Factors Affecting the Organizational Silence of Academics Employed at the Universities in Pakistan

Abstract

This study aims to reveal various factors affecting the organizational silence of academics employed at the universities in Pakistan. The teaching staff of the universities in Pakistan is among the most experienced and intellectual individuals and represents the elite sections of the society and the nation. For this reason, their opinions are considered to be very important for the generations of posterity. The teaching staff at the universities is also composed of planners, analysts, supervisors, and evaluators. The survey was conducted on 410 teaching staff such as lecturers, assistant professors, associate professors, and professors of various universities from six different provinces: public, private, and army. The data were analyzed through the Statistical Business Analyst (SAS) program. Organizations generally hire employees who have some experience, ideas, knowledge in order to develop their organizations. In summary, it can be said that there are generally two options for the staff working in any organization when perceiving wrongdoing in their workplace. They must either decide to speak up or continue to be silent. It is a fact that there is a prevalence of wrongdoings in every kind of organization, but unfortunately, not a lot is known about the decision making of staff related to this practice. While trying to find out factors affecting organizational silence, the observers believe that fear is one of the main factors in staff decisions to be silent about the issues and concerns in organizations. To overcome organizational silence, polyphony is accepted as one of the ways to solve the existing problem

Keywords

• Academician
• Factor
• Organization
• Organizational silence
• University

Pakistan'daki Üniversitelerde Çalışan Akademisyenlerin Örgütsel Sessizliğini Etkileyen Faktörler

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, Pakistan'daki üniversitelerde görev yapan akademisyenlerin örgütsel sessizliğini etkileyen farklı faktörleri ortaya çıkarmaktır. Pakistan'daki üniversitelerin öğretim üyeleri, toplumun ve milletin seçkin kesimlerini temsil etmenin yanı sıra en deneyimli ve entelektüel kişiler arasındadır. Bu nedenle onların görüşleri gelecek nesiller için çok önemli kabul edilmektedir. Üniversitelerdeki öğretim üyeleri aynı zamanda planlamacılardan, analistlerden, denetçilerden ve değerlendiricilerden oluşmaktadır. Çalışma altı eyaletten çeşitli kamu, özel ve askeri üniversitelerde çalışan Okutman, Yardımcı Doçent, Doçent ve Profesör 410 öğretim elemanı üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler İstatistiksel İş Analisti (SAS) paket programıyla analiz edildi. Organizasyonlar, genellikle kendilerini geliştirmek amacıyla bazı deneyimlere, fikirlere ve bilgiye sahip olan elemanları işe alırlar. Özetle, herhangi bir kuruluşta çalışanlar işyerinde yanlış bir şey algıladıklarında kendileri için genel olarak iki seçenek olduğu söylenebilir; ya çekinmeden konuşmalılar ya da sessiz olmaya devam etmelidirler. Her türlü kuruluşta yanlış yapmanın yaygın olduğu bir gerçektir ancak, bu uygulama ile ilgili personelin karar verme süreci hakkında ne yazık ki çok fazla şey bilinmemektedir. Araştırmacılar, örgütsel sessizliği etkileyen faktörleri bulmaya çalışırken, örgütlerdeki sorunlar ve endişelerle ilgili personelin sessiz kalmasına karar vermelerinde korkunun ana etkenlerden biri olduğuna inanmaktalar. Örgütsel sessizliği yenmek için çokseslilik, mevcut sorunu çözmenin yollarından biri olarak kabul edilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Akademisyen
• faktör
• organizasyon
• örgütsel sessizlik
• Üniversite

Kaynakça

1. Aboramadan, M.; Turkmenoglu, M. A.; Dahleez, K. A. and Cicek, B. (2020). Narcissistic leadership and behavioral cynicism in the hotel industry: the role of employee silence and negative workplace gossiping. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management.
2. Akbaba, A. (2018). İlk, Orta ve Lise Yöneticilerinin Yönetimde Etkililik Düzeylerinin Öğretmen Bakış Açılarıyla Değerlendirilmesi. Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal, 4(10).
3. Alqarni, S.A.Y. (2020). How school climate predicts teachers’ organizational silence. International Journal of Educational Administration and Policy Studies, 12(1).
4. Alparslan, A. M. K., M. (2012). The Interaction between Organizational Silence Climate and Employee Silence Behavior: A Survey on Instructors of Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi, Isparta.
5. Bagheri, G., Zarei, R., & Aeen, M. N. (2012). Organizational Silence (Basic Concepts and its Development Factors). Ideal Type of Management, 1(1), 47-58.
6. Bayramoğlu, D. and Çetinkanat, C.A. (2020). Examining the Relationship between Organizational Commitment and Organizational Silence of Teachers. Revista De Cercetare Si Interventie Sociala, 71.
7. Beheshtifar, M., Borhani, H., & Moghadam, M. N. (2012). Destructive Role of Employee Silence in Organizational Success. International Journal.
8. Bildik, B. (2009). Liderlik Tarzları, Örgütsel Sessizlik ve Örgütsel Bağlılık İlişkisi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gebze Yüksek Teknoloji Enstitüsü.

9. Bordbar, G.; Shad, F.S.; Rahimi, E. and Rostami, N.A. (2019) . Effect of Organizational Silence on Employees’ Productivity. International Journal of Management, Accounting and Economics, 6(3).
10. Bowen, F., & Blackmon, K. (2003). Spirals of Silence: The Dynamic Effects of Diversity on Organizational Voice. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1393-1417.
11. Brinsfield, C. T. (2009). Employee Silence: Investigation of Dimensionality, Development of Measures, and Examination of Related Factors. Unpublished PhD Thesis, The Ohio State University, Ohio.
12. Broeng, S. (2018). Action Research on Employee Silence: The need for Negative Capability in Leadership. Management Revue, 29(4).
13. Brown, B. B. (2003). Employees’ Organizational Commitment and their Perception of Supervisors’ Relations-Oriented and Task-Oriented Leadership Behaviors. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia.
14. Büyüköztürk, Ş., vd., (2016). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri (21.baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
15. Çavuşoğlu, S. & Köse, S. (2019). BAİBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Cilt: 19, Sayı: 2/Yaz: 365-387.
16. Çetinkaya, A.S. & Karayel, S. (2019). The effects of organizational silence on work alienation in service enterprises. International Journal of Economics and Business Research.
17. Çimen, B., & Karadağ, E. (2019). Spiritual leadership, organizational culture, organizational silence and academic success of the school. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 25(1).
18. Dan, L.; Jun, W. and Jiu-cheng, M. (2009). "Organizational silence; a survey on employees working in a Telecommunication Company”. IEEE Xplore.
19. De los Santos, J.A.A.; Rosales, R.A.; Falguera, C.C.; Firmo, C.N.; Tsaras, K. and Labrague, L.J. (2020). Impact of organizational silence and favoritism on nurse's work outcomes and psychological well‐being. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/nuf(Wiley Online Library).
20. Demirtaş, Z. (2018). The Relationships Between Organizational Values, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Silence And Affective Commitment. European Journal of Education Studies, 4(11).
21. DeShon, R.P.; Kozlowski, S.W.J.; Schmidt, A.M.; Milner, K.R. and Wiechmann, D. (2004). A Multiple-Goal, Multilevel Model of Feedback Effects on the Regulation of Individual and Team Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6).
22. Donaghey, J., Cullinane, N., Dundon, T., & Wilkinson, A. (2009). Re-assessing the concept of employee silence: a critical review. Paper presented at the International Labour Process Conference.
23. Donaghey, J., Cullinane, N., Dundon, T., & Wilkinson, A. (2011). Reconceptualising employee silence problems and prognosis. Work, Employment & Society, 25(1), 51-67.
24. Doo, E-Y and Kim, M. (2020). Effects of hospital nurses' internalized dominant values, organizational silence, horizontal violence, and organizational communication on patient safety. Research in Nursing & Health (wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/nur)
25. Dyne, L. V., Ang, S., & Botero, I. C. (2003). Conceptualizing Employee Silence and Employee Voice as Multidimensional Constructs. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6).
26. Erdoğdu, M. (2018). Effect of Organizational Justice Behaviors on Organizational Silence and Cynicism: A Research on Academics from Schools of Physical Education and Sports. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 6(4).
27. Erkutlu, H. and Chafra, J. (2019). Leader Machiavellianism and follower silence: The mediating role of relational identification and the moderating role of psychological distance. European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 28(3).
28. Greenberg, J., & Edwards, M. S. (2009). Voice and Silence in Organizations: Emerald Group Publishing.
29. Harvey, M. G., Buckley, M. R., Heames, J. T., Zinko, R., Brouer, R. L., & Ferris, G. R. (2007). A bully as an archetypal destructive leader. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 14(2).
30. Henriksen, K. & Dayton, E. (2006). Organizational silence and hidden threats to patient safety. Health Services Research, 41(4).
31. Ivkovic, S. K., & Shelley, T. O. C. (2010). The code of silence and disciplinary fairness: A comparison of Czech police supervisor and line officer views. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 33(3).
32. Jaros, S. (2007). Meyer and Allen model of organizational commitment: Measurement issues. ICFAI Journal of Organizational Behavior, 6(4), 7-25.
33. Kahveci, G. (2010). The Relationship between Organizational Silence and Organizational Commitment in Primary Schools. Unpublished Master Thesis, University of Fırat, Elaziğ/Turkey.
34. Kasemsap, K. (2017). The Fundamentals of Organizational Citizenship Behavior. In Christiansen, B., & Chandan, H. C. (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Human Factors in Contemporary Workforce Development, IGI Global.
35. Korkmaz, E. (2018). The Relationship Between Organizational Silence and Allen-Meyer Organizational Commitment Model: A Research in the Health Sector in Turkey. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 3(1).
36. Liu, D., Wu, J., & Ma, J. (2009). Organizational silence: A survey on employees working in a telecommunication company. Conference Paper · August 2009, IEEE Xplore.
37. McGowan, R. A. (2002). Organizational Discourses: Sounds of Silence. Unpublished PhD Thesis, York University.
38. Allen, N. J., & Meyer, J. P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63(1), 1–18.
39. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1997). Advanced topics in organization behavior series. Commitment in the workplace: Theory, research, and application. Sage Publications, Inc.
40. Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61-89.
41. Meyer, J. P., Stanley, D. J., Herscovitch, L., & Topolnytsky, L. (2002). Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization: A meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences. Journal of vocational behavior, 61(1), 20-52.
42. Milliken, F. J., Morrison, E. W., & Hewlin, P. F. (2003). An Exploratory Study of Employee Silence: Issues that Employees Do not Communicate Upward and Why. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6).
43. M. Mirzapour & M. Baoosh (2018). Investigating effective factors on the creation of organizational silence. International Journal of Human Capital in Urban Management, 3(2): 89-96.
44. Morrison, E. W., & Milliken, F. J. (2000). Organizational silence: A barrier to change and development in a pluralistic world. Academy of Management Review.
45. Morrison, E. W., & Milliken, F. J. (2004). Sounds of Silence. Sternbusiness, Spring/Summer.
46. Nafei, W. A. (2016). The Impact of Organizational Silence on Job Attitudes: A Study on Pharmaceutical Industry in Egypt. Case Studies Journal, 5(8).
47. Nardelli, R. & Levitt, A. (2004). The Latest Models. STERNbusiness.
48. Nartgün, S.E. and Kartal, V. (2013). Öğretmenlerin örgütsel sinizm ve örgütsel sessizlik hakkındaki görüşleri. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education.
49. Nas, Z. (2011). The Effect of Cross Cultural Training on the Performance of Expatriates in Business Organizations. Published PhD Dissertation. National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad/Pakistan.
50. Nikmaram, S., Yamchi, H. G., Shojaii, S., Zahrani, M. A., & Alvani, S. M. (2012). Study on Relationship Between Organizational Silence and Commitment in Iran. World Applied Sciences Journal, 17(10).
51. Nikolaou, I., Vakola, M., & Bourantas, D. (2011). The role of silence on employees' attitudes “the day after” a merger. Personnel Review, 40(6).
52. Okpara, J. O. (2004). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment: Are there differences between American and Nigerian managers employed in the US MNCs in Nigeria. Briarcliffe College, Switzerland: Academy of Business & Administrative Science.
53. Panahi, B., Veiseh, S. M., Divkhar, S., & Kamari, F. (2012). An empirical analysis on influencing factors on organizational silence and its relationship with employee’s organizational commitment. Management Science, 2.
54. Pinder, C. C., & Harlos, K. P. (2001). Employee silence: Quiescence and acquiescence as responses to perceived injustice. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 20.
55. Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T. and Boulian. P. V. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology.
56. Premeaux, S. F., & Bedeian, A. G. (2003). Breaking the Silence: The Moderating Effects of Self‐Monitoring in Predicting Speaking Up in the Workplace. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6).
57. Quinn, R. E., & Spreitzer, G. M. (1997). The road to empowerment: Seven questions every leader should consider. Organizational Dynamics.
58. Reinardy, S. (2009). Beyond Satisfaction: Journalists Doubt Career Intentions as Organizational Support Diminishes and Job Satisfaction Declines. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 17, Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
59. Rodriguez, R. (2004). "Overcoming organizational silence: leveraging polyphony as a mean for positive change". Paper presented at the “e-motionalizing Management: The Challenge for Globalizing Organizations”, Minneapolis, USA.
60. Sayğan, F. N. (2011). Relationship between affective commitment and organizational silence: A conceptual discussion. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies 3(2).
61. Shirbagi, N., (2007). Exploring organizational commitment and leadership frames within Indian and Iranian higher education institutions. Bulletin of Education and Research, 29(1).
62. Slade, M. R. (2008). The Adaptive Nature of Organizational Silence: A Cybernetic Exploration of the Hidden Factory. Unpublished PhD Thesis, George Washington University, Washington.
63. Soycan, Ş. H. (2010). Bankalarda Birleşme Sonrası Örgütsel Bağlılık ve Örgütsel Sessizlik İlişkisi. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
64. Takhsha, M., Barahimi, N., Adelpanah A. and Salehzadeh, R. (2020). The effect of workplace ostracism on knowledge sharing: the mediating role of organization-based self-esteem and organizational silence. Journal of Workplace Learning, 32(6).
65. Tangirala, S., & Ramanujam, R. (2008). Employee silence on critical work issues: The cross level effects of procedural justice climate. Personnel Psychology, 61(1).
66. Tucker, A. L., & Edmondson, A. C. (2003). Why hospitals do not learn from failures: organizational and psychological dynamics that inhibit system change. California Management Review, 45(2).
67. Tumwesigye, G. (2010). The relationship between perceived organizational support and turnover intentions in a developing country: The mediating role of organizational commitment. Afr. J. Bus. Manage, 4(6).
68. Vakola, M., & Bouradas, D. (2005). Antecedents and consequences of organisational silence: an empirical investigation. Employee Relations, 27(5).
69. Warren, D. E. (2003). Constructive and destructive deviance in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 28(4).
70. Ehtiyar, R & Yanardağ, M. (2008). Organizational Silence: A Survey on Employees Working in a Chain Hotel. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 14(1).
71. Yousef, D. A. (2003). Validating the dimensionality of Porter et al.'s measurement of organizational commitment in a non-Western culture setting. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(6).