Goniometric Measurement of Wrist and Forearm Active Joint Position Sense: Test–Retest Reliability and Measurement Error
Öz
Objective: This study aimed to examine the test-retest reliability and measurement error of goniometric assessment of wrist and forearm active joint position sense in healthy young adults.
Method: Twenty-eight healthy young adults participated. Wrist flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation were assessed bilaterally with a universal goniometer; forearm pronation and supination with a plumb-line goniometer. Participants reproduced each target angle three times without visual feedback; mean absolute angle errors were analyzed. The same assessor repeated measurements after one week. Relative reliability was evaluated with intraclass correlation coefficients; absolute error with standard errors of measurement, minimal detectable changes at the 95% confidence level, mean bias, and Bland–Altman 95% limits of agreement.
Results: Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.690 to 0.913. Point estimates indicated moderate-to-excellent reliability, but lower 95% confidence limits fell within the poor range for dominant radial deviation, nondominant pronation, and nondominant ulnar deviation. Standard errors of measurement ranged from 0.33° to 0.96°, and minimal detectable changes from 0.93° to 2.66°. Mean biases ranged from −0.02° to 0.06°; all 95% confidence intervals included zero. Limits of agreement differed in width by movement and side.
Conclusion: Goniometric assessment appears generally reliable for repeated wrist and forearm active joint position sense measurement in healthy young adults. Variation across movements and sides, however, indicates measurements should not be interpreted using a single common threshold. Movement-specific minimal detectable change values should guide determination of true change during individual follow-up.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Destekleyen Kurum
Etik Beyan
Teşekkür
Kaynakça
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Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
Fizyoterapi
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar
Barış Seven
*
0000-0002-2809-4761
Türkiye
Kaan Kaya
0009-0006-1613-8962
Türkiye
Hüseyin Sargin
0009-0009-3283-8450
Türkiye
Meryem Durmuş
0009-0000-0440-7842
Türkiye
Fatma Nur Saygili
0009-0003-1598-2414
Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi
30 Eylül 2026
Gönderilme Tarihi
13 Ağustos 2026
Kabul Tarihi
28 Ağustos 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2026 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3
