
53. 53. Gao, C., Gupta, S., Adli, T., Hou, W., Coolsaet, R., Hayes, A., et al. (2021). The effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on endurance exercise performance and cardiorespiratory measures in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 18(1), 55. doi: 10.1186/s12970-021-00450-4
54. 54. Qin, G. & Kim, S. (2026) Effects of beetroot juice supplementation on maximal oxygen uptake during aerobic exercise: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr, 13, 1858216. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.1858216
55. 55. Burke, L. M., Hall, R., Heikura, I. A., Ross, M. L., Tee, N., Kent, G.L. et al. (2021). Neither beetroot juice supplementation nor increased carbohydrate oxidation enhance economy of prolonged exercise in elite race walkers. Nutrients, 13(8), 2767. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082767
56. 56. Ferrada-Contreras, E., Bonomini-Gnutzmann, R., Jorquera-Aguilera, C., MacmiIlan Kuthe, N., Pena-Jorquera, H., & Rodriguez-Rodriguez, F. (2023). Does co-supplementation with beetroot juice and other nutritional supplements positively impact sports performance?: A systematic review. Nutrients, 15(22), 4838. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15224838
57. 57. Cai, C., Huang, P., Cheng, X. & Zhou, J. (2026). Effectiveness of beetroot juice on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance: systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr, 13, 1844096. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2026.1844096
58. 58. Bibi, J., Lei, Y., Ahmad, M. Z., Kotwica-Mojzych, K., Głowacka, M., & Mojzych, M. (2026). Beetroot boost: Unlocking the power of Beta vulgaris for peak athletic performance. Journal of Functional Foods, 138, 107196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2026.107196
59. 59. Eroglu, M. N., Kose, B., Kolayis, İ. E., & Haberal, B. (2026). Acute beetroot juice supplementation enhances short duration high-intensity exercise performance and influences muscle oxygenation in football players. Sci Rep, 16(1), 7581. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-37514-x