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G5 Sahel'in Bölgesel Bir Güvenlik Entegrasyonuna Dönüşmesinin Önündeki Zorluklar

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: Afrika, 152 - 162, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1302853

Öz

Afrika'nın eko-iklimsel bölgelerinden biri olan Sahel'in beş ülkesi Moritanya, Mali, Nijer, Çad ve Burkina Faso tarafından bölgesel bir kolektif güvenlik örgütü olarak kurulan G5 Sahel, üyeleri arasında güvenlik ve kalkınma stratejileri ve faaliyetlerinde uyumu hedefleyen alt-bölgesel bir uluslararası örgüttür. Nihai olarak bölgesel güvenlik entegrasyonunu hedefleyen ve umut vaat eden bu girişim, bugün işlevsiz ve başarısız bir girişim olarak kalma riskiyle karşı karşıyadır. Bu çalışma, G-5 Sahel'in bölgesel güvenlik entegrasyonuna doğru evrilmesinin önündeki sınamaları analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Güvenlik bölgeselciliğini ya da güvenliğin bölgeselleşmesini kavramsal ve teorik bir çerçevede inceleyen ilk bölümün ardından, G5 Sahel Örgütü'nün oluşturulduğu bağlam Kopenhag Okulu'nun Bölgesel Güvenlik Kompleksi yaklaşımı çerçevesinde ele alınmaktadır. Şiddet içeren aşırıcılığın güvenlikleştirildiği bir bölgesel güvenlik kompleksi örneği olarak Sahel'de G5 Sahel'in ne ifade ettiği üzerinde durulmaktadır. Son olarak, G-5 Sahel'in günümüzdeki işlevsiz görüntüsünün nedenleri ve gelecekte bölgesel güvenlik entegrasyonuna doğru evrilmesinin önündeki sınamalar, üye devletler, G5 Sahel Örgütü'nün iç dinamikleri ve bölgedeki uluslararası aktör ve faaliyetlerin fazlalığı argümanları etrafında tartışılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • AFP (15th of January 2018). Sahel defense ministers in Paris in push for ‘G5’ force. Retrieved from https://www.arabnews.com/node/1226271/world
  • APA NEWS (16th of September 2023). Sécurité : nouvelle alliance entre Bamako, Niamey et Ouagadougou. Retrieved from https://fr.apanews.net/now/securite-creation-dune-nouvelle-alliance-par-bamako-niamey-et-ouagadougou/
  • Arslan, F.E., Kartal, F. B. & Bonny, A. (27th of July 2023). Soldiers in Niger announce coup on national TV. AA. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/soldiers-in-niger-announce-coup-on-national-tv/2955332
  • Bailes, A. J. K. & Cottey, A. (2006). 4. Regional security coopération in the early 21st century. SIPRI Yearbook 2006: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. 195-223.
  • Bahttacharyya, A. (2010). Understanding Security in Regionalism Framework: ASEAN Maritime Security in Perspective. Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India. 6(2). 72-89.
  • Boas, M. (2015). Crime, Coping, and Resistance in the Mali-Sahel Periphery. African Security.8(4), 299-319.
  • Buzan, B. & Waever, O. (2003). Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Buzan, B. & Waever, O. (2009). Macrosecuritisation and security constellations: reconsidering scale in securitisation theory. Review of International Studies. 35(2). 253-276.
  • Buzan, B. (2007). People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era, ECPR Press.
  • Buzan, B. (1991). People, States and Fear: An Agenda For International Security Studies in the Post Cold War Era, Boulder, Co. Lynne Rienner.
  • Centre d’études stratégiques de l’Afrique (26th of January 2022). La hausse de la violence des militants islamistes au Sahel, une dynamique qui domine le combat de l’Afrique contre les extrémistes. Retrieved from https://africacenter.org/fr/spotlight/mig2022-01-hausse-violence-militants-islamistes-sahel-dynamique-domine-combat-afrique-extremistes/
  • Cold-Ravnkilde, S. M. (2013). War and Peace in Mali : Bacckground and Perspectives. DIIS REPORT (33), Retrieved from https://pure.diis.dk/ws/files/58183/%20RP2013_33_MALI_Signe_marie_cold_%20ravnkilde_web.p
  • Dönmez, Ümit (13th of June 2023). France accuses Russia of being behind major disinformation campaign. AA. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/france-accuses-russia-of-being-behind-major-disinformation-campaign/2921578
  • Emmerson, D. K. (2009). Introduction. In D. K. Emmerson (ed.), Hard Choices, (pp. 3-56). Singapore : ISEAS.
  • Haidara, Boubacar ( 8th of September 2023). A coup after coup in the Sahel. IPS. Retrieved from https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/democracy-and-society/a-coup-after-coup-in-the-sahel-6976/
  • Hettne, B. (2008). Security Regionalism in Theory and Practice. In Globalization and Environmental Challenges (pp. 403-412). Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace Book Series (HSHES(3)). Berlin: Springer.
  • Hettne, B. & Soderbaum, F. (2000). Theorizing The Rise of Regionness. In S. Breslin et. al. (Eds), New Regionalisms in the Global Political Economy, Londra–New York: Routledge.
  • Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (7th of July 2017). Challenges and opportunities for the G5 Sahel force. PSC Report. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/organization/iss
  • International Crisis Group (ICG) (31st of January 2018). Watch List 2018. Retrieved from https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/10-watch-list-2018
  • Ismail, O. & Kifle, A. A. (2018). Nouveaux arrangements de sécurité collective au Sahel: étude comparative de la MNJTF et du G-5 Sahel. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Paix et Sécurité, Centre de Compétence Afrique subsaharienne. Retrieved from https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/fes-pscc/14509.pdf
  • Jeune Afrique (16th of May 2022). Le Mali se retire du G5 Sahel. Retrieved from https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1346607/politique/le-mali-se-retire-du-g5-sahel/
  • Kennedy, G. (2005). Regionalisation and Responses to Armed Conflict, with Special Focus on Conflict Prevention and Peacekeeping. UNU-CRIS Occasional Papers (21). Retrieved from https://cris.unu.edu/sites/cris.unu.edu/files/O-2005-21.pdf
  • Lacher, W. (2012). Organized Crime and Conflict in the Sahel-Sahara Region. Carnegie Endowment For International Peace. Retrieved from https://carnegieendowment.org/files/sahel_sahara.pdf
  • Lake, D. A. & Morgan, P. M. (1997). Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World. Pennyslvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
  • Mensah A. N. A. & Aning K. (2022). Russia Resurgent? Untangling the Role and Meaning of Moscow’s Proxies in West Africa and the Sahel. Strategic Review for Southern Africa. Vol. 44. No 1., 47-63.
  • Mesa, B. (2022). Les Groupes Armés du Sahel: Conflits et Économie Criminelle au Nord du Mali, France: Halfa.
  • Mumford Andrew (2013). Proxy Warfare: War and Conflict in the Modern World. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Normand, N. (15th January 2022). Sahel : sombres perspectives pour 2022. Areion 24 News. Retrieved from https://www.areion24.news/2022/01/15/sahel-sombres-perspectives-pour-2022/
  • Official Website of G5 Sahel (15th of March 2021). Le G5 Sahel. Retrieved from https://www.g5sahel.org/le-g5-sahel-2/
  • Pollichieni, L. (2021). A crowded place with few solutions: old and new players in the geopolitics of the Sahel. ACCORD : Conflict & Resilience Monitor, Retrieved from https://www.accord.org.za/analysis/a-crowded-place-with-few-solutions-old-and-new-players-in-the-geopolitics-of-the-sahel/
  • Quinlivan, J. T. (1995). Force Requirements in Stability Operations. Parameters, 23, 59-69.
  • Reuters (9th of August 2023). Niger's tailors rush to make Russian flags after coup. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigers-tailors-rush-make-russian-flags-after-coup-2023-08-09/
  • Roger, B. (4th of January 2023). Au Mali, plongée dans le système Wagner. Jeune Afrique. Retrieved from https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1400761/politique/au-mali-plongee-dans-le-systeme-wagner/
  • Roger, B. (22nd of December 2022). Quand l’ombre de Wagner plane sur le Burkina Faso. Jeune Afrique. Retrieved from https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1403014/politique/quand-lombre-de-wagner-plane-sur-le-burkina-faso/
  • The Economist (24th of June 2023). Wagner rebels turn against Putin’s army. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/06/24/wagner-rebels-turn-against-putins-army
  • The Economist (23rd of August 2023). Yevgeny Prigozhin’s death may consolidate Putin’s power. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/08/23/yevgeny-prigozhins-reported-death-may-consolidate-putins-power
  • United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (2022). Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2022(MPI). Retrieved from https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/hdp-document/2022mpireportenpdf.pdf
  • Wadia, Ahmedou (23rd of August 2023). Is Niger the “Ukraine of the Sahel”?. Aljazeera Centre For Studies, Retrieved from https://studies.aljazeera.net/en/analyses/niger-%E2%80%9Cukraine-sahel%E2%80%9D
  • Walther, O. J. (2019). Frontières, Sécurité et Développement en Afrique de l’Ouest. Notes ouest-africaines, N°26, Paris : Éditions OCDE.

Challenges to The Evolution of G5 Sahel into A Regional Security Integration

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: Afrika, 152 - 162, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1302853

Öz

Established as a regional collective security organization by Mauritania, Mali, Niger, Chad, and Burkina Faso, the five countries of the Sahel, one of Africa's eco-climatic regions, the G5 Sahel is a sub-regional international organization that aims to harmonize security and development strategies and activities among its members. This promising initiative, which ultimately targeted regional security integration, is now at risk of becoming a dysfunctional and failed initiative. This paper seeks to analyze the challenges facing the evolution of the G5 Sahel towards regional security integration. Following the first part, which examines security regionalism or the regionalization of security in a conceptual and theoretical framework, the context in which the G5 Sahel Organization was created is examined within the approach of the Copenhagen School's Regional Security Complex. It focuses on what the G5 Sahel means in the Sahel as an example of a regional security complex in which violent extremism is securitized. Finally, the reasons for the current dysfunctional appearance of the G5 Sahel and the challenges to its future evolution towards regional security integration are debated around the arguments from the problems of member states, the internal dynamics of the G5 Sahel Organization, and the overabundance of international actors and activities in the region.

Kaynakça

  • AFP (15th of January 2018). Sahel defense ministers in Paris in push for ‘G5’ force. Retrieved from https://www.arabnews.com/node/1226271/world
  • APA NEWS (16th of September 2023). Sécurité : nouvelle alliance entre Bamako, Niamey et Ouagadougou. Retrieved from https://fr.apanews.net/now/securite-creation-dune-nouvelle-alliance-par-bamako-niamey-et-ouagadougou/
  • Arslan, F.E., Kartal, F. B. & Bonny, A. (27th of July 2023). Soldiers in Niger announce coup on national TV. AA. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/soldiers-in-niger-announce-coup-on-national-tv/2955332
  • Bailes, A. J. K. & Cottey, A. (2006). 4. Regional security coopération in the early 21st century. SIPRI Yearbook 2006: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. 195-223.
  • Bahttacharyya, A. (2010). Understanding Security in Regionalism Framework: ASEAN Maritime Security in Perspective. Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India. 6(2). 72-89.
  • Boas, M. (2015). Crime, Coping, and Resistance in the Mali-Sahel Periphery. African Security.8(4), 299-319.
  • Buzan, B. & Waever, O. (2003). Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Buzan, B. & Waever, O. (2009). Macrosecuritisation and security constellations: reconsidering scale in securitisation theory. Review of International Studies. 35(2). 253-276.
  • Buzan, B. (2007). People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era, ECPR Press.
  • Buzan, B. (1991). People, States and Fear: An Agenda For International Security Studies in the Post Cold War Era, Boulder, Co. Lynne Rienner.
  • Centre d’études stratégiques de l’Afrique (26th of January 2022). La hausse de la violence des militants islamistes au Sahel, une dynamique qui domine le combat de l’Afrique contre les extrémistes. Retrieved from https://africacenter.org/fr/spotlight/mig2022-01-hausse-violence-militants-islamistes-sahel-dynamique-domine-combat-afrique-extremistes/
  • Cold-Ravnkilde, S. M. (2013). War and Peace in Mali : Bacckground and Perspectives. DIIS REPORT (33), Retrieved from https://pure.diis.dk/ws/files/58183/%20RP2013_33_MALI_Signe_marie_cold_%20ravnkilde_web.p
  • Dönmez, Ümit (13th of June 2023). France accuses Russia of being behind major disinformation campaign. AA. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/france-accuses-russia-of-being-behind-major-disinformation-campaign/2921578
  • Emmerson, D. K. (2009). Introduction. In D. K. Emmerson (ed.), Hard Choices, (pp. 3-56). Singapore : ISEAS.
  • Haidara, Boubacar ( 8th of September 2023). A coup after coup in the Sahel. IPS. Retrieved from https://www.ips-journal.eu/topics/democracy-and-society/a-coup-after-coup-in-the-sahel-6976/
  • Hettne, B. (2008). Security Regionalism in Theory and Practice. In Globalization and Environmental Challenges (pp. 403-412). Hexagon Series on Human and Environmental Security and Peace Book Series (HSHES(3)). Berlin: Springer.
  • Hettne, B. & Soderbaum, F. (2000). Theorizing The Rise of Regionness. In S. Breslin et. al. (Eds), New Regionalisms in the Global Political Economy, Londra–New York: Routledge.
  • Institute for Security Studies (ISS) (7th of July 2017). Challenges and opportunities for the G5 Sahel force. PSC Report. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/organization/iss
  • International Crisis Group (ICG) (31st of January 2018). Watch List 2018. Retrieved from https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/10-watch-list-2018
  • Ismail, O. & Kifle, A. A. (2018). Nouveaux arrangements de sécurité collective au Sahel: étude comparative de la MNJTF et du G-5 Sahel. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Paix et Sécurité, Centre de Compétence Afrique subsaharienne. Retrieved from https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/fes-pscc/14509.pdf
  • Jeune Afrique (16th of May 2022). Le Mali se retire du G5 Sahel. Retrieved from https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1346607/politique/le-mali-se-retire-du-g5-sahel/
  • Kennedy, G. (2005). Regionalisation and Responses to Armed Conflict, with Special Focus on Conflict Prevention and Peacekeeping. UNU-CRIS Occasional Papers (21). Retrieved from https://cris.unu.edu/sites/cris.unu.edu/files/O-2005-21.pdf
  • Lacher, W. (2012). Organized Crime and Conflict in the Sahel-Sahara Region. Carnegie Endowment For International Peace. Retrieved from https://carnegieendowment.org/files/sahel_sahara.pdf
  • Lake, D. A. & Morgan, P. M. (1997). Regional Orders: Building Security in a New World. Pennyslvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
  • Mensah A. N. A. & Aning K. (2022). Russia Resurgent? Untangling the Role and Meaning of Moscow’s Proxies in West Africa and the Sahel. Strategic Review for Southern Africa. Vol. 44. No 1., 47-63.
  • Mesa, B. (2022). Les Groupes Armés du Sahel: Conflits et Économie Criminelle au Nord du Mali, France: Halfa.
  • Mumford Andrew (2013). Proxy Warfare: War and Conflict in the Modern World. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Normand, N. (15th January 2022). Sahel : sombres perspectives pour 2022. Areion 24 News. Retrieved from https://www.areion24.news/2022/01/15/sahel-sombres-perspectives-pour-2022/
  • Official Website of G5 Sahel (15th of March 2021). Le G5 Sahel. Retrieved from https://www.g5sahel.org/le-g5-sahel-2/
  • Pollichieni, L. (2021). A crowded place with few solutions: old and new players in the geopolitics of the Sahel. ACCORD : Conflict & Resilience Monitor, Retrieved from https://www.accord.org.za/analysis/a-crowded-place-with-few-solutions-old-and-new-players-in-the-geopolitics-of-the-sahel/
  • Quinlivan, J. T. (1995). Force Requirements in Stability Operations. Parameters, 23, 59-69.
  • Reuters (9th of August 2023). Niger's tailors rush to make Russian flags after coup. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/nigers-tailors-rush-make-russian-flags-after-coup-2023-08-09/
  • Roger, B. (4th of January 2023). Au Mali, plongée dans le système Wagner. Jeune Afrique. Retrieved from https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1400761/politique/au-mali-plongee-dans-le-systeme-wagner/
  • Roger, B. (22nd of December 2022). Quand l’ombre de Wagner plane sur le Burkina Faso. Jeune Afrique. Retrieved from https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1403014/politique/quand-lombre-de-wagner-plane-sur-le-burkina-faso/
  • The Economist (24th of June 2023). Wagner rebels turn against Putin’s army. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/06/24/wagner-rebels-turn-against-putins-army
  • The Economist (23rd of August 2023). Yevgeny Prigozhin’s death may consolidate Putin’s power. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/europe/2023/08/23/yevgeny-prigozhins-reported-death-may-consolidate-putins-power
  • United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (2022). Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2022(MPI). Retrieved from https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/hdp-document/2022mpireportenpdf.pdf
  • Wadia, Ahmedou (23rd of August 2023). Is Niger the “Ukraine of the Sahel”?. Aljazeera Centre For Studies, Retrieved from https://studies.aljazeera.net/en/analyses/niger-%E2%80%9Cukraine-sahel%E2%80%9D
  • Walther, O. J. (2019). Frontières, Sécurité et Développement en Afrique de l’Ouest. Notes ouest-africaines, N°26, Paris : Éditions OCDE.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Fatih Dağ 0009-0001-2327-1853

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Eylül 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2023
Kabul Tarihi 17 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 11 Sayı: Afrika

Kaynak Göster

APA Dağ, F. (2023). Challenges to The Evolution of G5 Sahel into A Regional Security Integration. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(Afrika), 152-162. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1302853

Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.