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ERKEN TUNÇ ÇAĞI’NDA MEZRAA HÖYÜK’TE METAL ÜRETİMİ

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 48, 45 - 67, 22.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.36891/anatolia.1039487

Öz

Mezraa Höyük’te madencilik faaliyetlerinin yapıldığını kanıtlayan buluntular, Erken Tunç Çağı mimari tabakalarından ele geçmiştir. Buluntular arasında iki adet potaya ait parçalar ve bir adet döküm kalıbı yer alır. Pota parçalarının üzerinde korunan metal parçalarının analizinde arsen-bakır alaşımının varlığı saptanmıştır. Merkezde diğer bir buluntu grubunu ise bölgede Erken Tunç Çağı’nda tanınan formlara sahip iğnelerden oluşan ürünler oluşturur. İğnelerden bir tanesinin analizinde arsen-bakır, diğerinin ise kalay-bakır alaşımı olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu veriler, merkezde Erken Tunç Çağı’nın ilk yarısında metalürjik faaliyetlerin gerçekleştirildiği ve arsen-bakır alaşımı üretimi yapıldığını kanıtlamaktadır. Erken Tunç Çağı’nın ikinci yarısında ise merkezde kalay-bakır alaşımından üretilmiş nesnelerin kullanıldığı saptanmıştır.

Kaynakça

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METAL PRODUCTION IN MEZRAA HÖYÜK IN THE EARLY BRONZE AGE

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 48, 45 - 67, 22.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.36891/anatolia.1039487

Öz

Metal objects and findings that suggest metallurgy activities were discovered in the Early Bronze Age architectural layers of the Mezraa Höyük. Among the finds were two crucible fragments and a casting mould. Analysis of the metal fragments preserved on the crucible parts revealed the presence of arsenical copper. Pins with forms that were well known in the Middle Euphrates Region during the Early Bronze Age make up another group of findings. In analysis, one pin was determined to be an arsenical copper alloy and the other a tin-copper alloy. This data proves that metallurgical activities were present in the second half of the Early Bronze Age and that the alloy arsenical copper was produced.

Kaynakça

  • Algaze et al. 1994 G. Algaze – P. Goldberg – D. Honca – T. Matney – A. Mısır – A. Rosen – D. Schlee – L. Somers, “Titris Höyük, A Small EBA Urban Center in Southeastern Anatolia: The 1994 Season”, Anatolica 21, 1995, 13–64.
  • Alkım 1966 U. B. Alkım – H. Alkım, “Gedikli (Karahöyük) Kazısı Birinci Ön-Rapor”, Belleten XXX, 1966, 1-26.
  • Behm-Blancke 1984 M.R. Behm-Blancke, “Hassek Höyük, Vorläufiger Bericht über die Ausgrabungen der Jahre 1981-1983”, IstMitt 34, 1984, 31-149.
  • Behm-Blancke 2003 M.R. Behm-Blancke, “Northern Frontiers: Early Ninevite 5 Contacts with Southeastern Anatolia”, in: E. Rova – H. Weiss (eds.), Subartu IX: The Origins of North Mesopotamian Civilization: Ninevite 5 Chronology, Economy, Society (New Haven 2003), 481-492.
  • Bittel 1940 K. Bittel, “Der Depotfund von Soloi-Pompeiopolis”, ZA 46.1, 1940, 183-205.
  • Blegen 1951 C.W. Blegen – J.L. Caskey – M. Rawson, Troy: the Third, Fourth, and Fifth Settlements, Vol. II. (London 1951).
  • Boese 1995 J. Boese, Ausgrabungen in Tell Sheikh Hassan, 1. Vorläufige Berichte über die Grabungskampagnen 1984-1990 und 1992-1994 (Saarbrücken 1995).
  • Bonacossi 2005 D.M. Bonacossi, “The Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age I Sequences of Area D”, in: L. Bachelot –F.M. Fales (eds.), Tell Shiukh Fawqani 1994-1998, History of the Ancient Near East/Monographs, VI.1 (Padova 2005), 21-249.
  • Braidwood – Braidwood 1960 R.J. Braidwood – L.S. Braidwood, Excavations in the Plain of Antioch I. The Earlier Assemblages Phases A-J (Chicago 1960).
  • Di Nocera 2010 G.M. Di Nocera, “Metals and Metallurgy. Their Place in the Arslantepe Society Between the End of the 4th and Beginning of the 3rd Millennium BC”, in: M. Frangipane (ed.), Economic Centralisation in Formative States. The Archaeological Reconstruction of the Economic System in 4th Millennium Arslantepe (Roma 2010), 255-330.
  • Di Nocera 2013 G.M. Di Nocera, “Organization of Production and Social Role of Metallurgy in The Prehistoric Sequence of Arslantepe (Turkey)”, Origini XXXV, 2013, 111-142.
  • Duru 1996 R. Duru, Kuruçay Höyük II. 1978-1988 Kazılarının Sonuçları Geç Kalkolitik ve İlk Tunç Çağı Yerleşmeleri (Ankara 1996).
  • Egeli 1995 G. Egeli, “The Metal Pins from Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia During the Third and the Beginning of the Second Millennia BC”, in: İstanbul Üniversitesi, Prehistorya Anabilim Dalı (ed.), Halet Çambel için Prehistorya Yazıları/ Readings in Prehistory Studies Presented to Halet Çambel (İstanbul 1995), 175-216.
  • Esin 1982 U. Esin, “Tepecik Kazısı, 1974”, Keban Projesi 1974-1975 Çalışmalar / Keban Project 1973 Activities (Ankara 1982), 71-93.
  • Esin 1986 U. Esin, “Değirmentepe (Malatya) Kazıları Arkeometrik Araştırmalarına Toplu Bakış”, Tübitak Arkeometri Ünitesi Bilimsel Toplantı Bildirileri VI, 1986, 131-153.
  • Esin 1987 U. Esin, “Tepecik ve Tülintepe’ye (Altınova- Elazığ) Ait Bazı Metal ve Cüruf Analizleri”, ArkST II, 1987, 69-79.
  • Finkbeiner et al. 2015 U. Finkbeiner – M. Novák – F. Sakal – P. Sconzo, “Conclusion”, in: U. Finkbeiner – M. Novak – F. Sakal – P. Sconzo (eds.), Associated Regional Chronologies for the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean Middle Euphrates (Turnhout 2015), 431-438.
  • Frangipane 2017 M. Frangipane, “The Role of Metal Procurement in the Wide Interregional Connections of Arslantepe during the Late 4th–Early 3rd Millennia BC”, in: Ç. Maner – M.T. Horowitz – A.S. Gilbert (eds.), Overturning Certainties in Near Eastern Archaeology, A Festschrift in Honor of K. Aslıhan Yener, Culture and History of the Ancient Near East, Vol. 90 (Leiden 2017) 186–210.
  • Frangipane et al. 2002 M. Frangipane – C. Alvaro – F. Balossi Restelli – G. Siracusano, “The 2000 Campaign at Zeytinli Bahçe Höyük”, in: N. Tuna – J. Öztürk – J. Velibeyoğlu (eds.), Salvage Project of the Archaeological Heritage of the Ilısu and Carchemish Dam Reservoirs. Activities in 2000 (Ankara 2002), 57-99.
  • Gil at al. 2000 F.J. Gil – P. Charvát – M. Rothman – E. Algorri – E. Bucak, “1998 Salvage Excavations at Tilbes Höyük (Birecik, Urfa)”, Orient Express 2000.2, 2000, 27-30.
  • Gale et al. 1985 N. H. Gale– Z. A. Stos-Gale – G. R. Gilmore, “Alloy Types and Copper Sources of Anatolian Copper Alloy Artifacts”, An St 35, 1985, 143-173.
  • Hauptmann 2007 A. Hauptmann, The Archaeometallurgy of Copper, Evidence from Faynan, Jordan, (English edition) (Heidelberg 2007).
  • Hauptmann 2020 A. Hauptmann, Archaeometallurgy – Material Science Aspects (Natural Science in Archaeology) (Switzerland 2020).
  • Hauptmann 1979 H. Hauptmann, “Norşuntepe Kazıları, 1973”, Keban Projesi 1973 Çalışmaları/Keban Project 1973 Activities (Ankara 1979), 43-60.
  • Hauptmann 1982 H. Hauptmann, “Norşuntepe Kazıları, 1974”, Keban Projesi 1974-1975 Çalışmaları / Keban Project 1974-75 Activities (Ankara 1982), 15-71.
  • Hauptmann 1985 H. Hauptmann, “Lidar Höyük, 1984”, An St 35, 1985, 203-205.
  • Hess et al. 1998 K. Hess – A. Hauptmann – H. Wright – R. Whallon, “Evidence of Fourth Millennium BC Silver Production at Fatmalı-Kalecik, East Anatolia”, in: H.G. Bachmann – R. Maddin – T. Rehren – A. Hauptmann – J. Muhly (eds.), Metallurgica Antiqua: in Honour of Hans-Gert Bachmann and Robert Maddin (Bochum 1998), 57-67.
  • Kampschulte – Orthmann 1984 I. Kampschulte – W. Orthmann, Gräber des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr. im Syrischen Euphrattal: 1. Ausgrabungen bei Tawi 1975 und 1978 (Bonn 1984).
  • Koşay 1976 H.Z. Koşay, Keban Projesi Pulur Kazısı 1968-1970 / Keban Project Pulur Excavations 1968-1970 (Ankara 1976).
  • Kunç et al. 1983 Ş. Kunç – A. Eker – S. Kapur – N. Gündoğdu, “Değirmentepe Cüruf Buluntuları Analizi”, Tübitak Arkeometri Ünitesi Bilimsel Toplantı Bildirileri IV, 1983, 133-139.
  • Lamoni 2012 M. Lamoni, “Toggle Pins of the Bronze Age: A Matter of Style, Function and Fashion”, in: F.M. Fales – G.B Lanfranchi – C. Pappi – S. Ponchia (eds.), Leggo!: Studies Presented to Frederick Mario Fales on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday (Wiesbaden 2012), 349-363.
  • Mallowan 1937 M.E.L. Mallowan, “The Excavations at Tall Chagar Bazar and an Archaeological Survey of the Habur Region. Second Campaign, 1936”, Iraq 4, 1937, 91-177.
  • Mallowan 1947 M.E.L. Mallowan, “Excavations at Brak and Chagar Bazar”, Iraq 9, 1947, 1-259.
  • Matney et al. 1997 T. Matney – G. Algaze – H. Pittman, “Excavations at Titriş Höyük in Southeastern Turkey: A Preliminary Report of the 1996 Season”, Anatolica 23, 1997, 61-84.
  • McDonald et al. 2001 H. McDonald – J. Curtis – R. Maxwell-Hyslop, “Third-Millennium Metalwork”, in: D. Oates – J. Oates – H.
  • McDonald (eds.), Excavations at Tell Brak Vol. 2: Nagar in the Third Millennium BC (Oxford 2001), 233-256.
  • Montero-Fenollós 1999 J.L. Montero-Fenollós, “Metallurgy in the Valley of the Syrian Upper Euphrates During the Early and Middle Bronze Ages”, in: G. Del Olmo Lete – J.-L. Montero Fenollos (eds.), Archaeology of the Upper Syrian Euphrates. The Tishrin Dam Area. Proceedings of the International Symposium Held at Barcelona, Jan. 28th–30th, 1998 (Barcelona 1999), 443-469.
  • Müller-Karpe 1994 A. Müller-Karpe, Altanatolisches Metallhandwerk (Neumünster 1994).
  • Moorey – Schweizer 1972 P.R.S. Moorey – F. Schweizer, “Copper and Copper Alloys in Ancient Iraq, Syria and Palestine: Some New Analyses”, Archaeometry 14, 1972, 177-198.
  • Moortgat 1965 A. Moortgat, Tell Chuera in Nordost-Syrien Bericht über die vierte Grabungskampagne 1963 (Köln 1965).
  • Neukirchen 2016 F. Neukirchen, Von der Kupfersteinzeit zu den Seltenen Erden: Eine Kurze Geschichte der Metalle (Berlin 2016).
  • Nishimura 2015 Y. Nishimura, “A Systematic Comparison of Material Culture Between Household Floors and Residential Burials in Late Third-Millennium B.C.E. Mesopotamia”, AJA 119.4, 2015, 419-440.
  • Novak 1994 M. Novak, “Gewandnade”, in: J.-W. Meyer – A. Pruβ (eds.), Ausgrabungen in Halawa 2. Die Kleinfunde von Tell Halawa A (Saarbrücken 1994), 237-241.
  • Oates et al. 2001 D. Oates – J. Oates – H. McDonald, Excavations at Tell Brak, 2: Nagar in the Third Millennium BC (Oxford 2001).
  • Orthmann 1981 W. Orthmann, Halawa 1977 bis 1979 Vorläufiger, Bericht über die 1. bis 3. Grabungskampagne (Bonn 1981).
  • Orthmann 1989 W. Orthmann, Halawa 1980-1986 (Bonn 1989).
  • Orthmann – Rova 1991 W. Orthmann – E. Rova, Gräber des 3. Jahrtausends v. Chr. im Syrischen Euphrattal: 2. Ausgrabungen in Wreide (Saarbrücken 1991).
  • Orthmann et al. 1995 W. Orthmann – R. Hempelmann – H. Klein – C. Kühne – M. Novak – A. Pruβ – E. Vila – H. M. Weicken – A. Wener, Ausgrabungen in Tell Chuera in Nordost-Syrien. (I). Vorbericht über die Grabungskampagnen 1986 bis 1992 (Saarbrücken 1995).
  • Ökse 2006 A.T. Ökse, “Early Bronze Age Graves at Gre Virike (Period IIB): an Extraordinary Cemetery on the Middle Euphrates”, JNES 65.1, 2006, 1-37.
  • Özbal 1983 H. Özbal, “Tepecik ve Tülintepe Metal, Filiz ve Cüruf Analizleri”, Arkeometri Ünitesi Bilimsel Toplantı Bildirileri III, 1983, 203–218.
  • Özbal 1996 H. Özbal, “Chemical Analysis of a Copper Chisel from Hacınebi Tepe”, Anatolica 22, 1996, 109-110.
  • Özbal et al. 1999 H. Özbal – A.A. Mieke – E. Bryan, “Hacınebi Metal Production and Exchange”, Paléorient 25.1, 1999, 57-65.
  • Özbal – Turan 2002 H. Özbal – Ü. Turan, “Tilbeş Höyük ve Surtepe: M.Ö. 3. Binyılda Güneydoğu Anadolu Metalürjisi”, ArkST 17, 2002, 59-69.
  • Özgen et al. 1997 E. Özgen – B. Helwing – H. Tekin, “Vorläufiger Bericht über die Ausgrabungen auf dem Oylum Höyük”, IstMitt 47, 1997, 39-90.
  • Özgüç 1955 T. Özgüç, “Koloni Devrinin Geç Safhasına (Ib) Ait Bir Atölye Hakkında”, Belleten XIX-73, 1955, 73-80.
  • Palmieri 1981 A. Palmieri, “Excavations at Arslantepe (Malatya)”, An St 31, 1981, 101-120.
  • Palmieri – Di Nocera 2000 A. Palmieri – G.M. Di Nocera, “The Metal Objects from the “Royal” Tomb at Arslantepe (Malatya-Turkey) and the Metalwork Development in the Early Bronze Age”, in: L. Milano – S. de Martino – F. Fales – G. Lanfranchi (eds.), Landscapes, Territories, Frontiers and Horizons in the Ancient Near East Part III (Padova 2000), 178-185.
  • Palmieri – Di Nocera 2004 A. Palmieri – G.M. Di Nocera, “Early Bronze Age Copper Circulation and Technology in the Middle Euphrates Regions”, in: C. Nicolle (ed.), Amurru 3: Nomades et sédentaires dans le Proche-Orient Ancient: Compte Rendu de la XLVIe Recontre Assyriologique Internationale, Paris, 10-13 juillet 2000 (Paris 2004), 377-388.
  • Peltenburg – Wilkinson 2008 E. Peltenburg – T.J. Wilkinson, “Jerablus and the Land of Carchemish: Excavation and Survey in Syria”, Current World Archaeology 27, 2008, 24‐32.
  • Pernicka et al. 1990 E. Pernicka – F. Begemann – S. Schmitt-Strecker – A.P. Grimanis, “On the Composition and Provenance of Metal Artefacts from Poliochni on Lemnos”, OxfJA 9.3, 1990, 263–297.
  • Pfälzner 2001 P. Pfälzner, Haus und Haushalt. Wohnformen des dritten Jahrtausends vor Christus in Nordmesopotamien, Damaszener Forschungen Band 9 (Mainz 2001).
  • Porter 1995 A. Porter, “Tell Banat-Tomb I”, DaM 8, 1995, 1-50.
  • Porter – McClellan 1998 A. Porter – T. McClellan, “The Third Millennium Settlement Complex at Banat: Results of the 1994 Excavations”, DaM 10, 1998, 11-63.
  • Rothman 2002 M.S. Rothman, Tepe Gawra: The Evolution of a Small, Prehistoric Center in Northern Iraq (Philadelphia 2002).
  • Sagona 1994 A. Sagona, The Aşvan Sites 3. Keban Rescue Excavations, Eastern Anatolia. The Early Bronze Age (London 1994).
  • Schmidt 2002 K. Schmidt, Norşuntepe: Kleinfunde II (Mainz 2002).
  • Schmitt-Strecker et al. 1992 S. Schmitt-Strecker – F. Begemann – E. Pernicka, “Chemische Zusammensetzung und Bleiisotopenverhaltnisse der Metalfunde vom Hassek Höyük”, in: M.R. Behm-Blancke (ed.), Hassek Höyük Naturwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen und Lithische Industrie (Tübingen 1992), 108-123.
  • Schwartz et al. 2006 G. Schwartz – H. Curvers – S. Dunham – B. Stuart – J.A. Weber, “A Third-Millennium BC Elite Mortuary Complex at Tell Umm el-Marra, Syria: 2002 and 2004 Excavations”, AJA 110, 2006, 603-641.
  • Sertok – Ergeç 1999 K. Sertok – R. Ergeç, “A New Early Bronze Age Cemetery: Excavations near the Birecik Dam, Southeastern Turkey - Preliminary Report (1997-98)”, Anatolica 25, 1999, 87-107.
  • Shalev – Northover 1993 S. Shalev – J. P. Northover, “The Metallurgy of the Nahal Mishmar Hoard Reconsidered”, Archaeometry 35.1, 1993, 35-47.
  • Spuadrone 2007 F.F. Spuadrone, “Regional Culture and Metal Objects in the Area of Carchemish During the Early Bronze Age”, in: E. Peltenberg (ed.), Euphrates River Valley Settlement: The Carchemish Sector in the Third Millennium BC (Oxford 2007), 198-213.
  • Spuadrone 2015 F.F. Spuadrone, “Metal”, in: U. Finkbeiner – M. Novak – F. Sakal – P. Sconzo (eds.), Associated Regional Chronologies for the Ancient Near East and the Eastern Mediterranean Middle Euphrates (Turnhout 2015), 297-339.
  • Stein 1997 J.G. Stein, “1995 Excavations at Hacınebi Tepe”, KST XVIII.1, 1997, 93-120.
  • Strommenger 1980 E. Strommenger, Habuba Kabira, ein Stadt vor 5000 Jahren (Mainz 1980).
  • Stork 2014a L.A. Stork, “Is a Pin Mightier Than a Sword? Metal Items as Grave Goods During the Early Bronze I and II in the Upper Euphrates Valley”, in: P. Bieliński – M. Gawlikowski – R. Koliński – D. Ławecka – A. Sołtysiak – Z. Wygnańska (eds.), 8th International Conference on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (ICAANE), Vol. 1 (Wiesbaden 2014), 539-548.
  • Stork 2014b L.A. Stork, “The Relationship between Pins and Textiles in the Carchemish Region during the Early 3rd Millennium BC”, in: R. A. Stucky – O. Kaelin – H.-P. Mathys (eds.), Proceedings, 9th International Conference on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East (ICAANE), Vol. 2 (Wiesbaden 2014), 323-332.
  • Stork 2014c L.A. Stork, “On Pins and Needles: Understanding the Role of Metal Pins in the Upper Euphrates Valley During the Early Bronze I-II”, Levant 46.3, 2014, 321-338.
  • Stork 2015 L.A. Stork, “Systems of Value and the Changing Perception of Metal Commodities, ca. 4000–2600 bc”, JNES 74.1, 2015, 115-132.
  • Tadmor et al. 1995 M. Tadmor – D. Kedem – F. Begemann – A. Hauptmann – E. Pernicka – S. Schmitt-Strecker, “The Nahal Mishmar Hoard from the Judean Desert: Technology, Composition, and Provenance”, Atiqot 27, 1995, 95-148.
  • Thureau-Dangin – Dunand 1936 F. Thureau-Dangin – M. Dunand, Til-Barsib (Paris 1936).
  • van der Stede 2005 V. van der Stede, “The Akkadian Occupation”, in: M. Lebeau – A. Suleiman (eds.), Tell Beydar / Nabada, An Early Bronze Age City in the Syrian Jezirah: 10 Years of Research (1992-2002) (Damascus 2005), 33-37.
  • Woolley 1914 C.L., Woolley, “Hittite Burial Customs”, AnnLiv 6, 1914, 87-99.
  • Woolley 1921 C.L., Woolley, Carchemish. Report on the Excavations at Jerablus on Behalf of the British Museum. Part II: The Town Defences (London 1921).
  • Yalçıklı – Tekinalp 2002 D. Yalçıklı – M. Tekinalp, “Mezraa Höyük 2000 Yılı Kazıları / Mezraa Höyük Excavations 2000”. in: N. Tuna – J. Velibeyoğlu (eds.), Ilısu ve Karkamış Baraj Gölleri Altında Kalacak Arkeolojik ve Kültür Varlıklarını Kurtarma Projesi 2000 Yılı Çalışmaları (Ankara 2002), 159-210.
  • Yalçın – Yalçın 2008 Ü. Yalçın – H.G. Yalçın, “Der Hortfund von Tülintepe, Ostanatolien”, Anatolian Metal IV, 2008, 101-123.
  • Yalçın – Yalçın 2009 Ü. Yalçın – H. G. Yalçın, “Evidence for Early Use of Tin at Tülintepe in Eastern Anatolia”, TÜBA-AR 12, 2009, 124-142.
  • Zettler 1997 R.L. Zettler, “Surface Collections and Excavations in the Lower Town and Lower Town South”, in: R.L. Zettler – J.A. Armstrong – A. Bell – M. Braithwaite – M.D. Danti – N.F. Miller – P.N. Peregrine – J.A. Weber (eds.), Subsistence and Settlement in a Marginal Environment: Tell es-Sweyhat, 1989-1995 Preliminary Report (Philadelphia 1997), 35-72.
Toplam 87 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Arkeoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Derya Yalçıklı 0000-0003-4998-7072

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 48

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Yalçıklı, Derya. “METAL PRODUCTION IN MEZRAA HÖYÜK IN THE EARLY BRONZE AGE”. Anadolu, sy. 48 (Aralık 2022): 45-67. https://doi.org/10.36891/anatolia.1039487.

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