Kavramsal Bir Bakış: Radikalleşme Süreç ve Modelleri

Öz

DAEŞ ve El-Kaide gibi radikal terör örgütlerinin eylem ve faaliyetleri sadece bu sorunla karşılaşan devletler için değil aynı zamanda uluslararası kamuoyu tarafından da çözülmeyi bekleyen ciddi bir sorun alanıdır. Bu bağlamda, radikal örgütlerle mücadele kapsamında radikalleşmenin salt bir güvenlikçi bakış açısının ötesinde kavramsal ve teorik olarak ele alınmasının faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir. Dolayısıyla, insanların radikalleşmesine neden olan koşulların anlaşılması ve bu insanların hangi şartlar altında şiddete evirilen radikalleşme sarmalına girdiğinin ortaya konması önemli bir konudur. Bu çalışmanın amacı radikalleşmenin bir bütün olarak tüm unsur, süreç ve modelleri ile beraber incelenerek bir sonuca varılmasıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Radikalleşme
• radikalleşme teorileri
• şiddet
• ideoloji

A Conceptual Overview: Radicalization Processes and Models

Öz

The attacks and activities of terrorist organizations such as DAESH and Al-Qaeda cause a trouble waiting to be solved not only for the states facing this problem, but also for the international community. In this context, it is thought that it would be beneficial to consider radicalization as conceptually and theoretically, beyond a mere security perspective, within the scope of the fight against radical terrorist organizations. Therefore, it is important to understand the conditions that cause people to become radicalized and to reveal the conditions under which these people enter the spiral of radicalization that turns into violence. The aim of this study is to reach a conclusion by examining radicalization with its all elements, processes, and models.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Radicalization
• radicalization theories
• violence
• ideology

Kaynakça

1. Akbar, A. (2013), “Policing radicalization”, UC Irvine Law Review, Vol.3, No.4, s.810-882.
2. Barlett, J., Miller, C. (2021), “The Edge of Violence: Towards Telling the Difference Between Violent and Non-Violent Radicalization”, Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol.24, No.1, s.1-21.
3. Beelmann, A. (2020), “A Social developmental model of radicalization: A systematic integration of existing theories and empirical research”, International Journal of Conflict and Violance, Vol.14, No.1, s.1-14.
4. Benevento, A. (2021), “The Necessity to Recognize Processes of Radicalization from a Socio-cultural Perspective”, Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science, s.1-17.
5. Borum, R. (2003), “Understanding the Terrorist Mindset”, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, s.7-10.
6. Borum, R. (2011), “Radicalization into Violent Extremism: Review of Social Science Theories”, Journal of Strategic Security, Vol.4, No.4, s.7-36.
7. Çelik, O. (2015), “Dini İstismar Eden Terör Örgütlerinin Radikalleşme Süreçleri”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt.2, Sayı.22, s.99-122.
8. Connor, K. (2005), “İslamism’ in the West? The Life-Span of the AL-Muhajiroun in the United Kingdom”, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, Vol.25, No.1, s.117-133.

9. Doosje, B., Moghaddam, F. M., Kruglanski, A. W., Wolf, A., Mann, L., Feddes, A. F. (2016), “Terrorism, Radicalization and De-radicalization”, Current Opinion in Psychology, Vol.11, s.79-84.
10. Güven, M. (2022), “Radikalleşme Süreçleri PKK Örneği”, Terrörizm ve Radikalleşme Araştırmaları Dergisi, Vol. 1, No. 1, s. 130-152.
11. Heywood, A. (2013), “Siyasi İdeolojiler: Bir Giriş”, (çev. Ahmet Kemal Bayram vd.), Adres Yayınları, Ankara.
12. Horgan, J. Braddock, K. (2010), “Rehabilitating the terrorist?: Challenges in assessing the effectiveness of de-radicalization programs”, Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol.22, No.2, s. 267-291.
13. Hung, B. W. K., Jayasumana, A. P., Bandara, V. W. (2018), “Insight: A System to Detect Violent Extremist Radicalization Trajectories in Dynamic Graphs”, Elsevier: Data and Knowledge Engineering, Vol/No.11, s.52-70.
14. Knefel, J. (2013), “Everything You’ve Been Told About Radicalization is Wrong”, Vol/No. 6, Rolling Stone Politics.
15. King, M., Taylor, D. M. (2011), “The Radicalization of Homegrown Jihadists: A Review of Theoretical Models and Social Psychological Evidence”, Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol.23, No.4, s.602-622.
16. Kurum, M., Avcı, E. (2018), “Radikalizm ve Aşırıcılıktan Terörizme: Siyasal şiddetin Araçsallaştırılması”, Güvenlik Stratejileri Dergisi, Cilt.14, Sayı.28, s.37-90.
17. McCauley, C. Moskalenko, S. (2008), “Mechanism of Political Radicalization: Pathways Towards Terrorism”, Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol.20, No.3, s.415-433.
18. Moghaddam, M. F. (2005), “The Staircase to terrorism: A Psychological Exploration”, American Psychologist, Vol.60, No.2, s.161-169.
19. Sageman, M. (2008), “A Strategy for Fighting International Islamist Terrorists”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol.618, No.1, s.223-231.
20. Silber, M. D., Bhatt, A. (2007), “Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat”, Network Police Department (NYPD) Intelligence Division.
21. Patel, F., Koushik, M. (2017), “Countering Violent Extremism”, Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law, ABD.
22. Qureshi, A. (2017), “An epistemic break from “expertise” misunderstanding terrorism by Marc Sageman”, Critical Studies on Terrorism, Vol.10, No.2, s.373-375.
23. Roy, O. (2016), “The Islamization of Radicalism”, Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung, http://www.rosaluxna.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/6Newsletter-oliver-roy-ENG-26-01-16.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 13.01.2022).
24. Stephens, W., Sieckelinck S. (2021), “Resilience’s to Radicalization: Four Key Perspectives”, Elsevier: International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, Vol/No.66, s.1-14.
25. Schmid, A.P. (2013), “Radicalization, De-Radicalization, Counter-Radicalization: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review”, The International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT) Research Paper, The Hague, Vol.97, No.1, s. 23-35.
26. Silke, A., Frumkin, L. A., Morrison, J. F. (2023), “Contemplating a research agenda for terrorism studies”, A Research agenda for terrorism studies, s. 1-20.
27. Wiktorowicz, Q. (2004), “Joining the Cause: Al-Muhajiroun and Radical Islam” paper presented at the Roots of Islamic Radicalism Conference Yale University, s.1-29.
28. Yoldaş, Y. Doğaner, M. (2023), “DAEŞ Terör Örgütünün Dini İdeolojik Alt Yapısı ve Örgütsel Üyelik Stratejileri”, Türkiye Siyaset Bilimi Dergisi, Vol.6, No.1, s. 47-64.