DÖVİZ KURU BELİRSİZLİKLERİNİN TÜRKİYE’NİN TEKNOLOJİ İÇERİĞİNE GÖRE SINIFLANDIRILAN ÜRÜNLERİN İHRACAT AKIMLARINA ETKİLERİ: PANEL ARDL ANALİZİ
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 90 - 108, 22.03.2022
Çağlayan Aslan
,
Ferdi Akpiliç
Öz
Bu çalışma Türkiye’nin teknoloji sınıflamasına göre gruplandırılan ihracatı ile reel ve nominal döviz kuru belirsizliği arasındaki
ilişkileri araştırmaktadır. Çalışmada, Türkiye’nin ihracat yaptığı 55 ülkeye ilişkin 2013:Ç1-2021:Ç2 dönemini kapsayan panel veri
seti Havuzlanmış Panel ARDL modeli ile tahmin edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar döviz kuru belirsizliklerinin uzun dönemde ihracatı
negatif etkilediğini işaret etmektedir. Kısa dönemde, döviz kuru belirsizliklerinin yüksek ve orta yüksek teknoloji ihracat akımlarına
etki etmediği, orta düşük ve düşük teknoloji ihracatını olumlu yönde etkilediği gözlenmektedir. Uzun dönemde, ihracatın döviz kuru
belirsizliği esnekliğinin düşük teknolojiden yükseğe doğru gidildikçe azaldığı gözlenmiş olup bu durumun kar marjının görece yüksek
olduğu yüksek teknolojili ürünlerin döviz kuru değişimlerine daha az duyarlı olmasından kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Kısa
dönemde artan döviz kuru belirsizliklerinin orta düşük ve düşük teknoloji ihracatına artırıcı yönde etki etmesi, pazar olanakları çok
geniş olmayan ve düşük kar marjı ile çalışan aktörlerin piyasaların daha da bozulmadan ihracat yapma taleplerini artırmalarından
kaynaklandığı şeklinde yorumlanmıştır. Makale bulguları yönüyle önemli politika önerileri sunmaktadır.
Kaynakça
- Acaravcı, A., & Dağlı, Ö. (2021). Döviz Kurundaki Değişkenliğin Türkiye Dış Ticaretine Etkisi. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 7(2), 213–232. https://doi.org/10.20979/ueyd.972981
- Acaravcı, A., & Öztürk, İ. (2002). Döviz kurundaki değişkenliğin Türkiye ihracatı üzerine etkisi: ampirik bir çalışma. Review of Social, Economic & Business Studies, 2, 197-206.
- Alev, N. (2020). Döviz Kuru ve Döviz Kuru Volatilitesinin İhracat ve İthalat Üzerine Etkisi. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(4), 606-623.
- Altınbaş, H., Çetin, R., & Öz, B. (2011). The impact of exchange rate volatility on Turkish exports: 1993-2009. The South East European Journal of Economics and Business, 67-77.
- Arize, A. C. (1995). The effects of exchange-rate volatility on U. S. exports: An empirical investigation. Southern Economic Journal, 62(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.2307/1061373
- Arize, A. C. (1996). Real Exchange-Rate Volatility and Trade Flows: The Experience of Eight European Economies. International Review of Economics and Finance, 5, 187-205.
- Arize, A. C. (1998). The Effects of Exchange Rate Volatility on U.S. Imports: An Empirical Investigation. International Economic Journal, 12(3), 31-40.
- Arize, A. C., Osang, T., & Slottje, D. J. (2008). Exchange-rate volatility in Latin America and its impact on foreign trade. International Review of Economics and Finance, 17(1), 33-44.
- Aslan, C., Cepni, O., & Gul, S. (2020). The impact of real exchange rate on international trade: Evidence from panel structural VAR model. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3662438
- Asseery, A., & Peel, D. A. (1991). The effects of exchange rate volatility on exports: Some new estimates. Economics letters, 37(2), 173-177.
- Bahmani-Oskooee, M., Harvey, H. and Hegerty, S. W. (2015). “Exchange-Rate Volatility and Commodity Trade: The Case of the US and Italy”. Economic Issues Journal Articles, 20(2), 1-27.
- Bailey, M. J., Tavlas, G. S., & Ulan, M. (1986). Exchange-rate variability and trade performance: evidence for the big seven industrial countries. Review of World Economics, 122(3), 466-477.
- Baum, C. F. and Çağlayan, M. (2009). “The Volatility of International Trade Flows and Exchange Rate Uncertainty”. Department of Economics, Boston College Department of Economics, University of Sheffield, Working Paper, 695.
- Bolkan, E. ve Kaplan, F, (2020), Teknoloji Yoğun Malların Sektörel İhracatı: Türkiye Örneği, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 34(3): 1001-1020, DOI: 10.16951/atauniiibd.713014.
- Chowdhury, A. R. (1993). Does Exchange Rate Volatility Depress Trade Flows? Evidence from Error- Correction. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 75(4), 700-706.
- Cushman, D. O. (1983). The effects of real exchange rate risk on international trade. Journal of international Economics, 15(1-2), 45-63.
- Çelik, R. (2018). The effect of exchange rate volatility on export: The case of Turkey (1995-2017). Istanbul Journal of Economics / İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 181–220. https://doi.org/10.26650/istjecon404747
- Dada, J. T. (2021). Asymmetric effect of exchange rate volatility on trade in sub-Saharan African countries. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 37(2), 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1108/jeas-09-2019-0101
- De Grauwe, P. (1988). Exchange Rate Variability and the Slowdown in Growth of International Trade. Staff Papers (International Monetary Fund), 35(1), 63-84.
- De Vita, G., & Abbott, A. (2004). Real exchange rate volatility and US exports: an ARDL bounds testing approach. Economic Issues, 9(1), 69-78.
- Demirel, B., & Erdem, C. (2004). Döviz Kurlarındaki Dalgalanmaların i̇hracata Etkileri Türkiye örneğin. İktisat İşletme Ve Finans, 19(223). https://doi.org/10.3848/iif.2004.223.2160
- Doroodian, K. (1999). Does exchange rate volatility deter international trade in developing countries? Journal of Asian Economics, 10(3), 465–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1049-0078(99)00038-x
- Gotur, P. (1985). Effects of exchange rate volatility on trade: some further evidence. Staff Papers, 32(3), 475-512.
- Güloğlu, B. (2008). Exports and volatility of exchange rate under alternative exchange rate regimes: The case of Turkey. Proc. The International Conference on Policy Modeling (s. 1-15). Berlin: EcoMod.
- Hooper, P., & Kohlhagen, S. W. (1978). The effect of exchange rate uncertainty on the prices and volume of international trade. Journal of international Economics, 8(4), 483-511.
- Hooy, C.-W., Baharumshah, A. Z., & Brooks, R. D. (2016). The effect of exchange rate volatility on the nexus of technology sophistication and trade fragmentation of ASEAN5 exports to China. Journal of Asia-Pacific Business, 17(3), 206–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/10599231.2016.1203717
- Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90(1), 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(98)00023-2
- Kasman, A. (2003). “Türkiye’de Reel Döviz Kuru Oynaklığı ve Bunun İhracat Üzerine Etkisi: Sektörel Bir Analiz”. Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt:22, Sayı:2, ss. 169-186.
- Kasman, A., & Kasman, S. (2005). Exchange rate uncertainty in Turkey and its impact on export volume. METU Studies in Development(32), 41-58.
- Kenen, P. B., & Rodrik, D. (1986). Measuring and Analyzing the Effects of Short-Term Volatility in Real Exchange Rates. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 68(2), 311-315.
- Kılıç, E. (2014). Stratejik Sektörlerin Dış Ticareti ile Reel Efektif Döviz Kuru Hareketleri ve Belirsizliği Arasındaki İlişki. Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, 3(4), 43-66.
- Kilicarslan, Z. (2018). Determinants of exchange rate volatility: Empirical evidence for Turkey. Pressacademia, 5(2), 204–213. https://doi.org/10.17261/pressacademia.2018.825
- Koray, F., & Lastrapes, W. D. (1989). Real Exchange Rate Volatility and U.S. Bilateral Trade: A Var Approach. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 71(4), 708-712.
- Koray, F., & Lastrapes, W. D. (1993). The impact of exchange rate volatility on international trade: reduced form estimates using the GARCH-in-mean model. Journal of International Money and Finance, 12(3), 298-318.
- Köse, N., & Aslan, Ç. (2020). The effect of real exchange rate uncertainty on Turkey’s foreign trade: New evidences from Svar Model. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2020.1808798.
- Köse, N., Ay, A., & Topallı, N. (2008). Dövı̇z kuru oynaklığının ı̇hracata etkı̇sı̇: Türkı̇ye örneğı̇ (1995–2008). Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 24-45.
- Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(S1), 631–652. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1631
- McKenzie, M. D., & Brooks, R. D. (1997). The impact of exchange rate volatility on German-US trade flows. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 7(1), 73-87.
- Nazlioglu, Ş. (2013). Exchange rate volatility and Turkish industry-level export: Panel cointegration analysis. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 22(7), 1088-1107.
- Ozbay, P. 1999. “The Effect of Exchange Rate Uncertainty on Exports: A Case Study for Turkey”, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Research, Department Working Papers, 1-14.
- Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(s1), 653–670. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.61.s1.14
- Pedroni, P. (2000). “Critical Values for Cointegration Tests In Heterogeneous Cointegrated Panels”. Advances in Econometrics, 61(4), 653-670.
- Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94(446), 621–634. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1999.10474156
- Saatçioğlu, C., & Karaca, O. (2011). Döviz kuru belirsizliğinin ihracata etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 5(2), 183-195.
- Sarıoğlu, S. E. (2013). “Reel Döviz Kuru Belirsizliğinin Türkiye’nin İhracatına Etkisi: Farklı Sektörler Üzerine Bir Analiz”. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(1), 77-92.
- Serenis, D., & Tsounis, N. (2014). Exchange rate volatility and aggregate exports: Evidence from two small countries. ISRN Economics, 2014, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/839380
- Sevim, C., & Doğan, T. T. (2016). Türkiye Ekonomisinde İhracat ve Döviz Kuru Oynaklığı. Ege Academic Review, 16(2).
- Solakoglu, M. N., Solakoglu, E. G., & Demirağ, T. (2008). Exchange rate volatility and exports: A firm-level analysis. Applied Economics, 40(7), 921-929.
- Sugiharti, L., Esquivias, M. A., & Setyorani, B. (2020). The impact of exchange rate volatility on Indonesia's top exports to the five main export markets. Heliyon, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03141
- Tarasenko, I. (2021). The impact of exchange rate volatility on trade: The evidence from Russia. Russian Journal of Economics, 7(3), 213–232. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.7.57933
- Tarı, R., & Yıldırım, D. Ç. (2009). Döviz Kuru Belirsizliginin İhracata Etkisi: Türkiye İçin Bir Uygulama. Yönetim ve ekonomi: celal bayar üniversitesi iktisadi ve idari bilimler fakültesi dergis, 16(2), 95-105.
- Tenreyro, S. (2006). On the trade impact of nominal exchange rate volatility. Journal of Development Economics, 82(2007), 485-508.
- Thuy, V. N., & Thuy, D. T. (2019). The impact of exchange rate volatility on exports in Vietnam: A bounds testing approach. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12010006
- Tunçsiper, B. ve Öksüzler, O. (2006). “Döviz Kuru Riski Türkiye’nin İhracatını Azaltır mı? Hata Doğrulama Yöntemi ile Bir Ampirik Değerlendirme”. ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(3), 1-13.
- TÜİK. (2020, Şubat). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. TÜİK Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri. adresinden alındı
THE EFFECTS OF EXCHANGE RATE UNCERTAINTIES ON EXPORT FLOWS OF TURKEY'S PRODUCTS CLASSIFIED BY TECHNOLOGY CONTENT: PANEL ARDL ANALYSIS
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 90 - 108, 22.03.2022
Çağlayan Aslan
,
Ferdi Akpiliç
Öz
This paper examines the relationships between Turkey's exports, grouped with respect to technology classification, and real and
nominal exchange rate uncertainties. In the paper, the panel data set of Turkey's exports to 55 countries covering the period of 2013:
Q1-2021: Q2 is estimated by the Pooled Panel ARDL model. The obtained results point out that exchange rate uncertainties affect
exports negatively in the long run. In the short term, it is observed that exchange rate uncertainties do not affect high and medium
high technology export flows whereas they affect medium-low and low technology exports positively. In the long run, it has been
established that the elasticity of exchange rate uncertainty of exports gets lower as one moves from low technology to high. It would
be due to the fact that high-tech products with relatively high-profit margins are less sensitive to exchange rate changes. The expanding
of medium-low and low-technology export volumes facing increasing exchange rate uncertainties may be the result of that the actors
whose market opportunities are not very wide and working with low-profit margins increase their export demands before further
deterioration of the markets.
Kaynakça
- Acaravcı, A., & Dağlı, Ö. (2021). Döviz Kurundaki Değişkenliğin Türkiye Dış Ticaretine Etkisi. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 7(2), 213–232. https://doi.org/10.20979/ueyd.972981
- Acaravcı, A., & Öztürk, İ. (2002). Döviz kurundaki değişkenliğin Türkiye ihracatı üzerine etkisi: ampirik bir çalışma. Review of Social, Economic & Business Studies, 2, 197-206.
- Alev, N. (2020). Döviz Kuru ve Döviz Kuru Volatilitesinin İhracat ve İthalat Üzerine Etkisi. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(4), 606-623.
- Altınbaş, H., Çetin, R., & Öz, B. (2011). The impact of exchange rate volatility on Turkish exports: 1993-2009. The South East European Journal of Economics and Business, 67-77.
- Arize, A. C. (1995). The effects of exchange-rate volatility on U. S. exports: An empirical investigation. Southern Economic Journal, 62(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.2307/1061373
- Arize, A. C. (1996). Real Exchange-Rate Volatility and Trade Flows: The Experience of Eight European Economies. International Review of Economics and Finance, 5, 187-205.
- Arize, A. C. (1998). The Effects of Exchange Rate Volatility on U.S. Imports: An Empirical Investigation. International Economic Journal, 12(3), 31-40.
- Arize, A. C., Osang, T., & Slottje, D. J. (2008). Exchange-rate volatility in Latin America and its impact on foreign trade. International Review of Economics and Finance, 17(1), 33-44.
- Aslan, C., Cepni, O., & Gul, S. (2020). The impact of real exchange rate on international trade: Evidence from panel structural VAR model. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3662438
- Asseery, A., & Peel, D. A. (1991). The effects of exchange rate volatility on exports: Some new estimates. Economics letters, 37(2), 173-177.
- Bahmani-Oskooee, M., Harvey, H. and Hegerty, S. W. (2015). “Exchange-Rate Volatility and Commodity Trade: The Case of the US and Italy”. Economic Issues Journal Articles, 20(2), 1-27.
- Bailey, M. J., Tavlas, G. S., & Ulan, M. (1986). Exchange-rate variability and trade performance: evidence for the big seven industrial countries. Review of World Economics, 122(3), 466-477.
- Baum, C. F. and Çağlayan, M. (2009). “The Volatility of International Trade Flows and Exchange Rate Uncertainty”. Department of Economics, Boston College Department of Economics, University of Sheffield, Working Paper, 695.
- Bolkan, E. ve Kaplan, F, (2020), Teknoloji Yoğun Malların Sektörel İhracatı: Türkiye Örneği, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 34(3): 1001-1020, DOI: 10.16951/atauniiibd.713014.
- Chowdhury, A. R. (1993). Does Exchange Rate Volatility Depress Trade Flows? Evidence from Error- Correction. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 75(4), 700-706.
- Cushman, D. O. (1983). The effects of real exchange rate risk on international trade. Journal of international Economics, 15(1-2), 45-63.
- Çelik, R. (2018). The effect of exchange rate volatility on export: The case of Turkey (1995-2017). Istanbul Journal of Economics / İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 181–220. https://doi.org/10.26650/istjecon404747
- Dada, J. T. (2021). Asymmetric effect of exchange rate volatility on trade in sub-Saharan African countries. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 37(2), 149–162. https://doi.org/10.1108/jeas-09-2019-0101
- De Grauwe, P. (1988). Exchange Rate Variability and the Slowdown in Growth of International Trade. Staff Papers (International Monetary Fund), 35(1), 63-84.
- De Vita, G., & Abbott, A. (2004). Real exchange rate volatility and US exports: an ARDL bounds testing approach. Economic Issues, 9(1), 69-78.
- Demirel, B., & Erdem, C. (2004). Döviz Kurlarındaki Dalgalanmaların i̇hracata Etkileri Türkiye örneğin. İktisat İşletme Ve Finans, 19(223). https://doi.org/10.3848/iif.2004.223.2160
- Doroodian, K. (1999). Does exchange rate volatility deter international trade in developing countries? Journal of Asian Economics, 10(3), 465–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1049-0078(99)00038-x
- Gotur, P. (1985). Effects of exchange rate volatility on trade: some further evidence. Staff Papers, 32(3), 475-512.
- Güloğlu, B. (2008). Exports and volatility of exchange rate under alternative exchange rate regimes: The case of Turkey. Proc. The International Conference on Policy Modeling (s. 1-15). Berlin: EcoMod.
- Hooper, P., & Kohlhagen, S. W. (1978). The effect of exchange rate uncertainty on the prices and volume of international trade. Journal of international Economics, 8(4), 483-511.
- Hooy, C.-W., Baharumshah, A. Z., & Brooks, R. D. (2016). The effect of exchange rate volatility on the nexus of technology sophistication and trade fragmentation of ASEAN5 exports to China. Journal of Asia-Pacific Business, 17(3), 206–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/10599231.2016.1203717
- Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90(1), 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(98)00023-2
- Kasman, A. (2003). “Türkiye’de Reel Döviz Kuru Oynaklığı ve Bunun İhracat Üzerine Etkisi: Sektörel Bir Analiz”. Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt:22, Sayı:2, ss. 169-186.
- Kasman, A., & Kasman, S. (2005). Exchange rate uncertainty in Turkey and its impact on export volume. METU Studies in Development(32), 41-58.
- Kenen, P. B., & Rodrik, D. (1986). Measuring and Analyzing the Effects of Short-Term Volatility in Real Exchange Rates. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 68(2), 311-315.
- Kılıç, E. (2014). Stratejik Sektörlerin Dış Ticareti ile Reel Efektif Döviz Kuru Hareketleri ve Belirsizliği Arasındaki İlişki. Sakarya İktisat Dergisi, 3(4), 43-66.
- Kilicarslan, Z. (2018). Determinants of exchange rate volatility: Empirical evidence for Turkey. Pressacademia, 5(2), 204–213. https://doi.org/10.17261/pressacademia.2018.825
- Koray, F., & Lastrapes, W. D. (1989). Real Exchange Rate Volatility and U.S. Bilateral Trade: A Var Approach. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 71(4), 708-712.
- Koray, F., & Lastrapes, W. D. (1993). The impact of exchange rate volatility on international trade: reduced form estimates using the GARCH-in-mean model. Journal of International Money and Finance, 12(3), 298-318.
- Köse, N., & Aslan, Ç. (2020). The effect of real exchange rate uncertainty on Turkey’s foreign trade: New evidences from Svar Model. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2020.1808798.
- Köse, N., Ay, A., & Topallı, N. (2008). Dövı̇z kuru oynaklığının ı̇hracata etkı̇sı̇: Türkı̇ye örneğı̇ (1995–2008). Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 24-45.
- Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999). A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(S1), 631–652. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1631
- McKenzie, M. D., & Brooks, R. D. (1997). The impact of exchange rate volatility on German-US trade flows. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 7(1), 73-87.
- Nazlioglu, Ş. (2013). Exchange rate volatility and Turkish industry-level export: Panel cointegration analysis. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 22(7), 1088-1107.
- Ozbay, P. 1999. “The Effect of Exchange Rate Uncertainty on Exports: A Case Study for Turkey”, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Research, Department Working Papers, 1-14.
- Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(s1), 653–670. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.61.s1.14
- Pedroni, P. (2000). “Critical Values for Cointegration Tests In Heterogeneous Cointegrated Panels”. Advances in Econometrics, 61(4), 653-670.
- Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94(446), 621–634. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1999.10474156
- Saatçioğlu, C., & Karaca, O. (2011). Döviz kuru belirsizliğinin ihracata etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 5(2), 183-195.
- Sarıoğlu, S. E. (2013). “Reel Döviz Kuru Belirsizliğinin Türkiye’nin İhracatına Etkisi: Farklı Sektörler Üzerine Bir Analiz”. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(1), 77-92.
- Serenis, D., & Tsounis, N. (2014). Exchange rate volatility and aggregate exports: Evidence from two small countries. ISRN Economics, 2014, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/839380
- Sevim, C., & Doğan, T. T. (2016). Türkiye Ekonomisinde İhracat ve Döviz Kuru Oynaklığı. Ege Academic Review, 16(2).
- Solakoglu, M. N., Solakoglu, E. G., & Demirağ, T. (2008). Exchange rate volatility and exports: A firm-level analysis. Applied Economics, 40(7), 921-929.
- Sugiharti, L., Esquivias, M. A., & Setyorani, B. (2020). The impact of exchange rate volatility on Indonesia's top exports to the five main export markets. Heliyon, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03141
- Tarasenko, I. (2021). The impact of exchange rate volatility on trade: The evidence from Russia. Russian Journal of Economics, 7(3), 213–232. https://doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.7.57933
- Tarı, R., & Yıldırım, D. Ç. (2009). Döviz Kuru Belirsizliginin İhracata Etkisi: Türkiye İçin Bir Uygulama. Yönetim ve ekonomi: celal bayar üniversitesi iktisadi ve idari bilimler fakültesi dergis, 16(2), 95-105.
- Tenreyro, S. (2006). On the trade impact of nominal exchange rate volatility. Journal of Development Economics, 82(2007), 485-508.
- Thuy, V. N., & Thuy, D. T. (2019). The impact of exchange rate volatility on exports in Vietnam: A bounds testing approach. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 12(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12010006
- Tunçsiper, B. ve Öksüzler, O. (2006). “Döviz Kuru Riski Türkiye’nin İhracatını Azaltır mı? Hata Doğrulama Yöntemi ile Bir Ampirik Değerlendirme”. ZKÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(3), 1-13.
- TÜİK. (2020, Şubat). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. TÜİK Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri. adresinden alındı