Recent Developments in Pear Breeding

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 33 Sayı: 2, 296 - 309, 29.12.2023

Melih Aydınlı Fatma Yıldırım

https://doi.org/10.18615/anadolu.1399494

Öz

Pear (Pyrus spp) is an important species among fruit species. It is cultivated in a wide range of geographical locations for commercial trade. It has a good value for cultivation and trade. As with other fruit species breeding programmes for pear need to be developed because of ecological conditions, consumers preference and some negative features. For this reason, new pear varieties and rootstocks must be bred. Pear breeding studies date back to the 16th century but real pear breeding programmes began in the 20th century. Pyrus spp. can be cultivated on five continents, this fact makes differences between the pear breeding programmes which have been established. In this study, breeding studies done in the near past and continuing studies have been evaluated according to countries and continents, and differences in the breeding studies aims were determined. Also recent breeding studies are introduced and data and results are given about these programmes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pyrus, breeding pragramme, cultivar, rootstock

Armut Islahındaki Güncel Gelişmeler

Öz

Meyve türleri içerisinde hem yetiştiricilik hem de ticari değer bakımından ön sıralarda bulunan armut (Pyrus spp), oldukça geniş bir coğrafyada ekonomik olarak yetiştirilmektedir. Diğer meyve türlerinde olduğu gibi armutta da tüketici istekleri, ekolojik koşullar ve yetiştiricilikte ortaya çıkan birtakım olumsuzluklar, ıslah programlarının başlatılmasını ve yeni çeşitlerin/anaçların geliştirilmesini zorunlu kılmaktadır. Her ne kadar armut ıslahının temeli 16. yüzyıla kadar uzansa da gerçek anlamdaki ıslah programlarının başlaması 20. yüzyıla denk gelmektedir. Beş ana karada Pyrus cinsine ait farklı türlerin yetiştirilebiliyor olması, oluşturulan ıslah programlarının amaçlarında değişikliklere yol açmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, yakın geçmişte gerçekleştirilen ve halen devam eden armut ıslah programları kıtalara ve ülkelere göre incelenmiş olup, ıslah amaçlarında oluşan değişiklikler belirtilmiştir. Ayrıca güncel ıslah programları kısaca tanıtılarak, programların durumu ve çıktıları hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pyrus, Islah programları, çeşit, anaç

Kaynakça

• Al Maarri, K., S. Haddad, and I. Fallouh. 2007. Selections of Pyrus syriaca as promising rootstocks for pear cultivars. Acta Hortic. 732: 217-220.
• Anonim. 2017. SÖ klon ayva anaçlarımız tescillendi. Ankara Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümü. Ankara.
• Anonim. 2020. Ateş Yanıklığı Hastalığına Toleranslı Armut Çeşit Islahı. 2020. 2020 yılı proje değerlendirme toplantıları ılıman iklim meyveleri araştırma özetleri. Erişim: https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/TAGEM/Belgeler/ pdgt/bbad/2020_BBAD _OZETLER.pdf. Ankara, Türkiye.
• Anonim. 2021. Ateş yanıklığı hastalığına toleranslı yeni armut çeşitleri. Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı, Ankara.
• Anonim. 2023a. Meyve ve asma çeşit listesi. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Tohumluk Tescil ve Sertifikasyon Merkez Müdürlüğü. Ankara.
• Anonim. 2023b. Islah çalışmalarımız. Ödemiş Bademli Fidancılık Tarımsal Kalkınma Kooperatifi. İzmir. Anonymous. 2017. https://www.q-eline.net/test/.
• Asín, L., I. Iglesias, R. Dolcet-Sanjuan, E. Claveria, P. Vilardell, J. Bonany, and M.H. Simard. 2011. Inra-Irta pear rootstock breeding program: aiming for tolerance to iron chlorosis. Acta Hortic. 903: 207-213.
• Ayfer, M. ve Çelik, M. 1977. Akça, Ankara ve Williams armut çeşitleri ile S.Ö. ayva anaçlarının uyuşumları üzerinde araştırmalar. T.B.T.A.K. VI. Bilim Kongresi 17-21 Ekim 1977. Ankara. s. 111-122.
• Ayfer, M. ve Çelik, M. 1984. Şeker armut çeşidi için en uygun S.Ö. ayva anacı seçimi. A. Ü. Zir. Fak. Yıll. 32 (1-2-3-4):82-91.
• Barbosa, W., R. F. A. Veiga, C. V. Pommer, R. Pio., and E. A. Chagas. 2008. Asian pear breeding in Brazil: Characterization of new selections. Acta Hortic. 800: 503-506.
• Batlle, I., C. Fontich, L. Lozano, I. Iglesias, J. Carbó, J. Bonany, A. G. White, R. K. Volz, and L. R. Brewer. 2011. The Irta-Pfr pear scion breeding programme for high fruit quality. Acta Hortic. 909: 121-125.
• Bell, R. L., T. Van der Zwet, and R. C. Blake. 2002. ‘Blake’s Pride’ pear. HortScience. 37: 711-713.
• Bell, R., and Van der Zwet, T. 2008. ‘Shenandoah’ pear. HortScience. 43 (7): 2219-2221.
• Bell, R.L. 2012. Resistance of breeding program selections and cultivars to pear psylla (Abstract). P. 64. In: ASHS Annu. Conf., Florida, USA, July 31-August 3.
• Bell, R.L., T. Van der Zwet, R. C. Blake, C. K. Chandler, and J. C. Scheerens. 1996. ‘Potomac’ Pear. HortScience., 31: 884-886.
• Bellini, E. 2002. ‘SABINA’: A New summer pear cultivar. Acta Hortic. 596: 271-274.
• Bouma, J. 1988. Breeding of new pear varieties at the fruit breeding station techobuzice. Acta Hortic. 224: 257-262.
• Branişte, N., N. Andrieş., and V. Ghidra. 2008. Pear genetic breeding to improve the Romanian varieties. Acta Hortic. 800: 491-496.
• Brewer, L. R., and J. W. Palmer. 2011. Global pear breeding programmes: goals, trends and progress for new cultivars and new rootstocks. Acta Hortic. 909: 105-119.
• Chagas, E. A., F. A. Campo Dall'Orto, M. Ojima, W. Barbosa, and R. Pio. 2008a. Pear 'Iac Princesinha': new European type cultivar for subtropical climate. Acta Hortic. 800: 507-510.
• Chagas, E. A., F. A. Campo Dall'Orto, M. Ojima, W. Barbosa, and R. Pio. 2008b. 'Iac Culınárıa': A new canning cultivar of European Pear (Pyrus communis L.) suitable for subtropical climates. Acta Hortic. 800: 511-514.
• Chengquan, F., C. Xinye, and L. Shenghua. 2002. Breeding of new pear cultivar 'Huasu'. Acta Hortic. 587: 285-290. Dondini, L., and S. Sansavini. 2012. European pear. pp. 369-413. In: Badenes, M. L., and D. H. Byrne (Ed.) Fruit breeding. Springer Science+Business Media. NY, USA.
• Drudze, I. 2000. Studies on perspective apple and pear hybrids of breeding station "Iedzenı" in Latvia. Acta Hortic. 538: 729-734.
• Einhorn, T., S. Castagnoli, J. Turner, and R. L. Bell. 2012. An exciting new European Pear cultivar is coming. Good Fruit Grower. 63 (14):25-26.
• Ekinci, N., and M. E. Akçay. 2016. Yeni armut çeşidi Akçay 77®. ÇOMÜ. Zir. Fak. Derg. 4 (2):51-57.
• Evrenosoğlu, Y., A. Mısırlı, H. Saygılı, A. Ünal, N. Özdemir, E. Günen, and M. E. Akçay. 2010. Ateş yanıklığına (Erwinia amylovora) dayanıklı armut tiplerinin melezleme yoluyla ıslahı. TÜBİTAK Proje No: 1060719, 157s.
• Evrenosoğlu, Y., and K. Mertoğlu. 2018. Evaluation of pear (Pyrus communis L.) hybrid combinations for the transmission of fire blight resistance and fruit characteristics. Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed. 54 (2):78-85.
• Faoro, I. D. 2017. ‘SCS421 CAROLINA’, First Japanese Pear cultivar developed in Brazil. Rev Bras Frutic. 39.
• Faoro, I. D. 2021. New Asian pear cultivar developed in Brazil: 'SCS421 Carolina'. Acta Hortic. 1303: 121-126. FAOSTAT. 2021. http://www.fao.org./ (Erişim tarihi, 24.10.2023).
• Fideghelli, C. 2007. Origine ed evoluzione. Il pero. Ed. Script-Bayer CropScience. 2-17.
• Fischer, 2009. Pear Breeding. pp. 135-160. In: Jain, S. M., and P. M. Priyadarshan (Ed.) Breeding plantation tree crops. temperate species. Springer Science+Business Media. NY, USA.
• Fischer, M., and G. Mildenberger. 2004. New pear cultivars from Dresden-Pillnitz. Acta Hortic. 663: 899-902.
• Gautam, D.R., and N. Sharma. 2002. Selection of superior clones of European Pears in Himachal Pradesh, Indıa. Acta Hortic. 596: 243-245.
• Günen, Y., ve A. Mısırlı. 2003. Armut ateş yanıklığı ve dayanıklılık ıslahı. EÜ. Zir. Fak. Derg. 40 (3):25-32.
• Hancock, J. F., and G. A. Lobos. 2008. Pears. pp. 299-336. In: Hancock, J. F. (Ed.) Temperate fruit crop breeding: germplasm to genomics. Dordrecht: Springer. Netherlands.
• Heijerman-Peppelman, G., V. Bucarciuc, H. Kemp, and O. Pasat. 2009. 'Xenia', A new pear cultivar from Moldova, first results in the Netherlands. Acta Hortic. 814: 305-308.
• Hilton, R.J., and D. Sugar. 2015. 'PARAGON' and 'BESTEVER', two 'Comice' hybrid pear cultivars developed in Southern Oregon. Acta Hortic. 1094: 149-151.
• Hjeltnes, S.H., J. Vercammen, A. Gomand, F. Mage, and D. Roen. 2014. High potential in new Norwegian bred pear cultivars. p. 111-116. In: Proc. 12th Int. Pear Symp., Vol. 1094. Leuven, Belgium. 12-14 July.
• Hongtao, S., L. Juncai, L. Cheng, and W. Jiazhen. 2002. A new red pear variety 'Golden Pearl'. Acta Hortic. 587: 291-292.
• Human, J. P. 2005. Progress and challenges of the South African pear breeding program. Acta Hortic. 671: 185-190.
• Human, J. P. 2013. Breeding blush pears (Pyrus communis L.) in South Africa. Acta Hortic. 976: 383-388.
• Hunter, D. M. 1993. Pear breeding for the 21st century - Program and progress at Harrow. Acta Hortic. 338: 377-384.
• Hunter, D. M. 2009. Pear breeding program-An overview. http://www.uoguelph.ca /plant/../20090727 Pear breedingprogramoverview.pd./
• Hunter, D. M., and R. E. C. Layne. 2004. Recent pear and apricot introductions from the AAFC-Harrow tree fruit breeding programs. Acta Hortic. 663: 907-910.
• Hunter, D. M., F. Kappel, H. A. Quamme, and W. G. Bonn. 2002a. ‘AC Harrow Pear’. HortScience. 37: 224-226.
• Hunter, D. M., F. Kappel, H. A. Quamme, and W. G. Bonn. 2002b. ‘AC Harrow Crisp Pear’. HortScience. 37: 227-229. Hwang, H. S., I. S. Shin, W. C. Kim, H. M. Cho, Y. U. Shin, and J. H. Hwang. 2001. Breeding of the new early season pear cultivar Shincheon. p. 299-302. In: Int. Sym. Asian Pears, Comm. 100th Ann. Nijisseiki Pear. Vol: 587. Kurayoshi, Tottori, Japan. August.
• Iglesias, I., J. Bonany, P. Vilardell, and S. Ruíz. 2015. El cultivo del peral en España: Tecnología de producción, consumo e intercambios comerciales. Rev. Frutic. Espec. Peral. 45: 6-33.
• Iwata, H., T. Hayashi, S. Terakami, N. Takada, T. Saito, and T. Yamamoto. 2013. Genomic prediction of trait Segregation in a progeny population: A case study of Japanese Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia). BMC Genet. 14: 81.
• Jacob, H. B. 2002. New pear rootstocks from Geisenheim, Germany. Acta Hortic. 596: 337-344.
• Kanato, K., I. Kajiura, and D. W. McKenzie. 1982. The ideal Japanese pear. pp. 135-158. In: Van Der Zwet, T., and N. F. Childers. (Ed.) The pear. Horticultural Puslishing. K-L, Belgium.
• Kang, S. S., Y. K. Kim, H. S. Hwang, K. S. Cho, I. S. Shin, J. J. Won Choi, K. H Kim, J. H. Jo. 2013. Early autumn maturing pear cultivar ‘Sinhwa’ with fascinating very soft flesh. Korean J. Hortic. Sci. Technol. Hortic. Sci. Technol. 31 (4):512-516.
• Kask, K., H. Jänes, A. Libek, L. Arus, A. Kikas, H. Kaldmäe, N. Univer, and T. Univer. 2010. New cultivars and future perspectives in professional fruit breeding in Estonia. Agron. Res. Special Issue III: 603-614.
• Kato, H., N. Takada, S. Nishio, and T. Saito. 2014. Recent progress in Japanese Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) breeding at the NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science. p. 12-14. In: Proc. 12th Int. Pear Symp., Vol. 1094. Leuven, Belgium. 12-14 July.
• Kesik, A. 2021. Tescilli bazı SÖ ayva anaçlarının, Williams, Beurre Hardy ve Passe Crassane armut çeşitlerinde genç ağaçların vejetatif ve generatif gelişimleri üzerine etkileri. Yüksek lisans tezi. A. Ü. Zir. Fak. Fen Bil. Ens. Bahçe Bitkileri Ana Bilim Dalı Ankara.
• Kitaguchi, M. 2002. 'Wakahikari' and 'Natsuhikari', New Japanese Pear cultivars. Acta Hortic. 587: 311-318.
• Le Lézec, M., A. Belouin, P. Guérif, and Y. Lespinasse. 2002. "Angelys", a new winter pear to replace "Passe Crassane". Acta Hortic. 596: 265-269.
• Maas, F. 2008. Evaluation of Pyrus and Quince rootstocks for high density pear orchards. Acta Hortic. 800: 599-610.
• Militaru, M. 2012. Malus/Pyrus Romanian germplasm fund and its use in the breeding program. p. 7-9. In: 4th Meet. Malus/Pyrus Work. Group. Weggis, Switzerland. 7-9 March.
• Musacchi, S., I. Iglesias, and D. Neri. 2021. Training systems and sustainable orchard management for European pear (Pyrus communis L.) in the Mediterranean area: A review. Agron. 11 (9):1765.
• Neumüller, M., F. Dittrich, M. Reindl, A. Siemonsmeier, J. Hadersdorfer, and D. Treutter. 2014. Amelanchier selections as fully dwarfing and winterhardy pear rootstocks with high tolerance to iron chlorosis. p. 38. In: Proc. 12th Int. Pear Symp., Vol. 1094. Leuven, Belgium. 12-14 July.
• Ogawa, H., A. Usuda, T. Ito., T. Miyashita, H. Makita, K. Tsukahara, T. Shimazu, and T. Maejima. 2002. New Japanese Pear cultivar 'Nansui'. Acta Hortic. 587: 303-306.
• Öztürk, G., R. A. Emre, Ö. F. Karamürsel, H. C. Sarısu, E. Kaçal, M. Aksu, and H. Basım. 2013. Breeding of cultivars resistant to fire blight disease (Erwinia amylovora): promising genotypes and molecular characterization. p. 484. In: Int. Plant Breed. Cong., Antalya, Türkiye. 10-14 November.
• Paprštein, F., and J. Bouma. 2000. New pears from the Czech Republic. Acta Hortic. 538: 741-744. Paprštein, F., J. Blažek., and J. Bouma. 2009. New pear cultivars from the Czech Republic. Acta Hortic. 814: 361-366.
• Quartieri, M., B. Marangoni, L. Schiavon, M. Tagliavini, D. Bassi, A. Previati, and M. Giannini. 2011. Evaluation of Pear Rootstock Selections. Acta Hortic. 909: 153-159.
• Quinet, M., and J. P. Wesel. 2019. Botany and taxonomy of pear. pp. 1-33. In: S. S. Korban (Ed.) The Pear Genome. Springer Nature. AG, Switzerland.
• Rivalta, L., M. Bergamaschi, and S. Sirri. 2004a. Boheme and Aida: two new fire blight tolerant pear cultivars. Riv. Fruttic. Ortofloric. 66: 36-40.
• Rivalta, L., M. Bergamaschi, S. Sirri, W. Faedi, C. Bazzi, and E. Biondi. 2004b. Aida and Boheme pear varieties resistant to fire blight. Infor. Agra. 60: 55-58.
• Rivalta, L., M. Dradi, and C Rosati. 2002. Thirty years of pear breeding activity at Isf Forlì, Italy. Acta Hortic. 596: 233-238.
• Robbani, M., K. Banno, K. Yamaguchi, N. Fujisawa, J. Y. Liu, and M. Kakegawa. 2006. Selection of dwarfing pear rootstock clones from Pyrus betulaefolia and P. calleryana Seedlings. Hort. J. 75 (1):1-10.
• Rumayor, F. I. A., C. A. Martínez., and R. Váquez. 2005. Breeding pears for warm climates in Mexico. Acta Hortic. 671: 229-231.
• Saito, T. 2016. Advances in Japanese pear breeding in Japan. Breed. Sci. 66 (1):46-59.
• Sandhu, A. S., R. Singh, S. S. Mann, D. S. Dhillon, P. P. S. Minhas, K. K. Sharma, and G. P. S. Grewal. 1994. New promising pear selections for Punjab. Acta Hortic., 367: 39-45.
• Sawamura, Y., T. Saito., M. Shoda, and K. Kotobuki. 2002. New Japanese pear cultivars 'Akiakari', 'Shuurei', 'Akizuki' and 'Oushuu'. Acta Hortic. 587: 307-310.
• Serra, S. 2009. Salt stress responses in pear and quince: physiological and molecular aspects. Ph.D. thesis. Università di Bologna. Bologna, Italy.
• Shibata, K., K. Kawashima, and M. Hishitani. 2002. Breeding process and characteristics of 'Akemizu', a new Japanese Pear cultivar. Acta Hortic. 587: 319-321.
• Shin, L. S., W. C. Kim, H. S. Hwang, and Y. U. Shin, 2002. Achievements of pear breeding in Korea. Acta Hortic. 596: 247-250.
• Silva, G. J., T. M. Souza, R. L. Barbieri, and A. C. Oliveira. 2014. Origin, domestication, and dispersing of pear (Pyrus spp.). Adv. Agric. 1-8.
• Simard, M. H., and J. C. Michelesi. 2002. ‘PYRIAM’: A new pear rootstock. Acta Hortic. 596: 351-355.
• Uebayashi, Y., S. Takase, and N. Okada. 2002. New Japanese Pear cultivar 'Yousui'. Acta Hortic. 587: 281-284.
• Wang, Y. L. 1990. Pear breeding in China. Plant Breed. 60: 877-879.
• Wang, Y., Y. Wang., Y. Wang., Y. Li., Y. Han, and X. Li. 2015. Breeding report of a new pear cultivar-'Jishuo'. J. Fruit Sci. 32 (4):730-732.
• Wertheim, S. J. 1998. Rootstock guide apple, pear, cherry, European plum. Fruit Research Station, Wilhelminadorp, Netherlands.
• Ya, L., and T. HaoRu. 2004. Advance of pear rootstock breeding and in vitro Propagation. South China Fruits. 33: 46-49.
• Zhang, M., L. Ding, Q. Wang, and M. Feng. 2007. ‘Hanhong’ pear. HortScience. 42 (2):397.