The Ibadites are among the earliest Islamic sects in terms of emergence, And it is one of the few Islamic sects that has preserved its existence till date, Where we find them today in different regions like the Sultanate of Oman, North Africa, Tanzania and others, But despite this, the research on Ibadites remains below reasonable limit, If we compare them with other existing or extinct groups. In this article we will try to explain the basic issues in Ibadhi political thought, Because, In my opinion, this is the secret of the survival of the Ibadites to this day, because they have taken many cultural and military blows in their history, yet they have preserved their existence, rather they have been able to coexist with other groups and sects throughout history and even today, which means that they are characterised by a certain degree of moderation in their thinking, although they are part of the group of Kharijites who hold a hard political ideology as it is known in Islamic history, And this may be the reason for its disappearance, However, the Ibadites, despite their historical association with the Kharijites, differ from them in terms of the political line, at the level of application in particular. In order to extract the political thought of the Ibadites, I have used the historical method by reviewing the basic historical sources of the Ibadites such as the book of es-siyer by Ebû'l-Abbas Şemmâhî and other Ibadite sources, In particular, the Kharijites because this is the group closest to them historically and because many scholars do not distinguish between them and the Ibadites. In addition, the comparative method allows us to see the exact boundaries and methodology of Ibadite political thought.
Ibadian political thought was characterized by a number of features, the most important of which are: First, the political thought of the Ibadites is a clear thought and differs from the thought of the Kharijites since its beginnings in the first and second centuries of the Hijra. For this reason, combining Ibadites and Kharijites in political thought is a wrong position, Second: the Ibadites are an Islamic sect that can be considered moderate and close to Sunni thought because it does not consider anyone who disagrees with it as an infidel or non-Muslim, as is the case with the Kharijites. This, in my opinion, is the reason that the Ibadites have preserved their existence to this day, where we find in Islamic history that most Islamic sects with an extremist approach have disappeared over time, Third: The Ibadis do not require that the imam or caliph be from the Quraysh tribe, as the Sunnis and Shiites believe, Rather, they believe that any Muslim has the right to be an Imam for Muslims, And their concept of a Muslim includes being an Ibadi, In addition to that, they stipulate that the imam be independent and fit for the leadership from the religious and moral point of view, That is why the Ibadis give great importance to the relationship between the imam and the common people, Therefore, the approval of the public is an indication of the justice and acceptance of the Imam, But the imamate of a non-Ibadhi is permissible in some circumstances, Fourth: the Imamate is a religious matter according to the Ibadites, but it is not part of the belief system, it is one of the parts of the Shari'ah, but at a certain stage in the history of the Ibadites it was indirectly associated with matters of faith, the political thinking of the Ibadites is a flexible thinking that has to do with the people and their daily life and not with faith, One of the manifestations of this development, is the idea of the Azzâbe, which was created by the Ibadites of North Africa. This means that the presidency is not in the hands of one person, namely the Imam or the Caliph, but that the society is governed by a multi-member body or council.
İbâdîyye, ilk İslâm mezheplerinden biri olan Hâricîliğin bir alt kolu olarak tarihteki yerini alan ve günümüze kadar varlığını koruyabilen az sayıdaki fırkadan biridir. İbâdîyye günümüzde daha ziyade Umman Sultanlığı, Kuzey Afrika ve Tanzanya gibi farklı bölgelerde yaşam alanı bulmaktadır. Bütün bu bilgilere rağmen kanaatimize göre İbâdîler ile ilgili yapılmış çalışmalar tarihte kalmış veya yaşayan fırka ve mezheplerle kıyaslandığında yeterli görülebilir sınırın altında kalmaktadır. Elinizdeki çalışmada, İbâdîyye’nin siyasî düşüncesindeki temel meseleleri açıklamayı konu edindik. Yapılan çalışmalar da gösterdi ki İbâdîyyenin günümüze değin var olabilme sebebinin altında bu gerçeklik yatmaktadır. Öyle ki tarih boyunca birçok kültürel ve askerî saldırıya maruz kalmasına rağmen varlığını sürdüren İbâdîlik, geçmişte olduğu gibi bugün de diğer mezheplerle bir arada yaşayabilmektedir. Şunu belirtmek gerekir ki aşırı sert ve yüzeysel anlayışların neticesindeki görüşleriyle Hâricîlik tarihte kalırken Hâricîlikten bir fırka olarak neş’et eden İbâdîlerin tarihî süreçte düşünce yapılarında ve yaklaşım tarzlarında kısmen ılımlılık havasına büründükleri görülmüştür. Kısaca İbâdîler, Hâricîlerle köken itibariyle tarihsel birlikteliklerine rağmen, özellikle itikâdî ve fıkhî görüşlerini tatbik etme ve geliştirmiş oldukları siyasî anlayışları bakımından onlardan ayrılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada altını çizmeye çalıştığımız üzere İbâdiyye’nin siyâsî düşüncesi bazı açılardan irdelenirken temel referans noktası ise kendi eserlerindeki fikirleridir. Bu ameliye esnasında da olabildiğine objektif ve nesnel değerlendirmelerde bulunarak İbâdiyye’nin siyaset anlayışının İslâm düşüncesi içerisindeki yerine yönelik tahlillerde bulunulacaktır.
Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
---|---|
Konular | Din Araştırmaları |
Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
Yazarlar | |
Yayımlanma Tarihi | 18 Haziran 2023 |
Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1 |