Turunçgillerde Korkutan Hastalık: Yeşillenme

Öz

Turunçgil yeşillenme hastalığı (Huanglongbing-HLB, Greening Disease) turunçgil ağaçlarında ekonomik kayıplara neden olan bakteriyel bir hastalıktır. Hastalığı oluşturan patojenin bilimsel ismi Candidatus liberibacter’dir. HLB ye sebep olan şu ana kadar üç farklı Candidatus tür’ü saptanmıştır. Bunlardan Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), dünya genelinde HLB ile ilişkili en yaygın Liberibacter türüdür. Diğer iki tür olan, Candidatus liberibacter americanus (CLam) ve Candidatus liberibacter africanus (CLaf) ise daha az yoğunlukta ve ekolojilere özel olarak yaygınlık gösterirler. Hastalık Hindistan’da 1929 yılında “turunçgillerde geriye ölüm” olarak tanımlanmıştır. Ancak bu hastalık 1890’lı yıllarda Çin de ‘yellow shoot diseas, sarı sürgün hastalığı’ olarak çok iyi bilinmekte olması nedeniyle çoğu bilim insanı hastalığın ilk ortaya çıktığı yeri Çin olarak kabul etmektedir. Turunçgil yeşillenme hastalığına karşı bugüne kadar yüzde yüz etkili herhangi bir mücadele yöntemi bulunamamıştır. Bu da, patojenin ne kadar tehlikeli ve önemli olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Hastalık, turunçgil üretim alanlarında veya ülkeler arasında vektör böceklerle, (Afrika Turunçgil Psillidi olan Trioza erytreae Del Guercio, diğer bir Psillid türü olan Asya Psillidi Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) veya enfekteli aşı gözleri ile taşınmaktadır. HLB, özellikle portakal, mandarin, tangelo ve greyfurt fidan veya ağaçlarında yaşa bakmaksızın etkilidir. Enfekteli ağaçlarda ortaya çıkan tipik hastalık belirtileri çinko eksikliği, bazı abiyotik stres faktörlerinin belirtileri veya diğer bazı turunçgil hastalıklarının oluşturduğu belirtiler ile karıştırılabilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Candidatus liberibacter,psillid,Asya,Afrika,Huanglongbing,sarı sürgün,geriye ölüm.

The Scary Disease in Citrus: Greening

Abstract

Citrus greening disease (Huanglongbing-HLB) is a bacterial disease causes economic losses on citrus trees. The scientific name of the causal agent is Candidatus liberibacter. Three Candidatus species have identified so far. Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) is the most common Liberibacter species which is associated with HLB disease in the world. Candidatus liberibacter americanus (CLam) and Candidatus liberibacter africanus (CLaf) is observed less than CLas because they require specific ecological environments. Bacterial disease described in 1929 inIndia as citrus die back. However, the bacterial disease has already been known in China as yellow shoot in the 1890s. There is no 100% effective management methods controling this devastating widespread disease. It reveals that citrus greening is very dangerous and important disease. The disease can be disseminated via vectors, African Citrus Psyllid (Trioza erytreae Del Gue), other Psyllid species (Asian Citrus Psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama), or infected bud grafting. Especially, HLB is an effective disease on orange, mandarin, tangelo and grapefruit seedlings or trees regardless of age.  Typical infected tree symptoms can be confused with zinc deficiency, some abiotic stress factors, or some other citrus diseases symptoms.

Keywords

• Candidatus liberibacter Greening,psyllid,Asia,Africa,Huanglongbing,yellow shoot,dieback

Kaynakça

1. Anonim. 2010. Gıda ve Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğü Zirai Karantina Yönetmeliği. Türkiye’ de varlığı bilinmeyen zararlı organizmalar. No. 5996.
2. Anonymous. 2007. Plant Health Progress. Citrus Huanglongbing: The Pathogen and Its Impact. Avaliable at; https://www.plantmanagementnetwork. org/pub/php/review/2007/huanglongbing/.
3. Anonymous. 2010. National Research Council. Strategic planning for the Florida citrus industry: addressing citrus greening disease. National Academies Press .a available at; https://www.nap.edu/resource/12880/ citrus_greening_report_brief_final.pdf.
4. Anonymous. 2013. JUSTIA Patents. Methyl Salicylate-Based Attractants For Vectors Of Citrus Greening Disease. Available at; https://patents.justia.com/patent/ 20130266535.
5. Anonymous. 2016. PHYS.org. Plant breeders, growers should pay attention to flush in fight against citrus greening disease. Available at; https://phys.org/news/2016-02-breeders-growers-attention-flush-citrus.html.
6. Anonymous. 2018a. Center For Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health. Citrus greening (Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus). Available at; https://www. invasive.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=0656076.
7. Anonymous. 2018b. Forestry Images. Trioza erytreae. Available at; https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/ detail.cfm?imgnum=5137026.
8. Anonymous. 2018c. University of florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Nutrient Recommendations for Citrus Greening. Available at; http://citrusindustry. net/2018/08/13/nutrient-recommendations-citrus-greening/.

9. Anonymous. 2019a. Global Invasive Species Database. Species profile: Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus. Available at: http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=1496.
10. Anonymous. 2019b. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International (CABI). Citrus huanglongbing (greening) disease (citrus greening) avaible at; http:// www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/16567/.
11. Aubert, B. 1987. Trioza erytreae Del Guercio and Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Homoptera: Psylloidea), the two vectors of citrus greening disease. Biological aspects and possible control strategies of Fruits 42 (3): 149-162.
12. Aubert, B. 1988. Towards an integrated management of citrus greening disease. In: Proc. 10th Conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists. Riverside, California, USA. pp. 226-230.
13. Aubert, B. 1992. Citrus greening disease, a serious limiting factor for citriculture in Asia and Africa. p. 817-820. In Proc. 7th International Citrus Congress. Acireale, Italy.
14. Aubert, B. 1993. Citrus greening disase, a serious limiting factor for citriculture in Asia and Africa. p. 134-142. In Proc. 4th Congress of the International Society of Citrus Nurserymen. South Africa.
15. Aubert, B., and X. Y. Hua. 1990. Monitoring flight activity of Diaphorina citri on citrus and Murraya canopies. pp. 4-10. In: Proc. 4th International Asia Pacific Conference on Citrus Rehabilitation. Chiang Mai, Thailand.
16. Beattie, G.A.C., P. Holford, D. J. Mabberley, A. M. Haigh, R. Bayer, and P. Broadbent. 2006. Aspects and insights of Australia-Asia collaborative research on huanglongbing. pp. 7-9. In: Proc. International Workshop for the Prevention of Citrus Greening Disease in Severely Infected areas. Tokyo, Japan.
17. Bové, J. M. 2006. Huanglongbing: A destructive, newly-emerging, century-old disease of citrus. Journal of Plant Pathology 88 (1): 7-37.
18. Bové, J. M., M. Garnier, Y. S. Ahlawat, N. K. Chakraborty, and A. Varma. 1993. Detection of the Asian strains of the greening BLO by DNA-DNA hybridization in Indian orchard trees and Malaysian Diaphorina citri psyllids. In: International Organization of Citrus Virologists Conference Proceedings. Riverside (1957-2010). California. USA. 12 (12): 258-263.
19. Canales, E., Y. Coll, I. Hernández, R. Portieles, M. R. García, Y. López, and L. Batista. 2016. ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’, causal agent of citrus Huanglongbing, is reduced by treatment with Brassinosteroids. PLoS One 11 (1): 146-223.
20. Capoor, S. P., D. G. Rao, and S. M. Viswanath. 1974. Greening disease of citrus in the Deccan Trap Country and its relationship with the vector, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. In: International Organization of Citrus Virologists Conference Proceedings (1957-2010), 6 (6): pp. 43-49. Riverside, California, USA.
21. Cellier, G., C. Redondo, J. Cubero, M. Roselló, E. D. Andrade, L. Cruz, E. Ince, H. N. Yildiz, P. G. Güler, A. M. D’Onghia, T. Yaseen, K. Djelouah, E. Metz-Verschure7, F. Gaffuri, R. A. Gottsberger, and B. Giovani. 2011. Comparison of the performance of the main real-time and conventional PCR detection tests for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ spp., plant pathogenic bacteria causing the Huanglongbing disease in Citrus spp. In: Proc. 13th Symposium on Plant Bacteria. 29 January - 02 February. Aussois, France.
22. Chen, C. N. 1998. Ecology of the insect vectors of citrus systemic diseases and their control in Taiwan. p. 62. In: Proc. of a regional workshop on disease management of banana and citrus through the use of disease-free planting materials. 14-16 October. Davao, Philippines.
23. Coletta-Filho, H. D., M. L. P. N. Targon, M. A. Takita, J. D. De Negri, J. Pompeu Jr, M. A. Machado, A. M. Do Amaral, and G. W. Muller. 2004. First report of the causal agent of Huanglongbing Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in Brazil. Plant Disease 88 (12): 1382-1382.
24. Dou, W., K. H. Lim, C. Su, N. Zhou, and N. Cui. 2010. Brand positioning strategy using search engine marketing. Mis Quarterly 261-279.
25. Garnier, M., S. P. R. Jagoueix-Eveillard, H. F. Cronje, H. F. Le Roux, and J. M. Bové. 2000. Genomic characterization of a Liberibacter present in an ornamental rutaceous tree, Calodendrum capense, in the Western Cape province of South Africa. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 50 (6): 2119-2125.
26. Gervais, J. A., B. Luukinen, K. Buhl, and D. Stone. 2010. Imidacloprid General Fact Sheet. National Pesticide Information Center. From http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/imidagen.html.
27. Gomez, H. D. 2008. Experiencies on HLB (Huanglongbing) symptoms detection in Florida. In: Proc. International Workshop on Huanglongbing and the Asian citrus psyllid. Hermosillo, Mexico.
28. Gottwald, T. R., J. V. da Graça., and R. B. Bassanezi. 2007. Citrus huanglongbing: The pathogen and its impact. Plant Health Progress 6 (1): 1-18.
29. Grafton-Cardwell, E. E., L. L. Stelinski., and P. A. Stansly. 2013. Biology and management of Asian citrus Psyllid, vector of the huanglongbing pathogens. Annual Review of Entomology 58: 413-432.
30. Halbert, S. E. 2005. The discovery of huanglongbing in Florida. p. 50. In: Proc. 2nd International Citrus Canker and Huanglongbing Research Workshop. 7-11 November. Orlando, Florida, USA.
31. Halbert, S. E., and K. L. Manjunath. 2004. Asian citrus psyllids and greening disease of citrus: A literature rewiev and assesment of risk in Florida. Florida Entomologist 8 (3): 330-353.
32. Hasanpour, M., A. A. Talebi., E. Rakshani, and A. Ameri-Siaohuei. 2009. Identification of natural enemies of citrus psylla, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hem., Psyllidae) in Hormozgan province. Journal of Entomological Research 3: 185-195.
33. Hodges, A. W., and T. H. Spreen. 2012. Economic impact of Citrus Greening (HLB) in Florida. 2006/07-2010/11. From https://crec.ifas.ufl.edu/extension/greening/ PDF/FE90300.pdf.
34. Hoy, M. A., R. Nguyen, and A. Jeyparakash. 2006. Classical biological control of Asian citrus psyllid in Florida. Integrated Pest Management in Florida.
35. Hu, J., J. Jiang, and N. Wang. 2018. Control of Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) via trunk injection of plant activators and antibiotics. Phytopathology 108: 149-149.
36. Hung, T. H., M. L. Wu, and H. J. Su. 2000. Identification of alternative hosts of the fastidious bacterium causing citrus greening disease. Journal of Phytopathology 148 (6): 321-326.
37. Husain, M. A., and D. Nath. 1927. The citrus psylla (Diaphorina citri Kuw.)[Psyllidae: Homoptera]. Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India Entomology Series 10 (2): 1-27.
38. Jagoueix, S., J. M. Bové, and M. Garnier. 1996. PCR detection of the two ‘Candidatus’ Liberobacter species associated with greening disease of citrus. Molecular and Cellular Probes 10 (1): 43-50.
39. Knapp, J., S. Halbert., R. Lee., M. Hoy., R. Clark., and M. Kesinger. 1998. The Asian Psyllid and citrus greening disease. Citrus Ind. 79 (10): 28-29.
40. Laflèche, D., and J. M. Bové. 1970. Structures de type mycoplasme dans les feuilles d’orangers atteints de la maladie du greening. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 270: 455-465.
41. Lin, C. K. 1963. Notes on citrus yellow shoot disease. Acta Phytophylactica Sinica 2: 243-251.
42. Lopes, S. A., E. C. Martins., and G. F Frare. 2005. Detecçao de Candidatus Liberibacter americanus em Murraya paniculata. Summa Phytopathology 31: 48-49.
43. Lopes, S. A., G. F. Frare., and E. C. Martins. 2006. Hosts of Liberibacter in Brazil. p. 25. In: Proc. Huanglongbing-Greening International Workshop. Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
44. Lopes, S. A., G. F. Frare., E. Bertolini., M. Cambra., N. G, Fernandes., A. J. Ayres., and J. M. Bové. 2009. Liberibacters associated with citrus huanglongbing in Brazil:‘Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus’ is heat tolerant, ‘Candidatus liberibacter americanus’ is heat sensitive. Plant Disease 93 (3): 257-262.
45. Manicom, B. Q., and S. P. Van Vuuren. 1990. Symptoms of greening disease with special emphasis on african greening. p. 127–131. In: Proc. Intl. Asia-Pacific Conf. Citrus Rehabilitation. 4-10 February. Chiang Mai, Thailand.
46. Mann, R. S., J. G. Ali, S. L. Hermann., S. Tiwari., K. S. Pelz-Stelinski., H. T. Alborn., and L. L. Stelinski. 2012. Induced release of a plant-defense volatile ‘deceptively’attracts insect vectors to plants infected with a bacterial pathogen. PLoS Pathogens 8 (3): 13-71.
47. Martinez, A. L., D. M. Nora., and A. L. Armedilla. 1970. Suppression of symptoms of citrus greening disease in the Philippines by treatment with tetracycline antibiotics. Plant Disease Reporter 54: 1007-9.
48. McClean, A. P. D., and R. E. Schwarz. 1970. Greening or blotchy-mottle disease of citrus. Phytophylactica 2: 177-194.
49. Michelini, L., La Rocca, N., Rascio, N., and R. Ghisi. 2013. Structural and functional alterations induced by two sulfonamide antibiotics on barley plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 67: 55-62.
50. Morgan, K. T., A. W. Schumann., W. S. Castle., E. W. Stover., D. Kadyampakeni., P. Spyke., and R. A. Morris. 2009. Citrus production systems to survive greening: Horticultural practices. pp. 114-121. In: Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc., Vol. 122. Florida, USA.
51. Munir, S., P. He., Y. Wu., P. He., S. Khan., M. Huang., and Y. He. 2018. Huanglongbing control: perhaps the end of the beginning. Microbial Ecology 76 (1): 192-204.
52. Nariani, T. K., S. K. Ghosh., D. Kumar., S. P. Raychaudhuri., and S. M. Viswanath. 1975. Detection and possibilities of therapeutic control of the greening disease of citrus caused by mycoplasma. Proceedings of Indian Nattional Science Acadamy Series B. 41: 334-39.
53. Parnell, S., M. Camilleri., M. Diakaki., G. Schrader., and S. Vos. 2019. Pest survey card on Huanglongbing and its vectors. EFSA Supporting Publications 16 (4): 1574.
54. Polek, M., G. Vidalakis., and K. Godfrey. 2007. Citrus Bacterial Canker Disease and Huanglongbing (Citrus Greening). University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources 8218: 334-339.
55. Qureshi, J.A., M. E. Rogers., D. G. Hall., P. A. Stansly. 2009. Incidence of invasive Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) and its introduced parasitoid Tamarixia radiata (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in Florida citrus. Journal of Economic Entomology 102: 247-256.
56. Roka, F., R. Muraro., R. A. Morris., P. Spyke., K. Morgan., A. Schumann, and E. Stover. 2009. Citrus production systems to survive greening: economic thresholds. p. 233-239. In: Proc. Fla State Hortic Soc Vol. 122. Florida, USA.
57. Schumann, A., and A. Singerman. 2016. The economics of citrus undercover production systems and whole tree thermotherapy. Citrus Ind. 2016: 14-18.
58. Schwarz, R. E., L. C. Knorr, and M. Prommintara. 1973. Presence of citrus greening and its psylla vector in Thailand. FAO Plant Protection Bull. 21: 132-138.
59. Shokrollah, H., T. L. Abdullah., K. Sijam., and S. N. A. Abdullah. 2011. Identification of physical and biochemical characteristic of mandarin (Citrus reticulata) fruit infected by huanglongbing (HLB). Australian Journal of Crop Science 5 (2): 181.
60. Spratt, B. G., and K. D. Cromie. 1988. Penicillin-binding proteins of gram-negative bacteria. Clinical Infectious Diseases 10 (4): 699-711.
61. Supriyanto, A., and A. M. Whittle. 1991. Citrus rehabilitation in Indonesia. p. 409-413. In: R. H. Brlansky, R. F. Lee and L.W. Timmer (Eds.). Proc. 11th Conference of the International Organization of Citrus Virologists, 6-10 November. Orlando, Florida, USA.
62. Teixeira, D. C., S. Eveillard, P. Sirand-Pugnet, A. Wulff, C. Saillard, A. J. Ayres, and J. M. Bové. 2008. The tufB-secE-nusG-rplKAJL-rpoB gene cluster of the Liberibacters: Sequence comparisons, phylogeny and speciation. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 58 (6): 1414-1421.
63. Timmer, L.W., S. M. Garnsey., and J. H. Graham. 2000. Compendium of Citrus Diseases. 2nd ed. St. Paul, Press. APS. MD, USA.
64. Tirtawidjaja, S. 1980. Citrus virus research in Indonesia. p. 129-132. In: Proc. 5th International Organization of Citrus Virologists Conference. Vol. 8. Gainesville, Florida, USA.
65. Tolba, I. H., and M. A. Soliman. 2015. Citrus Huanglongbing (Greening Disease) in Egypt: Symptoms Documentation and Pathogen Detection. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences 15 (10): 2045-2058.
66. Tolley, I. S. 1990. The relation of nursery production with orchard planning and management. pp. 77-82. In: B. Aubert, S. Tontyaporn, and D. Buangsuwon (Eds.) Proc. of 4 th. International Asia Pacific Conference on Citrus Rehabilitation. Citriculture. 4-10 Feb. Chiang Mai, Thailand.
67. Van den Berg, M. A., S. P. Van Vuuren, and V. E. Deacon. 1992. Studies on greening disease transmission by the citrus psylla, Trioza erytreae (Hemiptera: Triozidae). Israel Journal of Entomology 25: 51-56.
68. Xu, C. F., Y. H. Xia., K. B. Li, and C. Ke. 1988. Further study of the transmission of citrus huanglungbin by a Psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. In: International Organization of Citrus Virologists Conference. Riverside (1957-2010), Vol. 10 (10): 243-248. California. USA.
69. Zhang, M., C. Yang, and C. Powell. 2015. Application of Antibiotics for Control of Citrus Huanglongbing. Adv Antibiotics Antibodies. AAA-15-E001 1 (1): 1-2, 101. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1638/470e4cb0e78ec2be080def01d5f012fc4755.pdf.
70. Zhang, M., Y. L. Duan, L. Zhou, W. W. Turechek, E. Stover, and C. A. Powell. 2010. Screening molecules for control of citrus huanglongbing using an optimized regeneration system for Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus-infected periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) cuttings. Phytopathology 100 (3): 239-245.
71. Zhang, M, Y. Guo, C. A. Powell, M. S. Doud, C. Yang, and Y. Duan. 2014. Effective antibiotics against Candidatus liberibacter asiaticus in HLB-affected citrus plants identified via the graft-based evaluation. PloS one. 9 (11): e111032. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111032.