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Post-Kolonyalizm ve Leopold Sedar Senghor: Tartışmalı Bir Düşünür Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 9 Sayı: Toplum & Siyaset, 19 - 31, 29.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.819284

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Post-Kolonyal düşünce dâhilinde Léopold Sédar Senghor’un konumu incelenmiştir. Şair, filozof ve siyasetçi gibi farklı özellikleri bünyesinde barından Senegal’in eski devlet başkanı Senghor, çok boyutlu bir Post-Kolonyalizm analizine imkân tanımaktadır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışma, Senghor’un entelektüel ve siyasetçi kimliklerini mercek altına alarak, bu iki kimlik arasındaki ilişkinin mahiyetini sorgulamaktadır. Sonuç olarak, Senghor’un “Siyahi-Afrikalılık” savunusu etrafında felsefi ve poetik bir başkaldırı ortaya koyduğu; siyasetçi olarak ise Fransa ile geliştirdiği yakın ilişkiler nedeniyle daha pragmatik bir profil arz ettiği saptanmaktadır. İlaveten, Post-Kolonyal dönem ve Soğuk Savaş şartları Senghor’un hareket alanını daraltmışsa da bu ismin sömürge karşıtlığının bayraktarlarından biri olmayı sürdürdüğü sonucuna ulaşılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Adib-Moghaddam, A. (2011). A Metahistory of the Clash of Civilisations: Us and Them. Beyond Orientalism. London, Hurst & Company.
  • Agada, A. (2018). A Truly African philosophy. (Erişim: 08.09.2020), https://aeon.co/essays/consolation-philosophy-and-the-struggle-of-reason-in-africa
  • Al-‘Azm, S. J. (2000). Orientalism and Orientalism in Reverse. İçinde A. L. Macfie (Ed.), Orientalism: A Reader (217-238). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Barkawi, T. (2008). Orientalism, ‘Small Wars’, and Big Consequences in Korea and Iraq, Arena 29(30). (Erişim: 13.01.2021), https://www.academia.edu/348893/Small_Wars_Big_Consequences_and_Orientalism_Korea_and_Iraq_ Boone, C. (1992). Merchant Capital and the Roots of State Power in Senegal: 1930–1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Cesaire, A. (1969). Return to My Native Land. Middlesex, Penguin Books.
  • Chafer, T. (2002). The End of Empire in French West Africa: France’s Successful Decolonization?. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
  • Clark, A. F. & Phillips, L. C. (1994). Historical Dictionary of Senegal African. London: Scarecrow Press.
  • Darby, P. (2004). Pursuing the Political: A Postcolonial Rethinking of Relations International. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 33(1), 1-32.
  • Diagne, P. (2002). Senghor in Context. Research in African Literatures, 33(4), 12-16.
  • Duffield, I. (2008). Pan-Africanism Since 1940. İçinde M. Crowder (Ed.), The Cambridge History of Africa Volume 8 from c. 1940 to c. 1975 (95-141). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ekpo, D. (2010). Speak Negritude But Think and Act French: The Foundations of Senghor's Political Philosophy. Third Text, 24(2), 227-239.
  • Evans, M. (2012). Algeria: France’s Undeclared War. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Dirlik, A. (1998). The Postcolonial Aura: Third World Criticism in the Age of Global Capitalism Colorado: Westview Press.
  • Fabre, M. (2005). Rene, Louis, and Leopold: Senghorian Negritude as a Black Humanism. Modern Fiction Studies, 51(4), 921-935.
  • Fanon, F. (2004). The Wretched of the Earth. Richard Philcox (Çev.). New York: Grove Press.
  • Fanon, F. (1956). Racism and Culture. Presence Africaine-Cultural Journal of the Negro World, 8-9-10, 122-131. France in West Africa. (Erişim: 05.09.2020), https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=7352494797d94473a5366336f5466fc2
  • Heidegger, M. (1977). The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays. William Lovitt (Çev.). New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.
  • Hobsbawm, E. (1996). The Age of Revolution 1789-1848. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Horkheimer, M. & Adorno, T. W. (2002). Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments. Edmund Jephcott (Çev.). Stanford, Stanford University Press.
  • Irele, A. (1965). Négritude or Black Cultural Nationalism, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 3(3), 321–348.
  • Jacques, T. C. F. (2011). Philosophy in Black: African Philosophy as a Negritude. Sartre Studies International, 17(1), 1-19.
  • Jones, D. V. (2010). The Racial Discourses of Life Philosophy: Négritude, Vitalism, and Modernity. New York, Columbia University Press.
  • Kamara, M, Slavery, Colonialism, Human Rights, and the Négritude of Léopold Sédar Senghor. Enter Text, 7(2), 16-34.
  • Kras, S. (1999). Senghor's Rise to Power 1948–1951: Early Roots of French Sub-Saharan Decolonisation. Itinerario, 23(1), 91-113.
  • Krishna, S. (2001). Race, Amnesia, and the Education of International Relations. Alternatives, 26, 401-424.
  • Laffey, M. & Weldes, J. (2008). Decolonizing the Cuban Missile Crisis. International Studies Quarterly, 52, 555–577.
  • Lamola, M. J. (2016). Senghor, Globalism and Africanity. Phronimon, 17(2), 51–67.
  • Lewis, B. (1982). The Question of Orientalism. New York Review of Books. (24.06.1982). (Erişim: 14.01.2021), https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1982/06/24/the-question-of-orientalism/
  • Losurdo, D. (2011). Liberalism: A Counter-History. Gregory Elliott (Çev.). London: Verso.
  • Mabana, K. C. (2014). Léopold Sédar Senghor and the Civilization of the Universal. Diogenes, 59(3–4), 4–12.
  • Mandela, N. (1995). Long Walk to Freedom. Kindle Edition: Boston, Little, Brown & Company.
  • Mazrui, A. A. (2004). Power, Politics, and the African Condition: Collected Essays of Ali A. Mazrui. Trenton: Africa World Press, Inc.
  • Mitchell, T. (2002). McJihad: Islam in the U.S. Global Order, Social Text 20(4), 1-18.
  • Morgenthau, R. S. (2008). “French-Speaking Tropical Africa”, İçinde M. Crowder (Ed.), The Cambridge History of Africa Volume 8 from c. 1940 to c. 1975 (611-673). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mortimer, M. (2002). Sine and Seine: The Quest for Synthesis in Senghor's Life and Poetry. Research in African Literatures, 33(4), 38-50.
  • Mortimer, M. (2004). African Literature in French: Sub-Saharan Africa During the Colonial Period. İçinde S. Gikandi & A. Irele (Ed.), The Cambridge History of African and Caribbean Literature Volume 1 (530-551). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
  • Mortimer, R. A. (1972). From Federalism to Francophonia: Senghor's African Policy. African Studies Review, 15(2), 283-306.
  • Munslow, B. (1981). The 1980 Coup in Guinea Bissau. Review of African Political Economy, 21, 109-113.
  • Neuberger, B. (1976). The African Concept of Balkanisation. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 14(3), 523-529.
  • Okoth, A. (2006). A History of Africa Vol.1: 1800-1914. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers.
  • Presidency of Senegal. Léopold Sédar Senghor. (Erişim: 20.09.2020), http://www.presidence.sn/en/presidency/leopold-sedar-senghor
  • Ratcliff, A. J. (2014). When Négritude Was in Vogue: Critical Reflections of the First World Festival of Negro Arts and Culture in 1966. The Journal of Pan African Studies, 6(7), 167-186.
  • Rowe, M. (2013). The French Revolution, Napoleon, and Nationalism in Europe. İçinde J. Breuilly (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism (127-148), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Said, E. (1993). Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Said, E. W. (2003). Orientalism. London: Penguin Books.
  • Sartre, J. P. (1988). “What is Literature”' and Other Essays. Massachusetts, Harvard University Press.
  • Sartre, J. P. (2004). Preface by Jean-Paul Sartre. İçinde The Wretched of the Earth (xliii- lxii). New York: Grove Press.
  • Senghor, L. S. (1956). The Spirit of Civilisation, or the Laws of African Negro Culture. Presence Africaine-Cultural Journal of the Negro World, 8-9-10, 51-64.
  • Senghor, L. S. (1974). Speech by Mr. Leopold Sedar Senghor President of the Republic of Senegal. Présence Africaine, 92, 31-38.
  • Senghor, L. S. (2013). His Excellency Leopold Sedar Senghor, President of the Republic of Senegal, Celebrating Success: Africa’s voice over 50 years 1963-2013. (Erişim: 20.09.2020), http://hdl.handle.net/10855/22129.
  • Sessions, J. E. (2011). By Sword and Plow: France and the Conquest of Algeria. Ithaca: Cornell University.
  • Skurnik, W. A. E. (1965). Leopold Sedar Senghor and African Socialism. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 3(3), 349-369.
  • Smith, S. (2000). The Discipline of International Relations: Still an American Social Science?. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 2(3), 374–402.
  • Soyinka, W. (2002). Lessons in Power. Research in African Literatures, 33(4), 1-2.
  • Spivak, G. (2010). Can the Subaltern Speak?: Reflections on the History of an Idea. İçinde R. C. Morris (Ed.), Can the Subaltern Speak?: Reflections on the History of an Idea (21-78). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2019). Léopold Senghor. (19.12.2019). (Erişim: 07.08.2020), https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leopold-Senghor
  • Thompson, P. S. (2002). Negritude and a New Africa: An Update. Research in African Literatures, 33(4), 143-153.
  • United Nations. (1960). Question of Algeria: Resolution / Adopted by the General Assembly. (Erişim 05.09.2020), https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/667618?ln=en
  • Vaillant, J. G. (1976). Review: Perspectives on Leopold Senghor and the Changing Face of Negritude. ASA Review of Books, 2, 154-162.
  • Vaillant, J. G. (2002). Homage to Léopold Sédar Senghor: 1906-2001. Research in African Literatures, 33(4), 17-24. Westad, O. A. (2007). The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wallerstein, I. (1979). The Capitalist World Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wilder, G. (2005). The French Imperial Nation-State: Negritude & Colonial Humanism Between Two World Wars. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Wilder, G. (2015a). Apart Together. (Erişim 01.08.2020), https://aeon.co/essays/how-cesaire-and-senghor-saw-the-decolonised-world
  • Wilder, G. (2015b). Freedom Time: Negritude, Decolonization, and the Future of the World. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Young, J. C. R. (2016). Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction. West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing.

Post-Colonialism and Leopold Sedar Senghor: An Analysis of a Controversial Thinker

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 9 Sayı: Toplum & Siyaset, 19 - 31, 29.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.819284

Öz

This article presents an analysis of the position of Léopold Sédar Senghor within the Postcolonial thought. Senghor, an ex-president of Senegal, allows for a multidimensional analysis of Postcolonialism due to his embodiment of different identities such as poet, philosopher and politician. By selecting as its referent Senghor’s intellectual and political identities, this work seeks to examine how these identities relate to one another. It concludes by noting that, although Senghor is best understood as a defiant philosopher given his poetic defense of the Negro-African subject, he exhibits a more pragmatic profile as a politician given his close relations with France. It is also stipulated in this article that although Post-Colonial and Cold War conditions limited Senghor’s scope of action, he still maintained his stance as one of the champions of anti-colonialism.

Kaynakça

  • Adib-Moghaddam, A. (2011). A Metahistory of the Clash of Civilisations: Us and Them. Beyond Orientalism. London, Hurst & Company.
  • Agada, A. (2018). A Truly African philosophy. (Erişim: 08.09.2020), https://aeon.co/essays/consolation-philosophy-and-the-struggle-of-reason-in-africa
  • Al-‘Azm, S. J. (2000). Orientalism and Orientalism in Reverse. İçinde A. L. Macfie (Ed.), Orientalism: A Reader (217-238). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Barkawi, T. (2008). Orientalism, ‘Small Wars’, and Big Consequences in Korea and Iraq, Arena 29(30). (Erişim: 13.01.2021), https://www.academia.edu/348893/Small_Wars_Big_Consequences_and_Orientalism_Korea_and_Iraq_ Boone, C. (1992). Merchant Capital and the Roots of State Power in Senegal: 1930–1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Cesaire, A. (1969). Return to My Native Land. Middlesex, Penguin Books.
  • Chafer, T. (2002). The End of Empire in French West Africa: France’s Successful Decolonization?. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
  • Clark, A. F. & Phillips, L. C. (1994). Historical Dictionary of Senegal African. London: Scarecrow Press.
  • Darby, P. (2004). Pursuing the Political: A Postcolonial Rethinking of Relations International. Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 33(1), 1-32.
  • Diagne, P. (2002). Senghor in Context. Research in African Literatures, 33(4), 12-16.
  • Duffield, I. (2008). Pan-Africanism Since 1940. İçinde M. Crowder (Ed.), The Cambridge History of Africa Volume 8 from c. 1940 to c. 1975 (95-141). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ekpo, D. (2010). Speak Negritude But Think and Act French: The Foundations of Senghor's Political Philosophy. Third Text, 24(2), 227-239.
  • Evans, M. (2012). Algeria: France’s Undeclared War. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Dirlik, A. (1998). The Postcolonial Aura: Third World Criticism in the Age of Global Capitalism Colorado: Westview Press.
  • Fabre, M. (2005). Rene, Louis, and Leopold: Senghorian Negritude as a Black Humanism. Modern Fiction Studies, 51(4), 921-935.
  • Fanon, F. (2004). The Wretched of the Earth. Richard Philcox (Çev.). New York: Grove Press.
  • Fanon, F. (1956). Racism and Culture. Presence Africaine-Cultural Journal of the Negro World, 8-9-10, 122-131. France in West Africa. (Erişim: 05.09.2020), https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=7352494797d94473a5366336f5466fc2
  • Heidegger, M. (1977). The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays. William Lovitt (Çev.). New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.
  • Hobsbawm, E. (1996). The Age of Revolution 1789-1848. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Horkheimer, M. & Adorno, T. W. (2002). Dialectic of Enlightenment: Philosophical Fragments. Edmund Jephcott (Çev.). Stanford, Stanford University Press.
  • Irele, A. (1965). Négritude or Black Cultural Nationalism, The Journal of Modern African Studies, 3(3), 321–348.
  • Jacques, T. C. F. (2011). Philosophy in Black: African Philosophy as a Negritude. Sartre Studies International, 17(1), 1-19.
  • Jones, D. V. (2010). The Racial Discourses of Life Philosophy: Négritude, Vitalism, and Modernity. New York, Columbia University Press.
  • Kamara, M, Slavery, Colonialism, Human Rights, and the Négritude of Léopold Sédar Senghor. Enter Text, 7(2), 16-34.
  • Kras, S. (1999). Senghor's Rise to Power 1948–1951: Early Roots of French Sub-Saharan Decolonisation. Itinerario, 23(1), 91-113.
  • Krishna, S. (2001). Race, Amnesia, and the Education of International Relations. Alternatives, 26, 401-424.
  • Laffey, M. & Weldes, J. (2008). Decolonizing the Cuban Missile Crisis. International Studies Quarterly, 52, 555–577.
  • Lamola, M. J. (2016). Senghor, Globalism and Africanity. Phronimon, 17(2), 51–67.
  • Lewis, B. (1982). The Question of Orientalism. New York Review of Books. (24.06.1982). (Erişim: 14.01.2021), https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1982/06/24/the-question-of-orientalism/
  • Losurdo, D. (2011). Liberalism: A Counter-History. Gregory Elliott (Çev.). London: Verso.
  • Mabana, K. C. (2014). Léopold Sédar Senghor and the Civilization of the Universal. Diogenes, 59(3–4), 4–12.
  • Mandela, N. (1995). Long Walk to Freedom. Kindle Edition: Boston, Little, Brown & Company.
  • Mazrui, A. A. (2004). Power, Politics, and the African Condition: Collected Essays of Ali A. Mazrui. Trenton: Africa World Press, Inc.
  • Mitchell, T. (2002). McJihad: Islam in the U.S. Global Order, Social Text 20(4), 1-18.
  • Morgenthau, R. S. (2008). “French-Speaking Tropical Africa”, İçinde M. Crowder (Ed.), The Cambridge History of Africa Volume 8 from c. 1940 to c. 1975 (611-673). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mortimer, M. (2002). Sine and Seine: The Quest for Synthesis in Senghor's Life and Poetry. Research in African Literatures, 33(4), 38-50.
  • Mortimer, M. (2004). African Literature in French: Sub-Saharan Africa During the Colonial Period. İçinde S. Gikandi & A. Irele (Ed.), The Cambridge History of African and Caribbean Literature Volume 1 (530-551). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
  • Mortimer, R. A. (1972). From Federalism to Francophonia: Senghor's African Policy. African Studies Review, 15(2), 283-306.
  • Munslow, B. (1981). The 1980 Coup in Guinea Bissau. Review of African Political Economy, 21, 109-113.
  • Neuberger, B. (1976). The African Concept of Balkanisation. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 14(3), 523-529.
  • Okoth, A. (2006). A History of Africa Vol.1: 1800-1914. Nairobi: East African Educational Publishers.
  • Presidency of Senegal. Léopold Sédar Senghor. (Erişim: 20.09.2020), http://www.presidence.sn/en/presidency/leopold-sedar-senghor
  • Ratcliff, A. J. (2014). When Négritude Was in Vogue: Critical Reflections of the First World Festival of Negro Arts and Culture in 1966. The Journal of Pan African Studies, 6(7), 167-186.
  • Rowe, M. (2013). The French Revolution, Napoleon, and Nationalism in Europe. İçinde J. Breuilly (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism (127-148), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Said, E. (1993). Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Said, E. W. (2003). Orientalism. London: Penguin Books.
  • Sartre, J. P. (1988). “What is Literature”' and Other Essays. Massachusetts, Harvard University Press.
  • Sartre, J. P. (2004). Preface by Jean-Paul Sartre. İçinde The Wretched of the Earth (xliii- lxii). New York: Grove Press.
  • Senghor, L. S. (1956). The Spirit of Civilisation, or the Laws of African Negro Culture. Presence Africaine-Cultural Journal of the Negro World, 8-9-10, 51-64.
  • Senghor, L. S. (1974). Speech by Mr. Leopold Sedar Senghor President of the Republic of Senegal. Présence Africaine, 92, 31-38.
  • Senghor, L. S. (2013). His Excellency Leopold Sedar Senghor, President of the Republic of Senegal, Celebrating Success: Africa’s voice over 50 years 1963-2013. (Erişim: 20.09.2020), http://hdl.handle.net/10855/22129.
  • Sessions, J. E. (2011). By Sword and Plow: France and the Conquest of Algeria. Ithaca: Cornell University.
  • Skurnik, W. A. E. (1965). Leopold Sedar Senghor and African Socialism. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 3(3), 349-369.
  • Smith, S. (2000). The Discipline of International Relations: Still an American Social Science?. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 2(3), 374–402.
  • Soyinka, W. (2002). Lessons in Power. Research in African Literatures, 33(4), 1-2.
  • Spivak, G. (2010). Can the Subaltern Speak?: Reflections on the History of an Idea. İçinde R. C. Morris (Ed.), Can the Subaltern Speak?: Reflections on the History of an Idea (21-78). New York: Columbia University Press.
  • The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2019). Léopold Senghor. (19.12.2019). (Erişim: 07.08.2020), https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leopold-Senghor
  • Thompson, P. S. (2002). Negritude and a New Africa: An Update. Research in African Literatures, 33(4), 143-153.
  • United Nations. (1960). Question of Algeria: Resolution / Adopted by the General Assembly. (Erişim 05.09.2020), https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/667618?ln=en
  • Vaillant, J. G. (1976). Review: Perspectives on Leopold Senghor and the Changing Face of Negritude. ASA Review of Books, 2, 154-162.
  • Vaillant, J. G. (2002). Homage to Léopold Sédar Senghor: 1906-2001. Research in African Literatures, 33(4), 17-24. Westad, O. A. (2007). The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wallerstein, I. (1979). The Capitalist World Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Wilder, G. (2005). The French Imperial Nation-State: Negritude & Colonial Humanism Between Two World Wars. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Wilder, G. (2015a). Apart Together. (Erişim 01.08.2020), https://aeon.co/essays/how-cesaire-and-senghor-saw-the-decolonised-world
  • Wilder, G. (2015b). Freedom Time: Negritude, Decolonization, and the Future of the World. Durham: Duke University Press.
  • Young, J. C. R. (2016). Postcolonialism: An Historical Introduction. West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing.
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Eray Alım 0000-0001-7543-8021

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Mart 2021
Kabul Tarihi 26 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 9 Sayı: Toplum & Siyaset

Kaynak Göster

APA Alım, E. (2021). Post-Kolonyalizm ve Leopold Sedar Senghor: Tartışmalı Bir Düşünür Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(Toplum & Siyaset), 19-31. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.819284

Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.