Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

2010 Sonrasında Orta Doğu'da Değişen Bölgesel Düzende Hamas-FKÖ/Fetih Uzlaşısı ve Yakınlaşması: Neo-Realist ve Neo-Klasik Realist Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 5, 621 - 631, 13.04.2018
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.384773

Öz

Bu
makale iki ana soruya değinmektedir. Birincisi, 2010 yılından itibaren bölgesel
dinamikler ve iç tercihler, Filistin uzlaşısını ve yakınlaşmasını nasıl
etkiledi (sınırlandırdı ya da zorladı)? İkincisi,  realist teori, Hamas ve El-Fetih’in uzlaşı ve
yakınlaşma konusundaki tercihlerinde ortaya çıkan benzerlikleri ve
farklılıkları anlamada bize yardımcı olur mu? 2011 yılından beri, Ortadoğudaki
baskın devletler, hesapları ve kontrolleri ötesinde rekabet içerisindeki güçler
ve büyük güç elde etmeye çalışan devletler ile devlet-dışı aktörlere yönelik
tepkisel ve proaktif bir tutum sergilemektedir. Devlet dışı aktörler olan Hamas
ve El-Fetih’in tepki gösterdiği anlaşmazlık, kendilerinin politik tercihlerine
ve stratejilerine de işaret eden bölgesel dinamiklerin sınırlamaları ve
fırsatlarına ilişkin bakış açılarındaki farklılıklara işaret eden önemli
tedbirler/önlemler üzerinedir. Bu makale, özellikle sistemik ve iç faktörlerin
karşılıklı etkileşiminin, iki rakip hareketi ulusal birliğin sağlanması
noktasında oldukça farklı yörüngelere yerleştirdiği sonucuna varmaktadır. Bu
bağlamda, her iki realist akım (neo-realizm ve neo-klasik realizm), farklı
açıklama kapasitesi/fırsatları ile birlikte teorik çerçeve olarak uygun
görünmektedir.

Kaynakça

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  • Barahmeh, S. (2014). The Palestinians, the PLO, and political representation: The search for Palestinian self-determination. In P. R. Neumann, A. Bregman, J. Mitchell, & K. Rothman (Eds.), The Atkin Paper Series. London, UK: ICSR.
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  • Bronner, E. (2012, November 19). Gaza crisis poses threat to faction favored by U.S. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/20/world/middleeast/hamas-strengthens-as-palestinian-authority-weakens.html?_r=0.
  • Bronner, E., & Farrell, S. (2011, October 18). Israeli soldier swapped for hundreds of Palestinians. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/world/middleeast/israel-and-palestinians-begin-prisoner-exchange.html?_r=0.
  • Buzan, B., & Wæver, O. (2003). Regions and powers: The structure of international security. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
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  • Danan, D. (2014, July 28). Saudi official says hamas responsible for deaths in Gaza; Columnist calls for peace with Israel. The Algemeiner. Retrieved from http://www.algemeiner.com/2014/07/28/saudi-official-hamas-responsible-for-deaths-in-gaza/.
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  • Howeidy, A. (2013, March 21). Egypt’s Muslim brotherhood has reneged on promises to Palestine. The Electronic Intifada. Retrieved from http://electronicintifada.net/content/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-has-reneged-promises-palestine/12301.
  • Hudson, M. C. (2011, February 1). Egypt on the brink: The Arab world at a tipping point? Jadaliyya. Retrieved from http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/518/egypt-on-the-brink_the-arab-world-ata-tipping-point.
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Hamas-PLO/Fatah Reconciliation and Rapprochement within the Unfolding Regional Order in the Middle East since 2010: Neorealist and Neoclassical Realist Perspectives

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 5, 621 - 631, 13.04.2018
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.384773

Öz

This article addresses two main questions.
First, how have regional dynamics and domestic pathologies since 2010 affected
(i.e., constrained or delimited) Palestinian reconciliation and rapprochement?
Second, can the realist theory of international relations (IR) help us
understand the differences or similarities observed in Hamas’s and Fatah’s
preferences for reconciliation and rapprochement? Since the turn of the decade,
dominant states in the Middle East have become reactive (and proactive) toward
state and non-state actors; they have become inclined to react to power
magnitude and forces of competition beyond their calculations and control. The
differential reactions of both non-state actors, Fatah and Hamas, is due in
substantial measure to marked differences in the windows of opportunity, and
constraints on regional dynamics that have affected their policy preferences
and strategies. This article concludes that the interplay of systemic and
domestic factors has notably set the two rival movements on distinctly
different trajectories of national unity. In this sense, both streams of
realism (neorealism and neoclassical realism) seem appropriate as theoretical
frameworks, albeit with different explanatory power/opportunities.   

Kaynakça

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  • Amour, P. O. (2012). Practical, theoretical, and methodological challenges of field research in the middle east. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History, 45(3), 143-149.
  • Amour, P. O. (2013). Transition in Palestinian politics: The case of the october war. In A. Siniver (Ed.), The october war: Politics, diplomacy, legacy (pp. 137-154). London, UK: Hurst & Company.
  • Amour, P. O. (2017). Israel, the Arab Spring, and the unfolding regional order in the middle east: A strategic assessment. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 44(3), 293-309.
  • Ashrawi, H. (2012, September 25). Why the United Nations? Alquds Al-Arabi. Retrieved from www.alquds.co.uk. Associated Press. (2015, June 6). Egypt’s leader tries to rule as a one-man show after a year in office. Time. Retrieved from http://time.com/author/associated-press.
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  • Danan, D. (2014, July 28). Saudi official says hamas responsible for deaths in Gaza; Columnist calls for peace with Israel. The Algemeiner. Retrieved from http://www.algemeiner.com/2014/07/28/saudi-official-hamas-responsible-for-deaths-in-gaza/.
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  • El Husseini, R. (2010). Hezbollah and the axis of refusal: Hamas, Iran and Syria. Third World Quarterly, 31(5), 803-815.
  • Elgindy, K. (2011). The Palestinians: Between national liberation and political legitimacy. In K. M. Pollack (Ed.), The Arab awakening: America and the transformation of the middle east (pp. 128-136). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
  • Ezbidi, B. (2013). “Arab Spring”: Weather forecast for Palestine. Middle East Policy, 20(3), 99-110.
  • Ghanem, A. (2013). The Palestinians – lessons from the Arab Spring. Contemporary Arab Affairs, 6(3), 422-437.
  • Gordon, N., & Cohen, Y. (2012). Western interests, Israeli unilateralism, and the two-state solution. Journal of Palestine Studies, 41(3), 6-18.
  • Howeidy, A. (2013, March 21). Egypt’s Muslim brotherhood has reneged on promises to Palestine. The Electronic Intifada. Retrieved from http://electronicintifada.net/content/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-has-reneged-promises-palestine/12301.
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  • Khoury, H. (2012). The Arab re-awakening and the hopes for a Palestinian state. Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics, and Culture, 18(1), 78-83.
  • Kitchen, N. (2010). Systemic pressures and domestic ideas: A neoclassical realist model of grand strategy formation. Review of International Studies, 36(1), 117-143.
  • Kontorovich, E. (2013). Israel/Palestine — the ICC’s uncharted territory. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 11(5), 979-999. Kuttab, D. (2014, July 11). Israel targets Hamas-Fatah unity in Gaza. Al-Monitor. Retrieved from http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/07/palestinian-reconciliation-israel-war-gaza-hamas-fatah.html.
  • Kuttab, D. (2015, July 11). Palestinian reconciliation deal a Hamas surrender. Al-Monitor. Retrieved from http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/04/fatah-plo-hamas-reconciliation-israel.html.
  • Leech, P. (2015). Who owns “the spring” in Palestine? Rethinking popular consent and resistance in the context of the “Palestinian state” and the “Arab Spring”. Democratization, 22(6), 1011-1029.
  • Levy, D. (2011, October 12). 10 Comments on the Israel-Hamas prisoner exchange deal. Foreign Policy. Retrieved from http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/12/10-comments-on-the-israel-hamas-prisoner-exchange-deal/.
  • Lindenstrauss, G., & Kivam, K. S. (2014). Turkish-Hamas relations: Between strategic calculation and ideological affinity. Strategic Assessment, 17(2), 7-16.
  • Lobell, S. E., Ripsman, N. M., & Taliaferro, J. W. (2009). Neoclassical realism, the state, and foreign policy. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • MacFarquhar, N., & Myers, S. L. (2011, September 23). Palestinians request U.N. status; Powers press for talks. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/24/world/palestinians-submit-statehood-bid-at-un.html?_r=1.
  • Malley, R. (2011, May 3). The Arab Spring is driving the Hamas-Fatah unity deal. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-arab-spring-is-driving-the-hamas-fatah-unity-deal/2011/05/03/AFxbd6iF_story.html.
  • Mearsheimer, J. J. (2014). The tragedy of great power politics. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Milton-Edwards, B. (2013). Hamas and the Arab Spring: Strategic shifts? Middle East Policy, 20(3), 60-72.
  • Mingst, K. A. (2013). Essentials of international relations. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company.
  • Mish’al, K. (2013, April 1). Political thought and strategies of Hamas in light of the Arab uprisings. Afro-Middle East Centre (AMEC). Retrieved from http://www.amec.org.za/89-articles-presentations/palestine-israel1/452-political-thought-and-strategies-of-hamas-in-light-of-the-arab-uprisings.html.
  • Mozgovaya, N., & Ravid, B. (2012, November 27). Ahead of thursday’s vote U.S.: Palestinian UN bid is a ‘mistake,’ negotiations are only way forward.
  • Haaretz Online. Retrieved from https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/u-s-palestinian-un-bid-is-a-mistake-negotiations-are-only-way-forward.premium-1.480986.
  • Muasher, M. (2014). The second Arab awakening: And the battle for pluralism. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
  • Munayyer, Y. (2011). Prospects for Palestinian unity after the Arab Spring. Insight Turkey, 13(3), 21-31.
  • Nye, J. S. (1990). The changing nature of world power. Political Science Quarterly, 105(2), 177-192.
  • Pace, M. (2013). An Arab ‘spring’of a different kind? Resilience and freedom in the case of an occupied nation. Mediterranean Politics, 18(1), 42-59.
  • Palestine Strategy Study Group. (2008). Regaining the initiative: Palestinian strategic options to end Israeli occupation. Oxford: Palestine Strategy Group. Retrieved from http://www.palestinestrategygroup.ps/Regaining_the_Initiative_FINAL_17082008_%28English%29.pdf.
  • Panayiotides, N. (2012). The regional implications of the Arab uprising. Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics, and Culture, 18(1), 71-77.
  • Pearlman, W. (2017, October 24). Does the Palestinian reconciliation deal make peace more likely? The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/10/24/does-the-palestinian-reconciliation-deal-make-peace-more-likely/?utm_term=.25d2455ef7a8.
  • Pogodda, S., & Richmond, O. P. (2015). Palestinian unity and everyday state formation: Subaltern ‘ungovernmentality’versus elite interests. Third World Quarterly, 36(5), 890-907.
  • Pratt, N. (2013). The ‘‘Arab Spring’’and the Israel-Palestine conflict: Settler colonialism and resistance in the midst of geopolitical upheavals. Middle Eastern Studies/Ortadogu Etutleri, 5(1), 10-40.
  • Pressman, J. (2008). Warring friends: Alliance restraint in international politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Raialyoum. (2015, June 4). News about secret visit to Khaled Meshaal to Riyadh with Qatari-mediation. Raialyoum. Retrieved from http://www.raialyoum.com/?p=267498.
  • Ronen, Y. (2014). Israel, Palestine and the ICC — territory uncharted but not unknown. Journal of International Criminal Justice, 12(1), 7-25.
  • Schanzer, J. (2013, June 21). How Hamas lost the Arab Spring. The Atlantic. Retrieved from http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/06/how-hamas-lost-the-arab-spring/277102/.
  • Schroeder, P. W. (1976). Alliances, 1815–1945: Weapons of power and tools of management. In K. E. Knorr (Ed.), Historical dimensions of national security problems (pp. 227-262). Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.
  • Schweitzer, Y. (2015). Hamas and the Islamic state organization: Toward a head-on collision in the gaza strip? The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), no. 697. Retrieved from http://www.inss.org.il/index.aspx?id=4538&articleid=9524.
  • Shuttlerworth, K., & Cunningham, B. (2015, April 23). In besieged Gaza, Palestinian unity deal sparks hope, caution. Al Jazeera America. Retrieved from http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/4/23/palestine-unity-gaza.html.
  • Stephens, M. (2012, October 30). Shuttle diplomacy: Qatar playing politics in Palestine. Open Democracy. Retrieved from https://www.opendemocracy.net/michael-stephens/shuttle-diplomacy-qatar-playing-politics-in-palestine.
  • Taliaferro, J. W. (2012). Neoclassical realism and the study of regional order. In T. V. Paul (Ed.), International relations theory and regional transformation (pp. 74-104). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Tartir, A. (2012, April 9). Fatah and Hamas: An elusive reconciliation. Open Democracy Online. Retrieved from http://www.opendemocracy.net/alaa-tartir/fatah-and-hamas-elusive-reconciliation.
  • The New Arab. (2016, July 10). Thousands attend anti-Iran rally in Paris. The New Arab. Retrieved from https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2016/7/10/thousands-attend-anti-iran-rally-in-paris United Nations. (2012, November 29). General assembly votes overwhelmingly to accord Palestine ‘non-member observer state’ status in united nations. United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/press/en/2012/ga11317.doc.htm.
  • Walt, S. M. (1994). The origins of alliance. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1995). Realist thought and neorealist theory. In C. W. Kegley (Ed.), Controversies in international relations theory: Realism and the neoliberal challenge (pp. 67-82). New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.
  • Waltz, K. N. (2010). Theory of international politics. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
  • Weitsman, P. A. (2014). Waging war: Alliances, coalitions, and institutions of interstate violence. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Wivel, A. (2017, September 13). Realism in foreign policy analysis. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Retrieved from http://politics.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-475.
  • Yaari, E., & Zilber, N. (2014, April 24). The Hamas-Fatah Reconciliation Agreement: Too Early to Judge. Washington Institute. Retrieved from http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-hamas-fatah-reconciliation-agreement-too-early-to-judge.
Toplam 76 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Philipp O. Amour 0000-0001-6287-4625

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Nisan 2018
Kabul Tarihi 14 Mart 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Amour, P. O. (2018). Hamas-PLO/Fatah Reconciliation and Rapprochement within the Unfolding Regional Order in the Middle East since 2010: Neorealist and Neoclassical Realist Perspectives. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(5), 621-631. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.384773

Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.