Üniversite Öğrencilerinden Oluşan Bir Örneklemde İnternet ve Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılıkları: Yaşamda Anlam Arayışının Rolü

Yıl 2021, , 249 - 258, 27.09.2021

Pınar Dursun , Bedir Sala , Ahmet Üzer

https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.860677

Cited By: 2

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada üniversite öğrencileri arasında akıllı telefon ve İnternet’in problemli ve bağımlılık teşkil edici biçimde kullanımının kavramsal olarak birbirinden farklı olup olmadığını araştırmak ve yaşamda anlamın boyutlarının (anlam varlığı ve anlam arayışı) ve psikolojik sağlık ile ilgili göstergelerin (stres, depresyon, anksiyete) bu gibi kullanımları ne ölçüde yordayıcı olduğunu saptamak amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Kesitsel çalışmamız Aralık 2019—Şubat 2020 döneminde Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi ile Afyonkarahisar Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi’nden ulaşılan toplam 483 (317 kadın, 166 erkek) katılımcı (ortalama yaş: 21,71±1,75 yıl) içerdi. Katılımcılara bir sosyodemografik form ile birlikte Fagerström Nikotin Bağımlılığı Testi, Yaşamda Anlam Ölçeği, İnternet Bağımlılığı Testi ve Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeği uygulandı.
Bulgular: Akıllı telefon ve İnternet bağımlılıklarının birbiriyle yüksek düzeyde ilişkili olduğu ve iki bağımlılığın da depresyon ve stres göstergeleri ve anlam arayışı boyutu ile yordanabileceği görüldü. Erkekler İnternet’i akıllı telefondan çok bilgisayarda kullanma eğilimi içindeydi.
Sonuç: Stres, depresyon ve yaşamda anlam kaybı halinde anlam sistemlerini yeniden yapılandırmaya ya da kazanmaya çalışan öğrencilerin İnternet ve akıllı telefon bağımlılığı geliştirme olasılığının daha yüksek olduğu görülmüştür. Bu nedenle değerlendirme ve tedavi stratejileri, yeni anlam sistemleri oluşturmayı ve yaşamdaki stresli durumlarla adaptif bir biçimde başa çıkmayı öğretmeyi içermelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

akıllı telefon bağımlılığı, akıllı telefonların problemli kullanımı, anlam arayışı, İnternet bağımlılığı, İnternet’in problemli kullanımı, yaşamda anlam

Teşekkür

Yeşilay Afyonkarahisar Başkanı Dr. Yusuf Gökçe'ye katkılarından dolayı teşekkür ederiz.

The Internet and Smartphone Addictions in a Sample of University Students: The Role of Search for Meaning in Life

Öz

Aim: In this study, we aimed to explore whether problematic and addictive uses of smartphones and the Internet conceptually differ from each other and gauge the predictive utility of the meaning in life dimensions (meaning of presence and search for meaning) and psychological health indicators (stress, depression, and anxiety) for such uses in university students.
Methods: The cross-sectional study included a total of 483 (317 females, 166 males) participants (mean age: 21.71±1.75 years) recruited from the Afyon Kocatepe University and the Afyonkarahisar
Health Sciences University between December 2019 and February 2020. A sociodemographic form, the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, the Internet Addiction Test, and the Smartphone Addiction Scale were administered.
Results: The findings suggested that smartphone and Internet addictions were highly correlated and both addictions could be predicted by the depression and stress indicators and the search for meaning dimension. Males tended to use the Internet via computers rather than smartphones.
Conclusion: We found that in case of stress, depression, and loss of meaning in life students were more likely to develop Internet and smartphone addictions as they tried to reconstruct or restore their meaning systems. Therefore, the evaluation and treatment strategies should include teaching how to reconstruct meaning systems and cope with stressful life situations in an adaptive way.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Internet addiction, meaning in life, problematic Internet use, problematic smartphone use, search for meaning, smartphone addiction

Kaynakça

• Ofcom. The UK is now a smartphone society (2015). Available at: http://media.ofcom.org.uk/news/2015/cmr-uk-2015 (accessed: 1 January 2021).
• The Turkish Statistical Institute. The research of household use of communication technologies (2020). Available at: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Hanehalki-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-(BT)-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2020-33679 (accessed: 1 January 2021).
• Statistica. Internet penetration in South Korea (2020). Available at www.statista.com/statistics/226712/internet-penetration-in-south-korea-since-2000 (accessed: 1 January 2021).
• The Korean Internet and Security agency. Survey reports (2020). Available at: www.kisa.or.kr/eng/usefulreport/surveyReport_View.jsp?cPage=1&p_No=262&b_No=262&d_No=82&ST=&SV= (accessed: 2 January 2021).
• Ben-Yehuda L, Greenberg L, Weinstein A. Internet addiction by using the smartphone-relationships between Internet addiction, frequency of smartphone use and the state of mind of male and female students. J Addict. 2016;2(1):22–7.
• Mok JY, Choi SW, Kim DJ, Choi JS, Lee J, Ahn H, et al. Latent class analysis on Internet and smartphone addiction in college students. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014;10:817–28.
• Choi SW, Kim DJ, Choi JS, Ahn H, Choi EJ, Song WY, et al. Comparison of risk and protective factors associated with smartphone addiction and Internet addiction. J Behav Addict. 2015;4(4):308–14.
• Lee SY, Lee D, Nam CR, Kim DY, Park S, Kwon JG, et al. Distinct patterns of Internet and smartphone-related problems among adolescents by gender: latent class analysis. J Behav Addict. 2018;7(2):454–65.
• Tsai HF, Cheng SH, Yeh TL, Shih CC, Chen KC, Yang YC, et al. The risk factors of Internet addiction—a survey of university freshmen. Psychiatr Res. 2009;167(3):294–9.
• Ayar D, Bektas M, Bektas I, Kudubes AA, Ok YS, Altan SS, et al. The effect of adolescents’ Internet addiction on smartphone addiction. J Addict Nurs. 2017;28(4):210–4.
• Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. Problematic smartphone use: a conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. J Affect Disord. 2017;207:251–9.
• Lee SJ, Kim B, Choi TK, Lee SH, Yook KH. Associations between smartphone addiction proneness and psychopathology. Korean J Biol Psychiatr. 2014;21(4):161–7.
• Wegmann E, Stodt B, Brand M. Addictive use of social networking sites can be explained by the interaction of Internet use expectancies, Internet literacy, and psychopathological symptoms. J Behav Addict. 2015;4(3):155–62.
• Ho RC, Zhang MW, Tsang TY, Toh AH, Pan F, Lu Y, et al. The association between Internet addiction and psychiatric co-morbidity: a meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatr. 2014;14:183.
• Yücens B, Üzer A. The relationship between Internet addiction, social anxiety, impulsivity, self-esteem, and depression in a sample of Turkish undergraduate medical students. Psychiatr Res. 2018;267:313–8.
• Kim TH, Kang MS. Type analysis and countermeasures of side effects of using smart phone. J IKEEE. 2013;17(12):2984–94.
• Zhang MW, Tran BX, Hinh ND, Nguyen HL, Tho TD, Latkin C, et al. Internet addiction and sleep quality among Vietnamese youths. Asian J Psychiatr. 2017;28:15–20.
• Steger MF, Frazier P, Oishi S, Kaler M. The meaning in life questionnaire: assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. J Couns Psychol. 2006;53(1):80.
• Martela F, Steger MF. The three meanings of meaning in life: distinguishing coherence, purpose, and significance. J Posit Psychol. 2016;11(5):531–45.
• Aiena BJ, Buchanan EM, Smith CV, Schulenberg SE. Meaning, resilience, and traumatic stress after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill: a study of Mississippi coastal residents seeking mental health services. J Clin Psychol. 2016;72(12):1264–78.
• Park CL. Making sense of the meaning literature: an integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychol Bull. 2010;136(2):257–301.
• Steger MF, Frazier P. Meaning in life: one link in the chain from religiousness to well-being. J Couns Psychol. 2005;52(4):574–82.
• Steger MF, Kawabata Y, Shimai S, Otake K. The meaningful life in Japan and the United States: levels and correlates of meaning in life. J Res Pers. 2008;42(3):660–78.
• Steger MF, Oishi S, Kashdan TB. Meaning in life across the life span: levels and correlates of meaning in life from emerging adulthood to older adulthood. J Posit Psychol. 2009;4(1):43–52.
• Battista J, Almond R. The development of meaning in life. Psychiatry. 1973;36:409–27.
• O’Connor K, Chamberlain K. Dimensions of life meaning: a qualitative investigation at mid‐life. Br J Psychol. 1996;87(3):461–77.
• Steger MF. Making meaning in life. Psychol Inq. 2012;23(4):381–5.
• Zhao H, Li X, Zhou J, Nie Q, Zhou J. The relationship between bullying victimization and online game addiction among Chinese early adolescents: the potential role of meaning in life and gender differences. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;116:105261.
• Zhang Y, Mei S, Li L, Chai J, Li J, Du H. The relationship between impulsivity and Internet addiction in Chinese college students: a moderated mediation analysis of meaning in life and self-esteem. PloS One. 2015;10(7):e0131597.
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5. ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
• Fagerström KO. Measuring degree of physical dependence to tobacco smoking with reference to individualization of treatment. Addict Behav. 1978;3:235–41.
• Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerstrom KO. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict. 1991;86:119–27.
• Pomerleau CS, Carton SM, Lutzke ML, Flessland KA, Pomerleau OF. Reliability of the Fagerstrom tolerance questionnaire and the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence. Addict Behav. 1994;19:33–9.
• Uysal MA, Kadakal F, Karşıdağ C, Bayram NG, Uysal O, Yılmaz V. Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: reliability in a Turkish sample and factor analysis. Tuberk Toraks. 2004;52(2):115–21.
• Dursun P. The Role of Meaning in Life, Optimism, Hope and Coping Styles in Subjective Well-being [unpublished dissertation]. Ankara: Middle East Technical University Social Sciences Institute, 2012.
• Young KS. Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. Cyberpsychol Behav. 1998;(1):237–44.
• Young K. Internet addiction: diagnosis and treatment considerations. J Contemp Psychother. 2009;39(4):241–6.
• Bayraktar F. The Role of Internet Usage in the Development of Adolescents [unpublished master’s thesis]. Izmır: Ege University Social Sciences Institute; 2001.
• Kwon M, Lee JY, Won WY, Park JW, Min JA, Hahn C, et al. Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS). PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56936.
• Demirci K, Orhan H, Demirdas A, Akpinar A, Sert H. Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale in a younger population. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;24(3):226–34.
• Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, 2. ed. Sydney: Psychology Foundation of Australia; 1995.
• Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav Res Ther. 1995;33:335–43.
• Sarıçam H. The psychometric properties of Turkish version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in health control and clinical samples. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2018;7(1):19–30.
• Fattore L, Melis M, Fadda P, Fratta W. Sex differences in addictive disorders. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2014;35(3):272–84.
• Heo J, Oh J, Subramanian SV, Kim Y, Kawachi I. Addictive Internet use among Korean adolescents: a national survey. PloS One. 2014;9(2):e87819.
• Chaudhari B, Menon P, Saldanha D, Tewari A, Bhattacharya L. Internet addiction and its determinants among medical students. Ind Psychiatry J. 2015;24(2):158.
• Lam LT, Peng ZW, Mai JC, Jing J. Factors associated with Internet addiction among adolescents. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2009;12(5):551–5.
• Boumosleh JM, Jaalouk D. Depression, anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university students—a cross sectional study. PloS One. 2017;12(8):e0182239.
• Samaha M, Hawi NS. Relationships among smartphone addiction, stress, academic performance, and satisfaction with life. Comput Hum Behav. 2016;57:321–5.
• Yıldız MA. Emotion regulation strategies as predictors of Internet addiction and smartphone addiction in adolescents. J Educ Sci Psychol. 2017;7(1):66–78.
• Caplan S, Williams D, Yee N. Problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being among MMO players. Comput Hum Behav. 2009;25(6):1312–9.
• Park S, Hong KEM, Park EJ, Ha KS, Yoo HJ. The association between problematic Internet use and depression, suicidal ideation, and bipolar disorder symptoms in Korean adolescents. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2013;47(2):153–9.
• Hawi NS, Samaha M. Relationships among smartphone addiction, anxiety, and family relations. Behav Inf Technol. 2017;36(10):1046–52.
• Demirci K, Akgönül M, Akpinar A. Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. J Behav Addict. 2015;4(2):85–92.
• Dalbudak E, Evren C, Aldemir S, Coskun KS, Ugurlu H, Yildirim FG. Relationship of Internet addiction severity with depression, anxiety, and alexithymia, temperament and character in university students. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2013;16(4):272–8.
• Elhai JD, Dvorak RD, Levine JC, Hall BJ. Problematic smartphone use: a conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. J Affect Disord. 2017;207:251–9.
• Çevik C, Ciğerci Y, Kılıç İ, Uyar S. Relationship between smartphone addiction and meaning and purpose of life in students of health sciences. Perspect Psychiatr C. 2020;56(3):705–11.
• Rammazi MG, Askarizadeh G, Ahmadi G, Divsalar K. The role of psychiatric symptoms, social support and meaning in life in predicting Internet addiction among university students: a causal model. J Pract Clin Psychol. 2018;6(2):101–10.
• Frankl VE. Man’s Search for Meaning. Oxford: Washington Square Press; 1985.
• Dursun P, Saraçlı S, Konuk O. The roles of meaningful life and posttraumatic stress in posttraumatic growth in a sample of Turkish university students. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2014;159:702–6.
• Stanković M, Nešić M, Čičević S, Shi Z. Association of smartphone use with depression, anxiety, stress, sleep quality, and Internet addiction. Empirical evidence from a smartphone application. Pers Individ Differ. 2021;168:110342.