Industrial Crops Genetic Resources of Turkey

Öz

Turkey is center of origin and/or diversity of several industrial crop species which are economically important for country economy.Two of the center of origin (Near Eastern and Mediterranean Centers) extends into Turkey. According to the early archaeological findings, Turkey is one of the first domestication centers for some industrial crop species, such as flax early Neolithic findings dated on 7200-6500 BC. at Cayonu of East Anatolia. Because of the importance of industrial crop genetic resources diversity, the systematic collection and conservation of such group of species have been started in 1964 which is the beginning year of the systematic collection of industrial plants genetic resources. Some important industrial crops which are used as fiber, oil, sugar, starch, alkaloids etc. are the special interest of Industrial Crops Genetic Resources Project. Industrial Crops Genetic Resources Research Project is aimed at the collection, conservation, characterization and evaluation of industrial plants genetic resources found in Turkey. This collection is main sources for breeding programs to be used as germplasm. The survey and collection activities are planned annually and conducted within the framework of Industrial Plant Group of National Program between 1978 and 2015. A sample of seed, herbarium and vegetative plant material were collected from different provinces of Turkey. For further collection activities inventories on the plants are also carried out in collaboration with other institutions. 1483 population samples were collected from 1948 to 1977. Total of 7253 population samples and 273 herbarium specimens (Arachis hypogea L., Beta spp., Brassica spp., Cannabis sativa L., Carthamus spp., Helianthus annuus L., Linum usitatissimum L., Nicotiana tabacum L., Papaver spp., Pimpinella anisum L., Sesamum indicum L.) have been collected. The collected plant species have been multiplied, if the seeds of some species were not sufficient for middle and long term storage. The seed multiplication of plants transplanted to field has been continued. The collected industrial crops genetic resources are stored as ex situ in the seed gene bank at Aegean Agricultural Reserach Institute (AARI) within the frame work of Ex Situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources Project.  The AARI Gene Bank working as National Gene Bank has storage facilities for both long and medium-term storage. 3273 population samples belonging to different species has been regenerated since 1991. One of the other important tasks of the project is the evaluation of stored collections. Characterization studies have been achieved on sunflowers, sesame, beets, and tobacco. 2296 population samples of different species (sunflowers, tobacco, beet, sesame, and opium poppy.) have been characterized so far.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Plant genetic resources,industrial crops,survey,collection,long term conservation,multiplication,characterization,Principle Component Analysis (PCA)

Türkiye Endüstri Bitkileri Genetik Kaynakları

Öz

Muhafazaya alınan türlere ait örneklerin değerlendirilmesi projenin en önemli amaçlarından birisidir. Karakterizasyon çalışmaları endüstri bitkileri grubuna dahil türlerde; ayçiçeği, susam, pancar, tütün ve ketende yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma kapsamında toplam olarak 2296 materyalin karakterizasyonu tamamlanmıştır.

Ülkemiz, kültür bitkilerinin farklılaşma merkezlerinden "Yakındoğu Merkezi" ve "Akdeniz Merkezi" içinde yer almaktadır. Dolayısıyla diğer bazı bitki gruplarında olduğu gibi, endüstri bitkileri grubuna giren türlerin bir kısmı da geniş bir varyasyon göstermektedir. Arkeolojik bulgulara göre birçok endüstri bitkisinin domestikasyon merkezi durumundadır. Neolitik bulgulara göre M.Ö. 7200-6500 yıllarında Doğu Anadolu’da Çayönü’nde keten bulgularına rastlanmıştır. Endüstri bitkilerinin taşıdığı genetik çeşitlilik nedeniyle bu gruba giren türlerin sistematik olarak toplanması ve muhafazasına 1964 yılında başlanmıştır. Endüstri bitkileri grubundaki önemli bazı lif, yağ, şeker, nişasta, alkoloid vb. bitkileri bu makalenin ilgi odağında bulunmaktadır.

 Bir kısmı geniş varyasyona sahip türlerin, öncelikler esas alınarak surveyinin yapılması, toplanması, miktar ve canlılığını arttırmak için üretilip yenilenmesi (Ü/Y), özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, değerlendirilmesi, uzun süreli muhafazasının sağlanması ve araştırıcıların kullanımına hazır tutulması Endüstri Bitkileri Genetik Kaynaklar Araştırmaları Projesi’nin ana amacını oluşturmaktadır.

 Endüstri Bitkileri Genetik Kaynakları Survey ve Toplama programları çerçevesinde Türkiye’nin değişik illerinden türlere ait tohum, herbaryum ve vejetatif bitki örnekleri toplanmaktadır. Araştırma çalışmalarının başladığı 1948 yılından itibaren ülkesel projenin yürürlüğe girdiği 1977 yılı sonuna kadar 1483 materyal toplanmıştır. 2015 yılı sonu itibariyle yürütülen toplama programlarında değişik cins ve türlere ait 7253 adet tohum, 273 adet herbaryum ve vegetatif bitki  (Arachis hypogea L., Beta spp., Brassica spp., Cannabis sativa L., Carthamus spp., Helianthus annuus L., Linum usitatissimum L., Nicotiana tabacum L., Papaver spp., Pimpinella anisum L., Sesamum indicum L.) örneği toplanmıştır. 

 Bazı türlerin tohum örnekleri orta ve uzun süreli muhafaza için yeterli değilse, toplanan bitki türlerine ait tohum örneklerinde gerektiğinde üretim yenileme çalışmaları yapılmaktadır. Üretim ve yenileme çalışmaları için tohum örnekleri tarlada üretim yenileme parsellerinde yetiştirilmektedir. Endüstri bitkilerine ait türlerin tohumları ortodoks olduğu için bu tohum örnekleri ex-situ olarak Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü (ETAE) Ulusal Tohum Gen Bankasında muhafaza altına alınmaktadır. Bu çalışmalar ile yeterli miktarda tohum temin edilerek, üretilip / yenilene 3273 adet örnek orta ve uzun süreli muhafazaya alınmışlardır. 

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bitki genetik kaynakları,endüstri bitkileri,survey,toplama,uzun süreli muhafaza,üretim ve yenileme,karakterizasyon,Ana Bileşen Analizi (ABA)

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