Araştırma Makalesi

Goniometric Measurement of Wrist and Forearm Active Joint Position Sense: Test–Retest Reliability and Measurement Error

Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3 30 Eylül 2026
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Goniometric Measurement of Wrist and Forearm Active Joint Position Sense: Test–Retest Reliability and Measurement Error

Öz

Objective: This study aimed to examine the test-retest reliability and measurement error of goniometric assessment of wrist and forearm active joint position sense in healthy young adults.

Method: Twenty-eight healthy young adults participated. Wrist flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation were assessed bilaterally with a universal goniometer; forearm pronation and supination with a plumb-line goniometer. Participants reproduced each target angle three times without visual feedback; mean absolute angle errors were analyzed. The same assessor repeated measurements after one week. Relative reliability was evaluated with intraclass correlation coefficients; absolute error with standard errors of measurement, minimal detectable changes at the 95% confidence level, mean bias, and Bland–Altman 95% limits of agreement.

Results: Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.690 to 0.913. Point estimates indicated moderate-to-excellent reliability, but lower 95% confidence limits fell within the poor range for dominant radial deviation, nondominant pronation, and nondominant ulnar deviation. Standard errors of measurement ranged from 0.33° to 0.96°, and minimal detectable changes from 0.93° to 2.66°. Mean biases ranged from −0.02° to 0.06°; all 95% confidence intervals included zero. Limits of agreement differed in width by movement and side.

Conclusion: Goniometric assessment appears generally reliable for repeated wrist and forearm active joint position sense measurement in healthy young adults. Variation across movements and sides, however, indicates measurements should not be interpreted using a single common threshold. Movement-specific minimal detectable change values should guide determination of true change during individual follow-up.

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

This research was conducted within the scope of the TÜBİTAK 2209-A project.

Etik Beyan

Approval was obtained from an independent ethics committee before the study [İzmir Katip Çelebi University Health Research Institutional Review Board, date: 16.01.2025, decision no.: 0009]

Teşekkür

We thank all participants who took part in this study and the İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Department of Health, Culture, and Sports for supporting the study by providing access to its facilities and appropriate conditions for conducting the research. We thank TÜBİTAK for its support.

Kaynakça

  1. 1. Proske, U., & Gandevia, S. C. (2012). The proprioceptive senses: Their roles in signaling body shape, body position and movement, and muscle force. Physiol Rev, 92(4), 1651–1697. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00048.2011
  2. 2. Han, J., Waddington, G., Adams, R., Anson, J., & Liu, Y. (2016). Assessing proprioception: A critical review of methods. J Sport Health Sci, 5(1), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2014.10.004
  3. 3. Röijezon, U., Clark, N. C., & Treleaven, J. (2015). Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 1: Basic science and principles of assessment and clinical interventions. Man Ther, 20(3), 368–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2015.01.008
  4. 4. Hagert, E. (2010). Proprioception of the wrist joint: A review of current concepts and possible implications on the rehabilitation of the wrist. J Hand Ther, 23(1), 2–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jht.2009.09.008
  5. 5. Hagert, E., & Rein, S. (2024). Wrist proprioception—An update on scientific insights and clinical implications in rehabilitation of the wrist. J Hand Ther, 37(2), 257–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jht.2023.09.010
  6. 6. Karagiannopoulos, C., Sitler, M., Michlovitz, S., & Tierney, R. (2013). A descriptive study on wrist and hand sensori-motor impairment and function following distal radius fracture intervention. J Hand Ther, 26(3), 204–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jht.2013.03.004
  7. 7. Park, J. H., Kim, D., Park, H., Jung, I., Youn, I., & Park, J. W. (2018). The effect of triangular fibrocartilage complex tear on wrist proprioception. J Hand Surg Am, 43(9), 866.e1–866.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2018.01.022
  8. 8. Clark, N. C., Röijezon, U., & Treleaven, J. (2015). Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 2: Clinical assessment and intervention. Man Ther, 20(3), 378–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2015.01.009

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Fizyoterapi

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

30 Eylül 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

13 Ağustos 2026

Kabul Tarihi

28 Ağustos 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA
Seven, B., Kaya, K., Sargin, H., Durmuş, M., & Saygili, F. N. (2026). Goniometric Measurement of Wrist and Forearm Active Joint Position Sense: Test–Retest Reliability and Measurement Error. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(3), 462-475. https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.2017126
AMA
1.Seven B, Kaya K, Sargin H, Durmuş M, Saygili FN. Goniometric Measurement of Wrist and Forearm Active Joint Position Sense: Test–Retest Reliability and Measurement Error. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2026;10(3):462-475. doi:10.46237/amusbfd.2017126
Chicago
Seven, Barış, Kaan Kaya, Hüseyin Sargin, Meryem Durmuş, ve Fatma Nur Saygili. 2026. “Goniometric Measurement of Wrist and Forearm Active Joint Position Sense: Test–Retest Reliability and Measurement Error”. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 10 (3): 462-75. https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.2017126.
EndNote
Seven B, Kaya K, Sargin H, Durmuş M, Saygili FN (01 Eylül 2026) Goniometric Measurement of Wrist and Forearm Active Joint Position Sense: Test–Retest Reliability and Measurement Error. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 10 3 462–475.
IEEE
[1]B. Seven, K. Kaya, H. Sargin, M. Durmuş, ve F. N. Saygili, “Goniometric Measurement of Wrist and Forearm Active Joint Position Sense: Test–Retest Reliability and Measurement Error”, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 10, sy 3, ss. 462–475, Eyl. 2026, doi: 10.46237/amusbfd.2017126.
ISNAD
Seven, Barış - Kaya, Kaan - Sargin, Hüseyin - Durmuş, Meryem - Saygili, Fatma Nur. “Goniometric Measurement of Wrist and Forearm Active Joint Position Sense: Test–Retest Reliability and Measurement Error”. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi 10/3 (01 Eylül 2026): 462-475. https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.2017126.
JAMA
1.Seven B, Kaya K, Sargin H, Durmuş M, Saygili FN. Goniometric Measurement of Wrist and Forearm Active Joint Position Sense: Test–Retest Reliability and Measurement Error. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 2026;10:462–475.
MLA
Seven, Barış, vd. “Goniometric Measurement of Wrist and Forearm Active Joint Position Sense: Test–Retest Reliability and Measurement Error”. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 10, sy 3, Eylül 2026, ss. 462-75, doi:10.46237/amusbfd.2017126.
Vancouver
1.Barış Seven, Kaan Kaya, Hüseyin Sargin, Meryem Durmuş, Fatma Nur Saygili. Goniometric Measurement of Wrist and Forearm Active Joint Position Sense: Test–Retest Reliability and Measurement Error. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi. 01 Eylül 2026;10(3):462-75. doi:10.46237/amusbfd.2017126