Industrial Crops Genetic Resources of Turkey

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 28 - 45, 30.06.2016

Ahmet Şemsettin Tan , Ayşegül Altunok Memiş Mehmet Aldemir İsmail Yılmaz Hasan Kartal Ali Peksüslü Lerzan Aykas

Öz

Turkey is center of origin and/or diversity of
several industrial crop species which are economically important for country
economy.Two of the center of origin (Near Eastern and Mediterranean Centers)
extends into Turkey. According to the early archaeological findings, Turkey is
one of the first domestication centers for some industrial crop species, such
as flax early Neolithic findings dated on 7200-6500 BC. at Cayonu of East Anatolia. Because of the importance of industrial
crop genetic resources diversity, the systematic collection and conservation of
such group of species have been started in 1964 which is the beginning year of
the systematic collection of industrial plants genetic resources. Some
important industrial crops which are used as fiber, oil, sugar, starch,
alkaloids etc. are the special interest of Industrial Crops Genetic Resources Project. Industrial Crops Genetic Resources Research Project is
aimed at the collection, conservation, characterization and evaluation of
industrial plants genetic resources found in Turkey. This collection is main sources
for breeding programs to be used as germplasm. The survey and collection activities are planned
annually and conducted within the framework of Industrial Plant Group of
National Program between 1978 and 2015. A sample of seed, herbarium and vegetative
plant material were collected from different provinces of Turkey. For further collection
activities inventories on the plants are also carried out in collaboration with
other institutions. 1483 population samples were collected from 1948 to 1977.
Total of 7253 population samples and 273 herbarium specimens (Arachis hypogea L., Beta spp., Brassica spp., Cannabis
sativa L., Carthamus spp., Helianthus annuus L., Linum usitatissimum L., Nicotiana tabacum L., Papaver spp., Pimpinella anisum L., Sesamum
indicum L.) have been collected. The collected plant species have been multiplied, if
the seeds of some species were not sufficient for middle and long term storage.
The seed multiplication of plants transplanted to field has been continued. The
collected industrial crops genetic resources are stored as ex situ in the seed
gene bank at Aegean Agricultural Reserach Institute (AARI) within the frame
work of Ex Situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Resources Project.  The AARI Gene Bank working as National Gene
Bank has storage facilities for both long and medium-term storage. 3273
population samples belonging to different species has been regenerated since
1991. One
of the other important tasks of the project is the evaluation of stored
collections. Characterization studies have been achieved on sunflowers, sesame,
beets, and tobacco. 2296 population samples of different species (sunflowers,
tobacco, beet, sesame, and opium poppy.) have been characterized so far.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Plant genetic resources, industrial crops, survey, collection, long term conservation, multiplication, characterization, Principle Component Analysis (PCA)

Türkiye Endüstri Bitkileri Genetik Kaynakları

Öz

Muhafazaya alınan türlere ait örneklerin
değerlendirilmesi projenin en önemli amaçlarından birisidir. Karakterizasyon
çalışmaları endüstri bitkileri grubuna dahil türlerde; ayçiçeği, susam, pancar,
tütün ve ketende yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma kapsamında toplam olarak 2296
materyalin karakterizasyonu tamamlanmıştır.

Ülkemiz, kültür bitkilerinin farklılaşma
merkezlerinden "Yakındoğu Merkezi" ve "Akdeniz Merkezi"
içinde yer almaktadır. Dolayısıyla diğer bazı bitki gruplarında olduğu gibi,
endüstri bitkileri grubuna giren türlerin bir kısmı da geniş bir varyasyon
göstermektedir. Arkeolojik bulgulara göre birçok endüstri bitkisinin domestikasyon
merkezi durumundadır. Neolitik bulgulara göre M.Ö. 7200-6500 yıllarında Doğu
Anadolu’da Çayönü’nde keten bulgularına rastlanmıştır. Endüstri bitkilerinin
taşıdığı genetik çeşitlilik nedeniyle bu gruba giren türlerin sistematik olarak
toplanması ve muhafazasına 1964 yılında başlanmıştır. Endüstri bitkileri
grubundaki önemli bazı lif, yağ, şeker, nişasta, alkoloid vb. bitkileri bu makalenin ilgi odağında
bulunmaktadır.

 Bir kısmı geniş varyasyona sahip
türlerin, öncelikler esas alınarak surveyinin yapılması, toplanması, miktar ve
canlılığını arttırmak için üretilip yenilenmesi (Ü/Y), özelliklerinin
belirlenmesi, değerlendirilmesi, uzun süreli muhafazasının sağlanması ve
araştırıcıların kullanımına hazır tutulması Endüstri Bitkileri Genetik Kaynaklar Araştırmaları Projesi’nin ana
amacını oluşturmaktadır.

 Endüstri Bitkileri Genetik Kaynakları
Survey ve Toplama programları çerçevesinde Türkiye’nin değişik illerinden
türlere ait tohum, herbaryum ve vejetatif bitki örnekleri toplanmaktadır. Araştırma
çalışmalarının başladığı 1948 yılından itibaren ülkesel projenin yürürlüğe
girdiği 1977 yılı sonuna kadar 1483 materyal toplanmıştır. 2015 yılı sonu
itibariyle yürütülen toplama programlarında değişik cins ve türlere ait 7253
adet tohum, 273 adet herbaryum ve vegetatif bitki  (Arachis
hypogea L., Beta spp., Brassica spp., Cannabis sativa L.,
Carthamus spp., Helianthus annuus
L., Linum usitatissimum L., Nicotiana tabacum L., Papaver spp., Pimpinella anisum L., Sesamum
indicum L.) örneği toplanmıştır. 

 Bazı türlerin tohum örnekleri orta ve
uzun süreli muhafaza için yeterli değilse, toplanan bitki türlerine ait tohum
örneklerinde gerektiğinde üretim yenileme çalışmaları yapılmaktadır. Üretim ve
yenileme çalışmaları için tohum örnekleri tarlada üretim yenileme parsellerinde
yetiştirilmektedir. Endüstri bitkilerine ait türlerin tohumları ortodoks olduğu
için bu tohum örnekleri ex-situ olarak Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü (ETAE)
Ulusal Tohum Gen Bankasında muhafaza altına alınmaktadır. Bu çalışmalar ile
yeterli miktarda tohum temin edilerek, üretilip / yenilene 3273 adet örnek orta
ve uzun süreli muhafazaya alınmışlardır. 

 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bitki genetik kaynakları, endüstri bitkileri, survey, toplama, uzun süreli muhafaza, üretim ve yenileme, karakterizasyon, Ana Bileşen Analizi (ABA)

Kaynakça

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