Modern Suriye Tarihinin Kırılma Noktaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Öz

Suriye modern tarihinde çeşitli iç ve dış dinamiklerin etkisiyle sosyo-politik istikrarı sağlayamamış bir ülkedir. Tarihsel süreçte klasik Osmanlı düzeninin bozulması, I. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında Fransız Mandasının kurulması, Bağımsızlığı sonrasında liberal-demokratik sistemin başarısızlığı sonrasında ki askeri darbe dalgaları ve Esad’ların iktidarı Suriye tarihinde istikrarsızlığın ana kırılma noktalarını oluşturur. Suriye’nin dini-etnik-sekteryan bağlamda derin fay hatlarıyla bölünmüş çoklu toplum yapısı sosyo-politik kırılmaların zeminini oluşturmuştur. Suriye’ye yönelik emperyalist tasarımlar ve çelişkilerin yanında bölgesel denklemlerde içyapısı fazlasıyla aşınmış ülkeyi ulusal birlikten uzaklaştırmıştır. Böylece Suriye’nin modern tarihi askeri darbeler başta olmak üzere çeşitli siyasal şiddet araçlarının belirleyici olduğu politik kamplaşmaların ve toplumsal çatışmaların da tarihi olmuştur. Bu çalışma modernleşmenin bölgeye yansımalarının daha yoğun hissedilmeye başlandığı 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından 2011 yılında başlayan Suriye iç savaşına kadar devam eden tarihsel kesitte modern Suriye tarihini ana kırılma noktaları üzerinden tartışma çabasının ürünüdür. Çalışmada Suriye tarihindeki kırılmaların iç ve dış dinamikleri gösterilmeye çalışılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Modern Suriye Tarihi
• Siyasal İstikrarsızlık
• Ana Kırılma Noktaları

An Assessment of The Turning Points In Modern Syrian History

Abstract

Throughout its modern history, Syria has struggled to achieve socio-political stability due to a combination of internal and external dynamics. The collapse of the classical Ottoman order, the establishment of the French Mandate after the First World War, the failure of the liberal democratic system after independence, subsequent waves of military coups, and the rule of the Assad regime constitute the main turning points of instability in Syrian history. Syria's multi-ethnic society is deeply divided along religious, ethnic, and sectarian fault lines, creating fertile ground for socio-political fractures. Alongside imperialist designs targeting Syria, regional dynamics have further distanced the country from national unity, exacerbating the erosion of its internal structure. Thus, Syria's modern history has also been characterised by political polarisation and social conflict, primarily driven by military coups and various forms of political violence. This study examines modern Syrian history through its key turning points, spanning the period from the second half of the nineteenth century, when the effects of modernization were more keenly felt in the region, to the Syrian civil war that began in 2011. It attempts to demonstrate the internal and external dynamics of ruptures in Syrian history.

Keywords

• Modern Syrian History
• Political Instability
• Major Turninig Points

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