Yeni Savaşlar ve Çocuk Askerler

Öz

Yeni savaşlar kavramı, Soğuk Savaş sonrası dönemin değişen özellikleri doğrultusunda ortaya çıkmıştır ve ilk olarak Mary Kaldor tarafından 1999 yılında kullanılmıştır. Geleneksel savaşlardan farklı olarak daha az maliyetle daha fazla kazanç elde etme hedefleri doğrultusunda yeni savaşların aktörlerinin çeşitli araçlar/yöntemler geliştirdikleri görülmektedir. Özellikle devlet dışı aktörler, hukuki anlamda bağlayıcı olabilecekleri yasaların eksikliğinden faydalanarak savaş suçu işlemektedirler. Geleneksel savaşlarda hukuken “korunan” statüsünde olan çocuklar, yeni savaşlarda devlet dışı aktörlerin doğrudan şiddetine/araçsallaştırılmasına maruz kalmışlardır. Çocuklar, devlet ve devlet dışı aktörlerin hedefleri doğrultusunda savaşlarda bazen bir savaşçı bazen de arka cephede hizmet personeli olarak kullanılmaktadır. Savaşlarda cephede ve cephe arkasında çalıştırılan veya görevlendirilen çocuklar, çocuk askerler olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Tarihsel süreçte çocukların savaşlarda yer alması ilk defa yeni savaşlarda ortaya çıkmış bir olgu değildir. Fakat hukuki olarak çocuk ve çocuk asker kavramlarının tanımlanması yirminci yüzyılda gerçekleşmiştir. Böylece savaşın değişen özellikleri itibariyle kavramsal ve hukuksal açıdan çocuk askerler yeni savaşların bir aracı haline gelmiştir. Çocuk askerler, yeni savaşların aktörleri için, maliyeti düşük ve gerek personel açığını gidermek gerekse de ideolojik hedeflerini gerçekleştirmek açısından kullanım alanı geniş bir savaş aracı haline gelmiştir. Çalışma çocuk askerlerin kullanılmasını yeni savaşlar bağlamında değerlendirmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• yeni savaşlar
• Devlet ve Devlet dışı Aktörler
• çocuk askerler

The New Wars and Child Soldiers

Abstract

Concept of the new wars emerged in line with the changing characteristics of the post-Cold War era and was proposed originally by Mary Kaldor in 1999. Unlike traditional wars, the actors of new wars have been considered to develop various tools/methods in line with the goal of gaining more profit with less cost. In particular, non-state actors commit war crimes by taking advantage of the lack of laws that could be legally binding. Children who were legally "protected" in traditional wars have been exposed to direct violence/instrumentation by non-state actors in the new wars. Children are sometimes used as warriors and supporting service personnel in line with the goals of the state and non-state actors. Children who are employed or assigned in wars at the front or behind the front are defined as child soldiers. In history, the participation of children in wars is not a new phenomenon that has emerged for the first time in new wars. However, the legal definition of the concepts of child soldiers emerged in the twentieth century. Thus, due to the changing characteristics of war, child soldiers have become a tool of new wars in terms of conceptual and legal aspects. Child soldiers have become a tool of war for the actors of new wars, with a low cost and widely used in terms of both meeting the personnel shortage and implementing their ideological goals. The current study evaluates the issue of child soldiers in the context of the new wars.

Keywords

• The New Wars
• State and Non-state Actors
• child soldiers

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