The Relationship Between Government Health Expenditure and Labor Productivity: Neuro Fuzzy Approach

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 5, 1375 - 1382, 14.10.2020

Atakan Durmaz , Hakan Pabuçcu

Öz

The concept of labor productivity has a very important place in economics literature. For this reason, a lot of research has been made on the determinants of labor productivity and the effects of those determinants on productivity. In this study, the effects of generally accepted determinants were investigated. In the study, the data set covering the period of 1997-2018 was used for G20 countries. The long-run effects of the related determinants were discussed by using the neuro-fuzzy model ANFIS. The ANFIS model was chosen because it is a powerful method that has the ability to learn and to make strong decisions and is often used in the determination of nonlinear relationships between variables. Since the ANFIS model does not provide equations related to the detected relationship, the long term effects of the determinants were investigated and interpreted by means of the two- and three-dimensional graphics produced by the model.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Health expenditure, Labor productivity, ANFIS

Kamu Sağlık Harcamaları-İşgücü Verimliliği İlişkisi: Sinirsel Bulanık Yaklaşım

Öz

İşgücü verimliliği kavramı iktisat literatüründe çok önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu sebeple işgücü verimliliğinin belirleyicileri ve etkileri üzerine birçok araştırma yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmada ise genel olarak kabul görmüş belirleyici değişkenlerin etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada G20 ülkeleri için 1997-2018 dönemini kapsayan veri seti kullanılmış ve yapay sinir ağı-bulanık mantık hibrit modellerinden olan ANFIS ile ilgili belirleyici değişkenlerin uzun dönemli etkileri tartışılmıştır. ANFIS model öğrenebilme ve güçlü karar verme yeteneğine sahip olan ve değişkenler arasındaki doğrusal olmayan ilişkilerin tespitinde sıklıkla kullanılan güçlü bir yöntem olması nedeniyle seçilmiştir. ANFIS modelin tespit edilen ilişkilere ait eşitlikler sunmaması sebebiyle, modelin ürettiği iki ve üç boyutlu grafikler vasıtasıyla belirleyicilerin uzun dönemli etkileri tespit edilmiş ve yorumlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sağlık harcamaları, İşgücü piyasası, ANFIS

Kaynakça

• Ak R. (2012) The Relationship between Health Expenditures and Economic Growth: Turkish Case. International Journal of Business Management and Economic Research. 3(1), 404–409.
• Akın C. S. (2007) Sağlık ve Sağlık Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi: Türkiye’de Sağlık Sektörü ve Harcamaları. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. İktisat Anabilim Dalı Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• Akıncı A. & Güner T. (2016) Türkiye’de Sağlık Harcamaları ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki. Sayıştay Dergisi. 102, 47–61.
• Barak S., Dahooi, J. H. & Tichý T. (2015) Wrapper ANFIS-ICA method to do stock market timing and feature selection on the basis of Japanese Candlestick. Expert Systems with Applications 42(23), 9221–9235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa. 2015.08.010
• Barro R. & Xi, S.-M. (1995) Empirical Economic, Analysis of a Cross Section of Countries. In Economic Growth. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Becker G. S. (1965) A Theory of the Allocation of Time. The Economic Journal. 75(299), 493. https:// doi.org/ 10.2307/2228949
• Bhargava A. Jamison D. T. Lau L. J. & Murray C. J. (2001) Modeling the effects of health on economic growth. Journal of Health Economics. 20(3), 423–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6296(01)0007 3-X
• Bloom D. E., D. Canning & J. Sevilla (2001) The Effect of Health on Economic Growth: Theory Evidence. NBER Working Paper Working Paper No. 8587
• Çalışkan Ş. Karabacak M. & Meçik O. (2013) Türkiye’de Sağlık-Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 37, 29–48.
• Çalışkan Ş., Karabacak M. & Meçik O. (2018) Türkiye’de Uzun Dönemde Eğitim ve Sağlık Harcamaları ile Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 33(1), 75–96.
• Çetin M. V. & Ecevit E. (2010) Sağlık harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi. OECD ülkeleri üzerine bir panel regresyon analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi 11(2), 166–182.
• Cima J. F. & Almeida S. A. (2018) Health Expenditure, GDP Growth and The Financial Crisis: A Panel Data Analysis for OECD European Countries (Working Paper No. No: 602).
• Costa D. A. & Steckel R. (1995) Long-Term Trends in Health, Welfare, and Economic Growth in the United States. Cambridge, MA. https://doi.org/10.3386/h0076
• Dormont B. J., Martins O., Pelgrin F. & Suhrcke. M. (2008) Health Expenditures, Longevity and Growth. IX Annual Conference of the Fondazione Rodolfo deBenedetti on Health, Longevity and Productivity, Limonesul 2007., Garda May.
• Fogel R. (1994) Economic Growth, Population Theory, and Physiology: The Bearing of Long-Term Processes on the Making of Economic Policy. Cambridge, MA. https://doi.org/10.3386/w4638
• Fogel R. W. (1991) The Conquest of High Mortality and Hunger in Europe and America: Timing and Mechanism. in Lander D. Higgonet C. Rosovsky H. (Ed.), Favorite of Fortunes: Technology, Growth and Economic Development Since the Industrial Revolution. Cambridge: MA: Harvard University Press.
• Frank J. W. (1995) The Determinants of Health: A New Synthesis. Current Issues in Public Health 1(1), 233–240.
• Gong, L. Li H. & Wang D. (2012) Health investment, physical capital Accumulation, and economic growth. China Economic Review 23(4), 1104–1119.
• Grossman M. (1972) The Demand for Health. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. New York Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.7312/ gros17900
• Grossman M. (2000) The Human Capital Model. In Anthony J. C. and J. P. Newhouse (Ed.), Handbook of Health Economics. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
• Harris R. G. (1999) Determinants of Canadian Productivity Growth: Issues and Prospects (Discussion Paper No. 8). Ottawa: Industry Canada. Retrieved from http://www.csls.ca/repsp/2/emileto mpa.pdf.
• Hayaloğlu P. & Bal Ç. H. (2015) Üst Orta Gelirli Ülkelerde Sağlık Harcamaları ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi 3(2), 35–44.
• Hicks N. L. (1979) Growth vs basic needs: Is there a trade-off? World Development, 7(11–12), 985–994. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(79)90066-4
• Jang J. S. R. (1993) ANFIS: Adaptive-Network-Based Fuzzy Inference system. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics 23(3), 665–685. https://doi.org/10.1109/21.256541
• Klenow P. J. & Rodriguez-Clare A. (1997) The Gone, neoclassical revival in growth economics: has it gone too far. In B. Bernanke & J. Rotemberg (Ed.), NBER macroeconomics annual. Cambridge, MA: Press, MIT.
• Knowles S. & Owen P. D. (1995) Health capital and cross-country variation in income per capita in the Mankiw-Romer-Weil model. Economics Letters 48(1), 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765 (94) 00577-O
• Knowles S. & Owen P. D. (1997) Education and Health in an Effective-Labour Empirical Growth Model. Economic Record 73(223), 314–328. https://doi.org /10.1111/j.14754932.1997.tb01005.x
• Lacheheb M. & Norashidah M. N. (2014) Health Expenditure, Education and Economic Growth in MENA Countries. MPRA Paper No. 60388.
• Lucas R. E. (1988) On The Mechanics of Economic Development. Journal of Monetary Economics 22(1), 3–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88 )90168-7
• Maitra B. & Mukhopadhyay C. K. (2012) Public Spending on Education, Health Care and Economic Growth in Selected Countries of Asia and The Pacific. Asia Pacific Development Journal 19(2), 19–48.
• Nyamwange M. (2012) Economic Growth and Public Healthcare Expenditure in Kenya (1982-2012). MPRA Paper No. 43707.
• Öztürk S. & Topçu E. (2014) Health Expenditures and Economic Growth: Evidence from G8 Countries. International Journal of Economics and Empirical Research 6(1), 256–261.
• Pabuçcu H. (2015) Uyarlanabilir Sinirsel Bulanık Çıkarım Sistemi Tabanlı Alternatif Bir Kredi Derecelendirme Yönteminin Geliştirilmesi. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi SBE- Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
• Polanyi M. F. D., John W. F., Shannon H. S., Sullivan T. J. & Lavis J. N. (2000) Promoting the Determinants of Good Health in the Workplace. In Poland B. D., Green L. W. and Rootman I. (Eds.), Settings for Health Promotion: Linking Theory and Practice. CA: SAGE.
• Prescott E. C. (1998) Needed: A Theory of Total Factor Productivity. International Economic Review 39, 525–551.
• Rivera & Currais L. (1999a) Economic Growth and Causation?”, Health: Direct Impact or Reverse. Applied Economics Letters 6, 761–764.
• Rivera & Currais, L. (1999b) Income Variation and Health Expenditure: Evidence for OECD Countries. Review of Development Economics 3(3), 258–267.
• Rome P. M. (1986) Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth. Journal of Political Economy 94(5), 1002–1037. https://doi.org/10.1086/261420
• Schultz T. P. (2005) Productive benefits of health: Evidence from low-income countries. (Discussion Paper No. No. 903).
• Solow R. M. (1956) A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 70(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.2307/18845 13
• Steckel H. R. (2002) Health Indicators of the Standard of Living, Indicators: The Journal of Social Health 1(2002), 139–159.
• Sülkü S. N. & Caner A. (2011) Health Care Expenditures And Gross Domestic Product: The Turkish Case. The European Journal of Health Economics 12(1), 29–38.
• Tompa E. (2002) The Impact of Health on Productivity: Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications. In The Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress 2002: Towards a Social Understanding of Productivity. Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy.
• Topallı N. (2015) Türkiye’de Beşeri Sermaye ve Büyüme İlişkisinin Ekonometrik Bir Analizi. Uludağ Üniversitesi, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 34(1), 217–234.
• Ünsal M. E. (2017) Eğitim, Sağlık ve Ar&Ge Harcamalarının İşgücü Verimliliği Üzerindeki Etkileri: OECD Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Panel Regresyon Analizi. Journal of International Trade and Economic Researches 1(1), 17–28.
• Van-Zon A. M. J. (2001) Health and endogenous growth. Journal of Health Economics 20(2), 169–185.
• Wei, Z. & Hao R. (2011) The Role of Human Capital in China’s Total Factor Analysis. Productivity Growth: A Cross-Province. Developing Economies 49(1), 1–35.
• Wheeler D. (1980) Basic Needs Fulfillment and Economic Growth. Journal of Development Economics 7(4), 435–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/ 0304-3878 (80)90038-3
• WHO. (1999). WHO on Health and Economic Productivity. Population and Development Review, 25(2), 396–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-44 57.1999.00396.x
• Wu H. (2017) The Analysis of Influence Factors of Chinese Urban Labour Productivity-Based on The Panel Data of 286 Cities. Economic Survey 34(1), 14–19.
• Young A. (1994) Lessons From The East Asian NIC’s: A Contrarian View. European Economic Review 38(1), 964–973.
• Young A. (1995) The Tyranny of Numbers: Confronting Growth, The Statistical Realities of The East Asian Experience. Quarterly Journal of Economics 110, 641–680.