IS IT A SECTARIAN COMPETITION OR SECTARIAN WARS?

Yıl 2015, , 171 - 191, 17.06.2015

Abdullah Kıran

https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.91031

Cited By: 1

Öz

The Arab Spring started from Tunisia and spread to Egypt and Libya has caused regime changes in these countries within a short period of time. However, its reflections to the Iraq, Syria and Yemen were totally different because of the sectarian dimensions of the conflicts. The Iran and Saudi Arabia, which were known as the pioneer of sectarian competition in the Middle East, took their positions in the scene without any delay in order not to let the change of balance of power to their disadvantage. While Iran struggled with its all power during Syrian crisis in order to prevent the fall of Essad regime from the power by using  its  Qods Corps  and Lebanon’s Hezbollah, Saudi Arabia and its coalition ally launched an air operation in Yemen against the Houthis to prevent any  shift of  power balance  to the advantage of Iran. From the beginning of the Arab Spring up to now, Iran virtually was able to turn Baghdad and Damascus to the satraps of former Persian era, and this new situation dragged Iran and Saudi Arabia into a proxy war over Yemen. In fact the Arab Spring initially targeted the oppressor regimes of Middle East, but with Syria and Yemeni examples, the quantity of the conflict has changed and now we are facing sectarian wars. As we know of Western Europe’s examples, the sectarian wars can be more destructive and long standing.

Key Words: Middle East, Syria, Iraq, Yemen, Sectarian Wars

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

MEZHEBİ REKABET Mİ, MEZHEP SAVAŞLARI MI?

Öz

Tunus’ta başlayarak kısa sürede Mısır ve Libya gibi ülkelerde yönetim değişikliğine yol açan Arap Baharı, daha sonra Irak,  Suriye ve Yemen gibi ülkelerde ağırlıklı olarak mezhepsel iç çatışmalara dönüştü. Ortadoğu’daki mezhebi rekabetin öncüleri olarak bilinen İran ve Suudi Arabistan, Arap Baharının tetiklediği bu çatışma ortamında, bölgesel güç dengesinin kendi aleyhlerine dönmemesi için azami bir çaba sarf etmekle kalmadılar; bizzat taraf olarak sahneye indiler. İran, Suriye krizinde, Beşer Esat’ın düşmemesi için Lübnan Hizbullah’ı ve Kudüs Ordusuyla Irak ve Suriye’de tüm gücüyle mücadele ederken, Suudi Arabistan da Yemen’de, güç dengesinin İran’ın desteklediği Husiler’den yana değişmemesi için koalisyon ortaklarıyla hava operasyonlarına başladı. Arap Baharının başlamasından bu yana, Bağdat ve Şam’ı adeta Pers İmparatorluğu dönemindeki Satraplıklarına dönüştürmeyi başaran İran, başta Yemen olmak üzere, Ortadoğu’da Suudi Arabistan ile bir vekâlet savaşına girmiş bulunmaktadır. Arap Baharı baskıcı rejimleri hedef alıyordu, ancak giderek mezhebi niteliğin ön plana çıktığı çatışmalar, daha önce Batı’daki örneklerden de bildiğimiz gibi, çok daha yıkıcı ve uzun süreli olabilecek gibi gözükmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ortadoğu, Suriye, Irak, Yemen, Mezhep Savaşları

Kaynakça

• Ağaoğulları, Mehmet Ali, (2011), Sokrates’ten Jakobenlere, Batı’da Siyasal Düşünceler, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
• 2 Huguenotlara yönelik bu soykırımda, Fransız düşünür Jean Bodin, canını zor kurtararak ölümden dönmüştü. Bkz,
• (Ağaoğulları, 2011: 402).
• Al Jazeera (2014), “İran’ın Ortadoğu’daki kılıcı: Kâsım Süleymâni”, 11 Kasım 2014. http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/El-jazeera-ozel/iranin-ortadogudaki-kilici-kasim-su- leymani (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2015)
• El-Batati, Saeed ve Fahim, Kareem (2015), “War in Yemen Is Allowing Qaeda Group to Ex- pand”, The New York Times, April 16, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/17/ world/middleeast/khaled-bahah-houthi-rebel-yemen-fighting.html (Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2015)
• El-Haj, Ahmed ve Ahmed, Munir (2015), “Pakistan votes to stay out of Yemen conflict” The New York Times, April 10, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/04/10/ world/middleeast/ap-ml-yemen.html (Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2015)
• CFR (2014), “The Sunni- Shia Divide”, Council on Foreign Relations. http://www.cfr. org/peace-conflict-and-human-rights/sunni-shia-divide/p33176# / (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2015)
• Commins, David (2014), The Gulf States: A Modern History, New York: I. B. Tauris.
• De Mesquita, Bruce Bueno (2005), Principles of International Politics, Third Edition, Co Press, Washington DC: Congressional Quarterly, Inc.
• Global Security (2015), “Qods Force / Sepah-e Qods / Qods Corps / Jerusalem Corps”, Mar 27, 2015. http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/world/iran/qods.htm (Erişim Ta- rihi: 29.05.2015)
• Hicks, Josh (2015), “Former intelligence official: Obama’s Middle East policy is ‘willful ignorance’”, The Washington Post, March 29, 2015. http://www.washingtonpost. com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2015/03/29/former-intelligence-officiEl-obamas-midd- le-east-policy-is-willful-ignorance/ (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2015)
• Khatip, Lina ve Lust, Ellen (2014), Taking to the Street: The Transformation of Arab Activism, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Lipka, Michael (2014), “The Sunni-Shia divide: Where they live, what they believe and how they view each other”, Pew Research Center, June 18, 2014. http://www.pewre- search.org/fact-tank/2014/06/18/the-sunni-shia-divide-where-they-live-what-they- believe-and-how-they-view-each-other/ (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2015)
• Matthiesen, Toby (2014), “Sectarianism comes back to bite Saudi Arabia”, The Washin- gton Post, November 18, 2014. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-ca- ge/wp/2014/11/18/sectarianism-comes-back-to-bite-saudi-arabia/ (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2015)
• Mauzahem, Haytam (2013), “Saudi Arabia Clamps Down on Dissent”, El- Monitor, May 3, 2013. http://www.El-monitor.com/pulse/tr/originals/2013/05/saudi-arabia-repres- ses-shia-dissent.html# (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2015)
• Mazetti, Mark ve Copper, Helene (2015), “Sale of U.S. Arms Fuels the Wars of Arab States”, The New York Times, April 18, 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/19/ world/middleeast/sale-of-us-arms-fuels-the-wars-of-arab-states.html (Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2015)
• Özer, Verda (2015), “Türkiye’nin ekseni mi kayıyor?”, Hürriyet Gazetesi, 11 Nisan 2015. http://sosyal.hurriyet.com.tr/Yazar/Verda-ozer_511/Turkiye-39-nin-Ekseni-mi-Ka- yiyor_28705510 (Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2015)
• Perrazo, Bayan (2012), “On Being Shia in Saudi Arabia”, Institute For Gulf Affairs, Oc- tober 26, 2012. http://www.gulfinstitute.org/wp-content/pdfs/shialifeinsaudiarabia. pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2015)
• Pew Research Center (2013), “Chapter 5: Relations Among Muslims” in “The Wor- ld’s Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society”, Aprıl 30, 2013. http://www.pewfo- rum.org/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-relationship-a- mong-muslims/#concern (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2015)
• Radikal Gazetesi (2015), “İran Genelkurmay Başkan Yardımcısı: Türkiye’nin Suri- ye’ye yaptıkları unutulmayacak”, 13.05.2015. http://www.radikal.com.tr/dunya/ iran_genelkurmay_baskan_yardimcisi_turkiyenin_suriyeye_yaptiklari_unutulma- yacak-1355534 (Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2015)
• Richter, Paul (2007), “Senior Iranians direct Iraq missions, U.S. says”, Los Angles Ti- mes, October 24, 2007. http://articles.latimes.com/2007/oct/24/world/fg-usiran24 (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2015)
• Riedel, Bruce (2015), “Pakistan resisting Yemen war, but will its relationship with Saudi Arabia survive?”, The Brookings Institution, April 9, 2015. http://www.brookings. edu/blogs/markaz/posts/2015/04/09-yemen-saudi-pakistan-iran-riedel (Erişim Tari- hi: 20.05.2015)
• Simon, Steven (2014), ”Staying Out of Syria”, Foreign Affairs, October 26, 2014. https:// www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/iraq/2014-10-26/staying-out-syria (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2015)
• Slim, Randa (2015), “Is Iran Overstretched in Syria?”, The Middle East Institute, Ap- ril 20, 2015. http://www.mei.edu/content/at/iran-overstretched-syria (Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2015)
• Stein, Aaron (2015), “Turkey’s Role in a Shifting Syria”, Atlantic Council, May 13, 2015. http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/en/blogs/menasource/turkey-s-role-in-a-shifting-sy- ria (Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2015)
• The Economist (2013), “What is the difference between Sunni and Shia Muslims?”, May 28, 2013. http://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/05/econo- mist-explains-19 (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2015)
• The Economist (2015), “Negotiating with Iran: Is this a good deal?”, Apr 2, 2015. http:// www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21638915-better-alternative- sand-long-way-good-deal (Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2015)
• Tol, Gönül (2015), “Turkey’s Balancing Act between Iran and Saudi Arabia”, Midd- le East Institute, Apr 15, 2015. http://www.mei.edu/content/article/turkeys-balan- cing-act-between-iran-and-saudi-arabia (Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2015)
• Tomlinson, Simon (2014), “UN warns Middle East is on verge of sectarian war as shocking new video shows ISIS executions of Syrian soldiers”, Daily Mail, June 17, 2014. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2660347/UN-warns-Middle-E- ast-verge-sectarian-war-jihadists-wantonly-killing-civilians-violence-flares-Syria. html (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2015)
• Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı (2010),Diyanet İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cilt 39, Ankara: Türkiye Di- yanet Vakfı Yayınları.
• Vatanka, Alex (2015), “Shadow boxing: Will Saudi Arabia and Iran take fight into the open?”, April 21, 2015, CNN, http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/21/opinions/ye- men-saudi-arabia-iran/ (Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2015)