Preeklamptik gebeliği olan kadınlara verilen planlı eğitimin oksidatif stres ve anksiyete düzeylerine etkisi nasıldır?: randomize olmayan kontrollü çalışma
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 597 - 608, 30.09.2021
Emel Taşçı Duran
,
Serdal Öğüt
,
Mehmet Okan Özkaya
Öz
Amaç: Bu çalışma, preeklamptik gebeliği olan kadınlara verilen planlı eğitimin stres-anksiyete ve oksidatif stres düzeylerine etkisini araştırmayı amaçlamıştır.
Yöntem: Bir üniversitenin Araştırma ve Uygulama Hastanesinde yürütülen randomize olmayan kontrollü bir çalışmadır. Kontrol grubu için anket, ölçek uygulaması ve laboratuvar değerlendirmesi sadece bir kez yapılmıştır.
Bulgular: Çalışmada preeklampsi tanısı alan gebelere verilen planlı eğitimin oksidatif stres düzeylerini ve durumluk kaygı düzeylerini azalttığı belirlendi.
Sonuç: Preeklampsi hastalarına bakım ve tedavinin yanı sıra, hastalık bilgilendirme eğitimi ve psikolojik desteğin verilmesinin hastalığın tedavisinde olumlu bir gelişme yaratacağı düşünülmektedir.
Teşekkür
çalışamaya katılan gebe kadınlara teşekkür ederiz.
Kaynakça
- 1. Amaral, L.M., Wallace, K., Owens, M., &LaMarca, B. (2017). Pathophysiology and current clinical management of preeclampsia. Current Hypertension Report, 19(8), 61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-017-0757-7
- 2. Hassan, S.I., Gouda, A.M.I., El-Monshed, A., &Kandeel, H.A.M. (2020). Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Anxiety, Stress, Depression, and Coping Pattern among Pregnant Women with Preeclampsia. American Journal of Nursing Research, 8(2), 269-277 https://doi.org/10.12691/ajnr-8-2-16
- 3. Agrawal, S., Gagandeep, K. W., Staines-Urias, E., Casas, J.P., & Millett C. (2017). Prevalence of and risk factors for eclampsia in pregnant women in India. Family Medicine and Community Health, 4(1), 225-244(20) https://doi.org/10.15212/FMCH.2016.0121
- 4. Maaliki, D., Issa, K., Shehabi, T.A., El-Yazbi, A., & Eid AH. (2019). The role of α2-adrenergic receptors in hypertensive preeclampsia: A hypothesis Microcirculation, 26:e12511. https://doi.org//10.1111/micc.12511
- 5. Liu, M. Y., Li, N., Li, W. A., & Khan, H. (2017). Association between psychosocial stress and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurological research, 39(6), 573–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2017.1317904
- 6. Giannakou, K., Evangelou, E.,& Papatheodorou, S.I. (2018). Genetic and non-genetic risk factors for pre-eclampsia: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. Ultrasound Obstetrics Gynecology, 51, 720–730. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.18959
- 7. Lackner, H. K., Moertl, M. G., Schmid-Zalaudek, K., Lucovnik, M., Weiss, E. M., Kolovetsiou-Kreiner, V., & Papousek, I. (2018). History of Preeclampsia Adds to the Deleterious Effect of Chronic Stress on the Cardiac Ability to Flexibly Adapt to Challenge. Frontiers in physiology, 9, 1237. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01237
- 8. Yi, Y., Jing, Y., Gang, Z., & Weiwei, X. (2017). Potential risk factor of pre-eclampsia among healthy Chinese women: a retrospective case control study. Biomedical Research, 2017, 28 (3), 1183-1188.
- 9. Staneva, A., Bogossian, F., Pritchard, M., & Wittkowski, A. (2015). The effects of maternal depression, anxiety, and perceived stress during pregnancy on preterm birth: A systematic review. Women and Birth, 28(3), 179-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.02.003
- 10. Thombre, M. K., Talge, N. M., & Holzman, C. (2015). Association between pre-pregnancy depression/anxiety symptoms and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Journal of women's health (2002), 24(3), 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2014.4902
- 11. Phipps, E., Prasanna, D., Brima, W., & Jim, B. (2016). Preeclampsia: Updates in Pathogenesis, Definitions, and Guidelines. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 11(6), 1102–1113. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12081115
- 12. Ferguson, K.K., Meeker, J.D., McElrath, T.F., Mukherjee, B.,& Cantonwine, D.E. (2017). Repeated measures of inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers in preeclamptic and normotensive pregnancies. American Journal of obstetrics Gynecology, 216, 527.e1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2016.12.174
- 13. D'Souza, V., Rani, A., Patil, V., Pisal ,H., Randhir, K., Mehendale, S., &…….Joshi, S. (2016). Increased oxidative stress from early pregnancy in women who develop preeclampsia. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 38(2), 225-232. https://doi.org/10.3109/10641963.2015.1081226
- 14. Aouache, R., Biquard, L., Vaiman, D., & Miralles F. (2018). Oxidative stress in preeclampsia and placental diseases, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(5), 1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051496
- 15. Ahmad, I.M., Zimmerman, M.C.,& Moore, T.A. (2019). Oxidative stress in early pregnancy and the risk of preeclampsia. Pregnancy. Hypertension, 18, 99-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2019.09.014
- 16. Ferreira, R.C., Tenório-Fragoso, M.B., Bueno, N.B., Fonseca Goulart, M.O., & Menezes de Oliveira, A.C. (2020). Oxidative stress markers in preeclamptic placentas: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Plasenta, 99, 15, 89-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2020.07.023
- 17. Picard, M., & McEwen, B.S. (2018). Psychological stress and mitochondria: A Systematic Review. Psychosomatic Medicine, 80 (2), 141-153 https://doi.org/i: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000545
- 18. Salim S. (2016). Oxidative stress: a potential link between emotional wellbeing and immune response. Current opinion in pharmacology, 29, 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2016.06.006
- 19. Davinelli, S., &De Vivo, I. (2019). Lifestyle Choices, Psychological Stress and Their Impact on Ageing: The Role of Telomeres. In: Caruso C. (eds) Centenarians. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20762-5_8
- 20. Sies, H., & Jones, D. P. (2020). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) as pleiotropic physiological signalling agents. Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology, 21(7), 363–383. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-020-0230-3
- 21. Erer, MT. (2004). Care of pregnant women with preeclampsia and state anxiety of influence on knowledge related [thesis]. Mersin, Turkey: Mersin University.
- 22. Erer, M.T., &Akan, N. (2008). Effect of pregnant women's knowledge about care and Informatıon about preeclampsia on their level of State anxiety. Journal of Anatolia Nursing and Health Sciences, 11(3), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.17049/ahsbd.84425
- 23. Chao-Min, L. (2018). The effect of health education and mental nursing on the anxiety of patients with mild preeclampsia. Nursing Practice and Research, 13. Available from: http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-HLSJ201113065.htm. Accessed in 2018 (Jul 20).
- 24. Erel, O. A. (2004). Novel automated method to measure total antioxidant response against potent free radicals reactions. Clinical Biochemical, 37, 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2003.10.014
- 25. Erel, O. A. (2005). Novel automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clinical Biochemical, 38, 1103–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.08.008
- 26. Mannaerts, D., Faes, E., Cos, P., Briedé, J. J., Gyselaers, W., Cornette, J., Gorbanev, Y., Bogaerts, A., Spaanderman, M., Van Craenenbroeck, E., & Jacquemyn, Y. (2018). Oxidative stress in healthy pregnancy and preeclampsia is linked to chronic inflammation, iron status and vascular function. PloS one, 13(9), e0202919. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202919
- 27. Hodzic, J., Izetbegovic, S., Muracevic, B., Iriskic, R., & Stimjanin Jovic, H. (2017). Nitric oxide biosynthesis during normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia. Medicinski Glasnik (Zenica), 14(2), 211–7. https://doi.org/10.17392/915-17
- 28. Kurdoglu, Z., Ozkol, H., Kurdoglu, M., & Kamaci M. (2012). Evaluation of the relationship between adenosine deaminase, myeloperoxidase, cho- linesterase, preeclampsia severity, and neonatal outcomes. Clinical Experimental Hypertension, 34, 493–497. https://doi.org/10.3109/10641963.2012.666605.
- 29. Shehu, C.E., Ekele, B.A., Suleman, B.L., Panti, A.A., Eze, U.A,, Burodo, A.T.,&.. Suleiman B. A (2020). Comparative Study of Oxidative Stress in Preeclampsia and Normal Pregnancy Sch International Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology, 3(4), 127-133 https://doi.org/10.36348/sijog.2020.v03i04.004
- 30. Kharb, S. (2000). Vitamin E and C in pre-eclampsia. Europian Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology Reproductive Biology, 93(1), 37-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-2115(00)00243-8.
- 31. Turpin, C.A., Sakyi, S.A., Owiredu, W.K.B.A., Ephraim, R.K.D, & Anto, EO.(2015). Association between adverse pregnancy outcome and imbalance in angiogenic regulators and oxidative stress biomarkers in gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 15(189),1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0624-y.
- 32. Scarpellini, F., Sbracia, M., & Scarpellini, L. (1994). Psychological stress and lipoperoxidation in miscarriage. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 709, 210–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb30404.x
- 33. Schneider, R. H., Nidich, S. I., Salerno, J. W., Sharma, H. M., Robinson, C. E., Nidich, R. J., & Alexander, C. N. (1998). Lower lipid peroxide levels in practitioners of the Transcendental Meditation program. Psychosomatic medicine, 60(1), 38–41. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199801000-00008
- 34. Thilaganathan, B.,& Kalafat, E. (2019). Cardiovascular system in preeclampsia and beyond. Hypertension, 73(3), 522-531 https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11191
- 35. Sarmasti, N., Ayoubi, S. H., Mahmoudi, G., & Heydarpour, S. (2019). Comparing Perceived Social Support and Perceived Stress in Healthy Pregnant Women and Pregnant Women with Preeclampsia. Ethiopian journal of health sciences, 29(3), 369–376. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v29i3.9
- 36. Damayanti, S., Sulistyowati, S., &Probandari, N. A. (2019). Maternal characteristics and the effects of early and late-onset types of preeclampsia on maternal and perinatal complications. Indonesian Journal of Medicine, 4(4), 329-33https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2019.04.04.05
- 37. Caplan, M., Keenan-Devlin, L. S., Freedman, A., Grobman, W., Wadhwa, P. D., Buss, C., Miller, G. E., & Borders, A. (2020). Lifetime Psychosocial Stress Exposure Associated with Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. American journal of perinatology, 10.1055/s-0040-1713368. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713368
- 38. Valsamakis, G., Chrousos, G., & Mastorakos, G. (2019). Stress, female reproduction and pregnancy. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019,100, 48-57 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.031
- 39. Kordi, M., Vahed, A., Rezaee Talab, F., Mazloum, S.R.,& Lotfalizadeh M. (2017). Anxiety during Pregnancy and Preeclampsia: A Case-Control Study. Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, 5(1), 814-820. https://doi.org/10.22038/JMRH.2016.7881
- 40. Feroz, A., Saleem, S., & Seto, E. (2020). Exploring perspectives, preferences and needs of a telemonitoring program for women at high risk for preeclampsia in a tertiary health facility of Karachi: a qualitative study protocol. Reproductive Health, 17, 135 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-020-00979-8
How is the effect of planned training given to women with preeclamptic pregnancy on oxidative stress and anxiety levels?: non-randomised controlled-study
Yıl 2021,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 597 - 608, 30.09.2021
Emel Taşçı Duran
,
Serdal Öğüt
,
Mehmet Okan Özkaya
Öz
Objective: This study aimed to studying the effects of planned training given to women with preeclamptic pregnancy on stress-anxiety and oxidative stress levels.
Method: A non-randomised controlled-study, carried out in Research and Application Hospital of one university. Questionnaire, scale application and laboratory evaluation for the control group were performed only once.
Results: It has been determined in the study that the planned training given to the pregnant women who received a diagnosis of preeclampsia has decreased their oxidative stress levels and state anxiety levels.
Conclusion: In addition to care and treatment for preeclampsia patients, it is thought that providing disease information education and psychological support will create a positive development in the treatment of the disease.
Kaynakça
- 1. Amaral, L.M., Wallace, K., Owens, M., &LaMarca, B. (2017). Pathophysiology and current clinical management of preeclampsia. Current Hypertension Report, 19(8), 61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-017-0757-7
- 2. Hassan, S.I., Gouda, A.M.I., El-Monshed, A., &Kandeel, H.A.M. (2020). Effect of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Anxiety, Stress, Depression, and Coping Pattern among Pregnant Women with Preeclampsia. American Journal of Nursing Research, 8(2), 269-277 https://doi.org/10.12691/ajnr-8-2-16
- 3. Agrawal, S., Gagandeep, K. W., Staines-Urias, E., Casas, J.P., & Millett C. (2017). Prevalence of and risk factors for eclampsia in pregnant women in India. Family Medicine and Community Health, 4(1), 225-244(20) https://doi.org/10.15212/FMCH.2016.0121
- 4. Maaliki, D., Issa, K., Shehabi, T.A., El-Yazbi, A., & Eid AH. (2019). The role of α2-adrenergic receptors in hypertensive preeclampsia: A hypothesis Microcirculation, 26:e12511. https://doi.org//10.1111/micc.12511
- 5. Liu, M. Y., Li, N., Li, W. A., & Khan, H. (2017). Association between psychosocial stress and hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurological research, 39(6), 573–580. https://doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2017.1317904
- 6. Giannakou, K., Evangelou, E.,& Papatheodorou, S.I. (2018). Genetic and non-genetic risk factors for pre-eclampsia: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies. Ultrasound Obstetrics Gynecology, 51, 720–730. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.18959
- 7. Lackner, H. K., Moertl, M. G., Schmid-Zalaudek, K., Lucovnik, M., Weiss, E. M., Kolovetsiou-Kreiner, V., & Papousek, I. (2018). History of Preeclampsia Adds to the Deleterious Effect of Chronic Stress on the Cardiac Ability to Flexibly Adapt to Challenge. Frontiers in physiology, 9, 1237. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01237
- 8. Yi, Y., Jing, Y., Gang, Z., & Weiwei, X. (2017). Potential risk factor of pre-eclampsia among healthy Chinese women: a retrospective case control study. Biomedical Research, 2017, 28 (3), 1183-1188.
- 9. Staneva, A., Bogossian, F., Pritchard, M., & Wittkowski, A. (2015). The effects of maternal depression, anxiety, and perceived stress during pregnancy on preterm birth: A systematic review. Women and Birth, 28(3), 179-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2015.02.003
- 10. Thombre, M. K., Talge, N. M., & Holzman, C. (2015). Association between pre-pregnancy depression/anxiety symptoms and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Journal of women's health (2002), 24(3), 228–236. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2014.4902
- 11. Phipps, E., Prasanna, D., Brima, W., & Jim, B. (2016). Preeclampsia: Updates in Pathogenesis, Definitions, and Guidelines. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN, 11(6), 1102–1113. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.12081115
- 12. Ferguson, K.K., Meeker, J.D., McElrath, T.F., Mukherjee, B.,& Cantonwine, D.E. (2017). Repeated measures of inflammation and oxidative stress biomarkers in preeclamptic and normotensive pregnancies. American Journal of obstetrics Gynecology, 216, 527.e1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2016.12.174
- 13. D'Souza, V., Rani, A., Patil, V., Pisal ,H., Randhir, K., Mehendale, S., &…….Joshi, S. (2016). Increased oxidative stress from early pregnancy in women who develop preeclampsia. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 38(2), 225-232. https://doi.org/10.3109/10641963.2015.1081226
- 14. Aouache, R., Biquard, L., Vaiman, D., & Miralles F. (2018). Oxidative stress in preeclampsia and placental diseases, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(5), 1496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19051496
- 15. Ahmad, I.M., Zimmerman, M.C.,& Moore, T.A. (2019). Oxidative stress in early pregnancy and the risk of preeclampsia. Pregnancy. Hypertension, 18, 99-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2019.09.014
- 16. Ferreira, R.C., Tenório-Fragoso, M.B., Bueno, N.B., Fonseca Goulart, M.O., & Menezes de Oliveira, A.C. (2020). Oxidative stress markers in preeclamptic placentas: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Plasenta, 99, 15, 89-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2020.07.023
- 17. Picard, M., & McEwen, B.S. (2018). Psychological stress and mitochondria: A Systematic Review. Psychosomatic Medicine, 80 (2), 141-153 https://doi.org/i: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000545
- 18. Salim S. (2016). Oxidative stress: a potential link between emotional wellbeing and immune response. Current opinion in pharmacology, 29, 70–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2016.06.006
- 19. Davinelli, S., &De Vivo, I. (2019). Lifestyle Choices, Psychological Stress and Their Impact on Ageing: The Role of Telomeres. In: Caruso C. (eds) Centenarians. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20762-5_8
- 20. Sies, H., & Jones, D. P. (2020). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) as pleiotropic physiological signalling agents. Nature reviews. Molecular cell biology, 21(7), 363–383. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-020-0230-3
- 21. Erer, MT. (2004). Care of pregnant women with preeclampsia and state anxiety of influence on knowledge related [thesis]. Mersin, Turkey: Mersin University.
- 22. Erer, M.T., &Akan, N. (2008). Effect of pregnant women's knowledge about care and Informatıon about preeclampsia on their level of State anxiety. Journal of Anatolia Nursing and Health Sciences, 11(3), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.17049/ahsbd.84425
- 23. Chao-Min, L. (2018). The effect of health education and mental nursing on the anxiety of patients with mild preeclampsia. Nursing Practice and Research, 13. Available from: http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-HLSJ201113065.htm. Accessed in 2018 (Jul 20).
- 24. Erel, O. A. (2004). Novel automated method to measure total antioxidant response against potent free radicals reactions. Clinical Biochemical, 37, 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2003.10.014
- 25. Erel, O. A. (2005). Novel automated colorimetric method for measuring total oxidant status. Clinical Biochemical, 38, 1103–1111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.08.008
- 26. Mannaerts, D., Faes, E., Cos, P., Briedé, J. J., Gyselaers, W., Cornette, J., Gorbanev, Y., Bogaerts, A., Spaanderman, M., Van Craenenbroeck, E., & Jacquemyn, Y. (2018). Oxidative stress in healthy pregnancy and preeclampsia is linked to chronic inflammation, iron status and vascular function. PloS one, 13(9), e0202919. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202919
- 27. Hodzic, J., Izetbegovic, S., Muracevic, B., Iriskic, R., & Stimjanin Jovic, H. (2017). Nitric oxide biosynthesis during normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia. Medicinski Glasnik (Zenica), 14(2), 211–7. https://doi.org/10.17392/915-17
- 28. Kurdoglu, Z., Ozkol, H., Kurdoglu, M., & Kamaci M. (2012). Evaluation of the relationship between adenosine deaminase, myeloperoxidase, cho- linesterase, preeclampsia severity, and neonatal outcomes. Clinical Experimental Hypertension, 34, 493–497. https://doi.org/10.3109/10641963.2012.666605.
- 29. Shehu, C.E., Ekele, B.A., Suleman, B.L., Panti, A.A., Eze, U.A,, Burodo, A.T.,&.. Suleiman B. A (2020). Comparative Study of Oxidative Stress in Preeclampsia and Normal Pregnancy Sch International Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology, 3(4), 127-133 https://doi.org/10.36348/sijog.2020.v03i04.004
- 30. Kharb, S. (2000). Vitamin E and C in pre-eclampsia. Europian Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology Reproductive Biology, 93(1), 37-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-2115(00)00243-8.
- 31. Turpin, C.A., Sakyi, S.A., Owiredu, W.K.B.A., Ephraim, R.K.D, & Anto, EO.(2015). Association between adverse pregnancy outcome and imbalance in angiogenic regulators and oxidative stress biomarkers in gestational hypertension and preeclampsia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 15(189),1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0624-y.
- 32. Scarpellini, F., Sbracia, M., & Scarpellini, L. (1994). Psychological stress and lipoperoxidation in miscarriage. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 709, 210–213. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb30404.x
- 33. Schneider, R. H., Nidich, S. I., Salerno, J. W., Sharma, H. M., Robinson, C. E., Nidich, R. J., & Alexander, C. N. (1998). Lower lipid peroxide levels in practitioners of the Transcendental Meditation program. Psychosomatic medicine, 60(1), 38–41. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-199801000-00008
- 34. Thilaganathan, B.,& Kalafat, E. (2019). Cardiovascular system in preeclampsia and beyond. Hypertension, 73(3), 522-531 https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11191
- 35. Sarmasti, N., Ayoubi, S. H., Mahmoudi, G., & Heydarpour, S. (2019). Comparing Perceived Social Support and Perceived Stress in Healthy Pregnant Women and Pregnant Women with Preeclampsia. Ethiopian journal of health sciences, 29(3), 369–376. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v29i3.9
- 36. Damayanti, S., Sulistyowati, S., &Probandari, N. A. (2019). Maternal characteristics and the effects of early and late-onset types of preeclampsia on maternal and perinatal complications. Indonesian Journal of Medicine, 4(4), 329-33https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2019.04.04.05
- 37. Caplan, M., Keenan-Devlin, L. S., Freedman, A., Grobman, W., Wadhwa, P. D., Buss, C., Miller, G. E., & Borders, A. (2020). Lifetime Psychosocial Stress Exposure Associated with Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy. American journal of perinatology, 10.1055/s-0040-1713368. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1713368
- 38. Valsamakis, G., Chrousos, G., & Mastorakos, G. (2019). Stress, female reproduction and pregnancy. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019,100, 48-57 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.031
- 39. Kordi, M., Vahed, A., Rezaee Talab, F., Mazloum, S.R.,& Lotfalizadeh M. (2017). Anxiety during Pregnancy and Preeclampsia: A Case-Control Study. Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, 5(1), 814-820. https://doi.org/10.22038/JMRH.2016.7881
- 40. Feroz, A., Saleem, S., & Seto, E. (2020). Exploring perspectives, preferences and needs of a telemonitoring program for women at high risk for preeclampsia in a tertiary health facility of Karachi: a qualitative study protocol. Reproductive Health, 17, 135 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-020-00979-8