Araştırma Makalesi
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Migration and Xenophobia in Africa: Case Study Of The Republic of South Africa

Yıl 2023, , 31 - 45, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1303313

Öz

The phenomenon of migration is a concept as old as human history and can be explained as the relocation of people who want to live in better conditions in the socioeconomic and cultural context. In Africa, intra-continental and external migration occurs, especially to European countries. Migration to developed and developing countries can lead to dangerous levels of xenophobia. Especially in South Africa, spasms of xenophobic violence due to an underemployed economy are one of the serious problems facing the country. This article focuses on the causes and consequences of migration in the Republic of South Africa, with an emphasis on the situation of migration in Africa in general. The study examines the economic, historical, sociological, and psychological background of xenophobia arising from migration in South Africa by using qualitative and quantitative data and descriptive case analysis method. It also addresses the impact of both the apartheid legacy and institutional problems on the failure of the South African government to control migration and the resulting xenophobic violence. The study also underlines the positive economic contribution of migrants to the country, as opposed to the much-emphasised rhetoric that they steal jobs from the local population.

Kaynakça

  • Adam, H. & Moodley, K. (2014). Imagined liberation: Xenophobia, citizenship and identity in South Africa, Germany and Canada. Sun Press.
  • African Centre for Migration & Society (ACMS). (2019). Xenowatch factsheet: 1, incidents of xenophobic violence in South Africa: January – September 2019. http://www.migration.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Factsheet-1-Xenohopbic-violence-incidents-in-SA_-Jan-Sept-2019.pdf
  • African Centre for Migration & Society (ACMS). (2020). Fact sheet on foreign workers in South Africa, overview based on statistics South Africa data (2012–2017). http://www.migration.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Fact-Sheet-On-Foreign-Workers-In-South-Africa-Overview-Based-On-Statistics-South-Africa-Data-2012-2017.pdf
  • African Centre for Migration & Society (ACMS). (2023). Xenowatch dashboard: Incidents of xenophobic discrimination in South Africa: 1994-28 August 2023. http://www.xenowatch.ac.za/statistics-dashboard/
  • Anık, M. (2022). Göç sonrası kültürel uyum ve kimlik sorunları. B. Kaldık (Ed.), Bölgesel ve küresel gelişmeler ışığında uluslararası göçler (s. 37-61). Nobel Kitabevi.
  • Aydın, D. (2019). Yetişkinlerde zenofobi, empati düzeyi ve Suriyeli çocukların Türk eğitim sistemine dahil edilmelerine ilişkin algılar [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü].
  • Blalock, H. M. (1967). Toward a theory of minority-group relations. Wiley.
  • Bozdağ, F. & Kocatürk, M. (2017). Zenofobi ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi; gerçeklik ve güvenilirlik çalışmaları. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(52), 615-620.
  • Canham, H. (2022, Nisan 7). Afrophobia: The violence of the letter R. Mail and Guardian. https://mg.co.za/opinion/2022-04-07-afrophobia-the-violence-of-the-letter-r/
  • Devillard, A., Bacchi, A. & Noack, M. (2015 March). A Survey on Migration Policies in West Africa. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/survey_west_africa_en.pdf
  • Eriksen, T. H. (2004). Etnisite ve milliyetçilik / Antropolojik bir bakış. Çev. Ekin Uşaklı. Avesta Yayınları.
  • Everatt, D. (2011). Xenophobia, state and society in South Africa, 2008–2010. Politikon, 38(1), 7-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589346.2011.548662
  • Ginsburg, C., Collinson, M.A., Gómez-Olivé, F.X. vd. (2021). Internal migration and health in South Africa: determinants of healthcare utilisation in a young adult cohort. BMC Public Health, 21(554). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10590-6
  • Human Rights Watch. (2018). Mozambique: Armed groups burn villages. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/06/19/mozambique-armed-groups-burn-villages IDMC. (2018). Global Report on Internal Displacement. https://www.internal-displacement.org/global-report/grid2018/downloads/2018-GRID.pdf
  • International Labour Organisation (ILO), International Organization for Migration (IOM) & Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). (2001, August). International migration, racism, discrimination and xenophobia. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/international_migration_racism.pdf
  • IOM. (2020). World Migration Report. https://publications.iom.int/books/world-migration-report-2020-turkish-chapter-3
  • IOM. (2022). World Migration Report. https://publications.iom.int/books/world-migration-report-2022
  • Karakaya, S. (2022). Avrupa ve Türkiye’de Suriyeli göçmenler üzerine zenofobiyi okumak. İçtimaiyat Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Göç ve Mültecilik Özel Sayısı, 371- 38.
  • Lamola, M. J. (2018). The de-Africanisation of the African National Congress, Afrophobia in South Africa and the Limpopo River Fever. Filosofia Theoretica: Journal of African Philosophy, Culture and Religions, 7(3), 72-93.
  • Landau, L. (2018, September 6). Xenophobia in South Africa: why it’s time to unsettle narratives about migrants. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/xenophobia-in-south-africawhy-its-time-to-unsettle-narratives-about-migrants-10261
  • Masooa, M. & Twala. C. (2014). The teaching of South African history in the post-apartheid Era: Towards critical and epistemological criticisms. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(20). DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p2303
  • Mbeki, T. (2008). Address of the president of South Africa, Thabo Mbeki at the National Tribute in Remembrance of the victims of attacks on foreign nationals, Tshwane. Polity. https://www.polity.org.za/article/sa-mbeki-national-tribute-in-remembrance-of-xenophobic-attacks-victims-03072008-2008-07-03
  • Moodley, K. & Adam, H. (2000). Race and nation in post-apartheid South Africa. Current Sociology, 48 (3), 51-69. http://csi.sagepub.com/content/48/3/51
  • Ochonu, M. E. (2021). Black South African intellectuals went from Pan-Africanism to insular Afrophobia. Africa at LSE. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2021/03/03/black-south-african-intellectuals-went-from-pan-africanism-to-insular-afrophobia/
  • OECD/ILO. (2018). How immigrants contribute to South Africa’s economy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264085398-en
  • Özmete, E., Yıldırım, H. & Duru, S. (2018). Yabancı Düşmanlığı (Zenofobi) Ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 40(2), 191-209.
  • Reiersgord, D. (2022, October 10). South Africa’s sense of exceptionalism contributes to the proliferation of xenophobia. Daily Maverick. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2022-04-10-south-africas-sense-of-exceptionalism-contributes-to-the-proliferation-of-xenophobia/
  • Seki, İ. & Bektaş, B. (2018). Afrika’dan Avrupa’ya göçün belirleyicileri üzerine ampirik analiz. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5 (8), 181-189. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/asead/issue/41059/496323
  • The World Bank. (2022, March 9). New World Bank Report assesses sources of inequality in five countries in Southern Africa. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/03/09/new-world-bank-report-assesses-sources-of-inequality-in-five-countries-in-southern-africa
  • Tshaka, R. (2016, November 15). Afrophobia versus xenophobia in South Africa. UNISA.
  • Uçar, N. (2020). Küreselleşme döneminde Afrikalı göçmenlerin farklılaşma ve uyum süreci: İstanbul örneği [Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi]. http://nek.istanbul.edu.tr:4444/ekos/TEZ/ET002501.pdf

Afrika’da Göç ve Zenofobi: Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti Örneği

Yıl 2023, , 31 - 45, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1303313

Öz

Göç olgusu, insanlık tarihi kadar eski bir kavramdır ve sosyoekonomik ve kültürel bağlamda daha iyi şartlarda yaşamak isteyen insanların yer değiştirmesi olarak açıklanabilir. Afrika kıtasında özellikle Avrupa ülkelerine olan dış göç kadar kıta içi göç de gerçekleşmektedir. Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkelere göç, tehlikeli boyutlarda yabancı düşmanlığına neden olabilmektedir. Özellikle Güney Afrika’daki yeterli istihdamı sağlamayan ekonomi sebebiyle Zenofobik şiddet spazmları, ülkenin karşı karşıya olduğu ciddi problemlerden bir tanesidir. Bu makale göçün genel olarak Afrika’daki durumuna değinerek, Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti’ndeki nedenleri ve sonuçlarına odaklanmaktadır. Çalışma, nitel ve nicel verilerden yararlanılarak, deskriptif vaka analizi yöntemiyle Güney Afrika’daki göç sonucu ortaya çıkan yabancı düşmanlığının ekonomik, tarihi, sosyolojik ve psikolojik altyapısını ele almıştır. Ayrıca, Güney Afrika hükümetinin göçü ve bunun sonucunda ortaya çıkan yabancı düşmanı şiddeti kontrol etmedeki başarısızlığında hem apartheid mirasının hem de kurumsal sorunların etkisini ele almaktadır. Çalışma aynı zamanda göçmenlerin çokça vurgulanan yerel halkın işlerini elinden çaldığı retoriğinin aksine ülkeye ekonomik olarak olumlu yönde katkısının altını çizmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Adam, H. & Moodley, K. (2014). Imagined liberation: Xenophobia, citizenship and identity in South Africa, Germany and Canada. Sun Press.
  • African Centre for Migration & Society (ACMS). (2019). Xenowatch factsheet: 1, incidents of xenophobic violence in South Africa: January – September 2019. http://www.migration.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Factsheet-1-Xenohopbic-violence-incidents-in-SA_-Jan-Sept-2019.pdf
  • African Centre for Migration & Society (ACMS). (2020). Fact sheet on foreign workers in South Africa, overview based on statistics South Africa data (2012–2017). http://www.migration.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Fact-Sheet-On-Foreign-Workers-In-South-Africa-Overview-Based-On-Statistics-South-Africa-Data-2012-2017.pdf
  • African Centre for Migration & Society (ACMS). (2023). Xenowatch dashboard: Incidents of xenophobic discrimination in South Africa: 1994-28 August 2023. http://www.xenowatch.ac.za/statistics-dashboard/
  • Anık, M. (2022). Göç sonrası kültürel uyum ve kimlik sorunları. B. Kaldık (Ed.), Bölgesel ve küresel gelişmeler ışığında uluslararası göçler (s. 37-61). Nobel Kitabevi.
  • Aydın, D. (2019). Yetişkinlerde zenofobi, empati düzeyi ve Suriyeli çocukların Türk eğitim sistemine dahil edilmelerine ilişkin algılar [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Cerrahpaşa, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü].
  • Blalock, H. M. (1967). Toward a theory of minority-group relations. Wiley.
  • Bozdağ, F. & Kocatürk, M. (2017). Zenofobi ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi; gerçeklik ve güvenilirlik çalışmaları. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(52), 615-620.
  • Canham, H. (2022, Nisan 7). Afrophobia: The violence of the letter R. Mail and Guardian. https://mg.co.za/opinion/2022-04-07-afrophobia-the-violence-of-the-letter-r/
  • Devillard, A., Bacchi, A. & Noack, M. (2015 March). A Survey on Migration Policies in West Africa. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/survey_west_africa_en.pdf
  • Eriksen, T. H. (2004). Etnisite ve milliyetçilik / Antropolojik bir bakış. Çev. Ekin Uşaklı. Avesta Yayınları.
  • Everatt, D. (2011). Xenophobia, state and society in South Africa, 2008–2010. Politikon, 38(1), 7-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589346.2011.548662
  • Ginsburg, C., Collinson, M.A., Gómez-Olivé, F.X. vd. (2021). Internal migration and health in South Africa: determinants of healthcare utilisation in a young adult cohort. BMC Public Health, 21(554). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10590-6
  • Human Rights Watch. (2018). Mozambique: Armed groups burn villages. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/06/19/mozambique-armed-groups-burn-villages IDMC. (2018). Global Report on Internal Displacement. https://www.internal-displacement.org/global-report/grid2018/downloads/2018-GRID.pdf
  • International Labour Organisation (ILO), International Organization for Migration (IOM) & Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR). (2001, August). International migration, racism, discrimination and xenophobia. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/international_migration_racism.pdf
  • IOM. (2020). World Migration Report. https://publications.iom.int/books/world-migration-report-2020-turkish-chapter-3
  • IOM. (2022). World Migration Report. https://publications.iom.int/books/world-migration-report-2022
  • Karakaya, S. (2022). Avrupa ve Türkiye’de Suriyeli göçmenler üzerine zenofobiyi okumak. İçtimaiyat Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Göç ve Mültecilik Özel Sayısı, 371- 38.
  • Lamola, M. J. (2018). The de-Africanisation of the African National Congress, Afrophobia in South Africa and the Limpopo River Fever. Filosofia Theoretica: Journal of African Philosophy, Culture and Religions, 7(3), 72-93.
  • Landau, L. (2018, September 6). Xenophobia in South Africa: why it’s time to unsettle narratives about migrants. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/xenophobia-in-south-africawhy-its-time-to-unsettle-narratives-about-migrants-10261
  • Masooa, M. & Twala. C. (2014). The teaching of South African history in the post-apartheid Era: Towards critical and epistemological criticisms. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(20). DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p2303
  • Mbeki, T. (2008). Address of the president of South Africa, Thabo Mbeki at the National Tribute in Remembrance of the victims of attacks on foreign nationals, Tshwane. Polity. https://www.polity.org.za/article/sa-mbeki-national-tribute-in-remembrance-of-xenophobic-attacks-victims-03072008-2008-07-03
  • Moodley, K. & Adam, H. (2000). Race and nation in post-apartheid South Africa. Current Sociology, 48 (3), 51-69. http://csi.sagepub.com/content/48/3/51
  • Ochonu, M. E. (2021). Black South African intellectuals went from Pan-Africanism to insular Afrophobia. Africa at LSE. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2021/03/03/black-south-african-intellectuals-went-from-pan-africanism-to-insular-afrophobia/
  • OECD/ILO. (2018). How immigrants contribute to South Africa’s economy. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264085398-en
  • Özmete, E., Yıldırım, H. & Duru, S. (2018). Yabancı Düşmanlığı (Zenofobi) Ölçeğinin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 40(2), 191-209.
  • Reiersgord, D. (2022, October 10). South Africa’s sense of exceptionalism contributes to the proliferation of xenophobia. Daily Maverick. https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2022-04-10-south-africas-sense-of-exceptionalism-contributes-to-the-proliferation-of-xenophobia/
  • Seki, İ. & Bektaş, B. (2018). Afrika’dan Avrupa’ya göçün belirleyicileri üzerine ampirik analiz. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5 (8), 181-189. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/asead/issue/41059/496323
  • The World Bank. (2022, March 9). New World Bank Report assesses sources of inequality in five countries in Southern Africa. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/03/09/new-world-bank-report-assesses-sources-of-inequality-in-five-countries-in-southern-africa
  • Tshaka, R. (2016, November 15). Afrophobia versus xenophobia in South Africa. UNISA.
  • Uçar, N. (2020). Küreselleşme döneminde Afrikalı göçmenlerin farklılaşma ve uyum süreci: İstanbul örneği [Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi]. http://nek.istanbul.edu.tr:4444/ekos/TEZ/ET002501.pdf
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sosyoloji (Diğer), Ortadoğu Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Zühal Diler 0000-0002-0028-3085

Esma Karadağ 0000-0002-3516-7260

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Eylül 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2023
Kabul Tarihi 5 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Diler, Z., & Karadağ, E. (2023). Afrika’da Göç ve Zenofobi: Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti Örneği. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(Afrika), 31-45. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1303313

Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.