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Cep telefonlarından yayılan 900 MHz elektromanyetik alanların kırık iyileşmesine etkisi: Sıçanlarda deneysel çalışma

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 47 Sayı: 4, 273 - 280, 18.09.2013

Öz

Amaç: Çalışmamızın amacı 900 MHz frekansındaki cep telefonlarından yayılan elektromanyetik alan (EMA)’ların kırık iyileşmesi üzerine etkisi olup olmadığını araştırmaktı.
Çalışma planı: Çalışmaya ortalama ağırlıkları 256 g olan iki eşit gruba ayrılan 30 erişkin erkek Wistar albino sıçan alındı. Tüm sıçanların sağ tibialarına parmakla bastırılarak transvers kırık oluşturuldu ve kırıklar intramedüller K-teli ile tespit edildi. Grup 1, sekiz hafta boyunca haftada 5 gün, günde 30 dakika 900 MHz frekansında EMA’ya maruz bırakıldı. Grup 2 (kontrol grubu) ise EMA uygulanmaksızın aynı deney şartları altında tutuldu. Sıçan tibialarında kırık kaynamasıyla ilgili radyolojik, mekanik ve histolojik inceleme yapıldı.
Bulgular: Çalışma ve kontrol grubunun radyolojik, histolojik ve manuel biyomekanik skorları arasında anlamlı derecede farklılık vardı (sırasıyla p=0.020, p=0.006 ve p=0.032). Çalışma grubundaki skorların tamamı kontrol grubundakilere göre daha düşüktü.
Çıkarımlar: Bu çalışmanın sonuçları cep telefonlarından yayılan 900 MHz frekansındaki EMA’nın sıçan tibia kırık modelinde kırık iyileşmesini anlamlı derecede olumsuz yönde etkilediğini göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Einhorn TA. The science of fracture healing. J Orthop Trauma 2005;19:S4-6.
  • Einhorn TA. New technologies for the enhancement of skeletal repair: Challenges and opportunities. Indian J Orthop 2011;45:489-91.
  • Bald›k Y, Talu U, Alt›nel L, Bilge H, Toker GA. Radiographic evaluation of the effect of nitric oxide on bone healing: an experimental study. [Article in Turkish] Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 2000;34:190-7.
  • Aslan A. The effects of low and high frequency electromagnetic fields on fracture healing. Review. [Article in Turkish] Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;2:34-42.
  • Ocaktan ME, Akdur R. Cellular phone technology and health: Review. [Article in Turkish] Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2008;28:58-65.
  • Chalidis B, Sachinis N, Assiotis A, Maccauro G. Stimulation of bone formation and fracture healing with pulsed electromagnetic fields: biologic responses and clinical implications. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2011;24:17-20.
  • Bachl N, Ruoff G, Wessner B, Tschan H. Electromagnetic interventions in musculoskeletal disorders. Clin Sports Med 2008;27:87-105.
  • Orhan Z, Alper M, Senel F, Yilmaz N, Sayar U. The effect of extracorporeal shockwave treatment on the healing of experimental rat tibial fractures. [Article in Turkish] Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 2001;35:351-7.
  • Leisner S, Shahar R, Aizenberg I, Lichovsky D, LevinHarrus T. The effect of short-duration, high-intensity electromagnetic pulses on fresh ulnar fractures in rats. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2002 ;49:33-7.
  • Gajsek P, Walters TJ, Hurt WD, Ziriax JM, Nelson DA, Mason PA. Empirical validation of SAR values predicted by FDTD modeling. Bioelectromagnetics 2002;23:37-48.
  • Gajsek P, Ziriax JM, Hurt WD, Walters TJ, Mason PA. Predicted SAR in Sprague-Dawley rat as a function of permittivity values. Bioelectromagnetics 2001;22:384-400.
  • Fig. Mechanical evaluation results. Chou CK, Chan KW, McDougall JA, Guy AW. Development of a rat head exposure system for simulating human exposure to RF fields from handheld wireless telephones. Bioelectromagnetics 1999; Suppl 4:75-92.
  • An YH, Friedman RJ, Draughn RA. Animal models of bone fracture or osteotomy. In: An YH, Friedman RJ, editors. Animal models in orthopaedic research. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1999. p. 197-217.
  • Huo MH, Troiano NW, Pelker RR, Gundberg CM, Friedlaender GE. The influence of ibuprofen on fracture repair: biomechanical, biochemical, histologic, and histomorphometric parameters in rats. J Orthop Res 1991;9:383
  • Deibert MC, Mcleod BR, Smith SD, Liboff AR. Ion resonance electromagnetic field stimulation of fracture healing in rabbits with a fibular ostectomy. J Orthop Res 1994;12:878-85.
  • fiener N, Akman fi, Gö¤üfl A, Bilgiç B. The effect of calcium sulfate on fracture healing in rat tibial fractures. [Article in Turkish] Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 2001;35:431-7.
  • Aydin K, Sahin V, Gürsu S, Mercan AS, Demir B, Yildirim T. Effect of pentoxifylline on fracture healing: an experimental study. Eklem Hastalik Cerrahisi 2011;22:160-5.
  • Friedenberg ZB, Brighton CT. Bioelectric potentials in bone. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1966;48:915-23.
  • Bassett CA, Pawluk PJ, Pilla AA. Augmentation of bone repair by inductively coupled electromagnetic fields. Science 1974;184:575-7.
  • Bassett CA, Valdes MG, Hernandez E. Modification of fracture repair with selected pulsing electromagnetic fields. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1982;64:888-95.
  • Grace KL, Revell WJ, Brookes M. The effects of pulsed electromagnetism on fresh fracture healing: osteochondral repair in the rat femoral groove. Orthopedics 1998;21:29730
  • Diniz P, Shomura K, Soejima K, Ito G. Effects of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation on bone tissue like formation are dependent on the maturation stages of the osteoblasts. Bioelectromagnetics 2002;23:398-405.
  • Marino AA, Cullen JM, Reichmanis M, Becker RO. Fracture healing in rats exposed to extremely low-frequency electric fields. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1979;(145):239-44.
  • Muhsin AU, Islam KM, Ahmed AM, Islam MS, Rabbani KS, Rahman SM, et al. Effect of pulsed electromagnetic field on healing of experimental nonunion in rat tibiae. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 1991;17:1-10.
  • De Haas WG, Lazarovici MA, Morrison DM. The effect of low frequency magnetic fields on the healing of the osteotomized rabbit radius. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1979;(145):245-51. van Roermund PM, ter Haar Romeny BM, Hoekstra A, Schoonderwoert GJ, Brandt CJ, van der Steen SP, et al. Bone growth and remodeling after distraction epiphysiolysis of the proximal tibia of the rabbit. Effect of electromagnetic stimulation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1991;(266):304-12.
  • Hannay G, Leavesley D, Pearcy M. Timing of pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation does not affect the promotion of bone cell development. Bioelectromagnetics 2005;26:670-6.
  • Meral I, Mert H, Deger Y, Yoruk I, Yetkin A, Keskin S. Effects of 900-MHz electromagnetic field emitted from cellular phone on brain oxidative stress and some vitamin levels of guinea pigs. Brain Res 2007;1169:120-4.
  • Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. Bioelectromagnetics 2006;27:119-26.
  • Koyu A, Cesur G, Ozguner F, Akdogan M, Mollaoglu H, Ozen S. Effects of 900 MHz electromagnetic field on TSH and thyroid hormones in rats. Toxicol Lett 2005;157:257-62. Oktem F, Ozguner F, Mollaoglu H, Koyu A, Uz E. Oxidative damage in the kidney induced by 900-MHz-emitted mobile phone: protection by melatonin. Arch Med Res 2005;36:350
  • Zamorano M, Torres-Silva H. FDTD chiral brain tissue model for specific absorption rate determination under radiation from mobile phones at 900 and 1800 MHz. Phys Med Biol 2006;51:1661-72.
  • Tuschl H, Novak W, Molla-Djafari H. In vitro effects of GSM modulated radiofrequency fields on human immune cells. Bioelectromagnetics 2006;27:188-96.
  • Tandogan I, Ozin B, Bozbas H, Turhan S, Ozdemir R, Yetkin E, at al. Effects of mobile telephones on the function of implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2005;10:409-13.
  • Y›ld›z M, Çiçek E, Çerci SS, Çerci C, Oral B, Koyu A. Influence of electromagnetic fields and protective of CAPE on bone mineral density in rats. Arch Med Res 2006;37:818-21. Atay T, Aslan A, Heybeli N, Aydo¤an NH, Baydar MI, Ermol C, et al. Effects of 1800 MHz electromagnetic field emitted from cellular phones on bone tissue. Balkan Medical Journal 2009;26:292-6.
  • Cicek E, Gokalp O, Varol R, Cesur G. Influence of electromagnetic fields on bone fracture in rats: role of CAPE. Biomed Environ Sci 2009;22:157-60.
  • Atay T, Aksoy BA, Aydogan NH, Baydar ML, Yildiz M, Ozdemir R. Effect of electromagnetic field induced by radio frequency waves at 900 to 1800 MHz on bone mineral density of iliac bone wings. J Craniofac Surg 2009;20:1556-60. Aslan A, Aydo¤an NH, Atay T, Çömlekçi S. The effects of electromagnetic field exposure at short and long term of 900 MHz frequency emitted from mobile phones on rat bone tissue. Dicle T›p Dergisi 2011;38:452-57.
  • Kalender AM, Goktas U, Ozbag D, Erturk C, Okumus M, Guner S, et al. The effect of GSM mobile phone electromagnetic field on femur fracture healing in a rat model. J Clin Anal Med 2012;3:388-92.
  • Aslan A, Aydo¤an NH, Atay T, K›rdemir V. Effects of 50 Hz electric field on bone mineral density and fractures healing: an experimental rat study. [Article in Turkish] Ankara E¤itim ve Araflt›rma Hastanesi T›p Dergisi 2012;45:22-8.
  • Shupak NM, Prato FS, Thomas AW. Therapeutic Uses of pulsed magnetic field exposure: A review. Radio Sci Bull 2003;307:9-32.
  • Christ A, Samaras T, Neufeld E, Klingenböck A, Kuster N. SAR distribution in human beings when using body-worn RF transmitters. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2007;124:6-14.
  • Dasdag S, Ketani MA, Akdag Z, Ersay AR, Sari I, Demirtas OC, et al. Whole-body microwave exposure emitted by cellular phones and testicular function of rats. Urol Res 1999;27:219-23.

Effect of 900 MHz electromagnetic fields emitted from cellular phones on fracture healing: an experimental study on rats

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 47 Sayı: 4, 273 - 280, 18.09.2013

Öz

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) at 900 MHz frequencies on bone fracture healing.
Methods: The study included 30 adult male Wistar albino rats (average weight: 256 g) divided into two equal groups. Transverse fracture was created manually by pressing a finger on the right tibias of all rats and fractures were fixed intramedullary using a K-wire. Rats in Group 1 were exposed to EMF at 900 MHz frequency 30 minutes a day, 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Group 2, the control group, was kept under the same experimental conditions without EMF exposure. Radiological, mechanical and histological examination of tibial fracture healing was performed.
Results: There was a significant difference between radiological, histological and manual biomechanical scores of the study and control groups (p=0.020, p=0.006 and p=0.032, respectively). All scores were lower in the study group than the control group.
Conclusion: Results of this study demonstrate that EMF at 900 MHz of frequency emitted from cellular phones has a significantly negative effect on bone fracture healing in a rat tibia model. 

Kaynakça

  • Einhorn TA. The science of fracture healing. J Orthop Trauma 2005;19:S4-6.
  • Einhorn TA. New technologies for the enhancement of skeletal repair: Challenges and opportunities. Indian J Orthop 2011;45:489-91.
  • Bald›k Y, Talu U, Alt›nel L, Bilge H, Toker GA. Radiographic evaluation of the effect of nitric oxide on bone healing: an experimental study. [Article in Turkish] Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 2000;34:190-7.
  • Aslan A. The effects of low and high frequency electromagnetic fields on fracture healing. Review. [Article in Turkish] Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences 2012;2:34-42.
  • Ocaktan ME, Akdur R. Cellular phone technology and health: Review. [Article in Turkish] Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2008;28:58-65.
  • Chalidis B, Sachinis N, Assiotis A, Maccauro G. Stimulation of bone formation and fracture healing with pulsed electromagnetic fields: biologic responses and clinical implications. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2011;24:17-20.
  • Bachl N, Ruoff G, Wessner B, Tschan H. Electromagnetic interventions in musculoskeletal disorders. Clin Sports Med 2008;27:87-105.
  • Orhan Z, Alper M, Senel F, Yilmaz N, Sayar U. The effect of extracorporeal shockwave treatment on the healing of experimental rat tibial fractures. [Article in Turkish] Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 2001;35:351-7.
  • Leisner S, Shahar R, Aizenberg I, Lichovsky D, LevinHarrus T. The effect of short-duration, high-intensity electromagnetic pulses on fresh ulnar fractures in rats. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 2002 ;49:33-7.
  • Gajsek P, Walters TJ, Hurt WD, Ziriax JM, Nelson DA, Mason PA. Empirical validation of SAR values predicted by FDTD modeling. Bioelectromagnetics 2002;23:37-48.
  • Gajsek P, Ziriax JM, Hurt WD, Walters TJ, Mason PA. Predicted SAR in Sprague-Dawley rat as a function of permittivity values. Bioelectromagnetics 2001;22:384-400.
  • Fig. Mechanical evaluation results. Chou CK, Chan KW, McDougall JA, Guy AW. Development of a rat head exposure system for simulating human exposure to RF fields from handheld wireless telephones. Bioelectromagnetics 1999; Suppl 4:75-92.
  • An YH, Friedman RJ, Draughn RA. Animal models of bone fracture or osteotomy. In: An YH, Friedman RJ, editors. Animal models in orthopaedic research. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1999. p. 197-217.
  • Huo MH, Troiano NW, Pelker RR, Gundberg CM, Friedlaender GE. The influence of ibuprofen on fracture repair: biomechanical, biochemical, histologic, and histomorphometric parameters in rats. J Orthop Res 1991;9:383
  • Deibert MC, Mcleod BR, Smith SD, Liboff AR. Ion resonance electromagnetic field stimulation of fracture healing in rabbits with a fibular ostectomy. J Orthop Res 1994;12:878-85.
  • fiener N, Akman fi, Gö¤üfl A, Bilgiç B. The effect of calcium sulfate on fracture healing in rat tibial fractures. [Article in Turkish] Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc 2001;35:431-7.
  • Aydin K, Sahin V, Gürsu S, Mercan AS, Demir B, Yildirim T. Effect of pentoxifylline on fracture healing: an experimental study. Eklem Hastalik Cerrahisi 2011;22:160-5.
  • Friedenberg ZB, Brighton CT. Bioelectric potentials in bone. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1966;48:915-23.
  • Bassett CA, Pawluk PJ, Pilla AA. Augmentation of bone repair by inductively coupled electromagnetic fields. Science 1974;184:575-7.
  • Bassett CA, Valdes MG, Hernandez E. Modification of fracture repair with selected pulsing electromagnetic fields. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1982;64:888-95.
  • Grace KL, Revell WJ, Brookes M. The effects of pulsed electromagnetism on fresh fracture healing: osteochondral repair in the rat femoral groove. Orthopedics 1998;21:29730
  • Diniz P, Shomura K, Soejima K, Ito G. Effects of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation on bone tissue like formation are dependent on the maturation stages of the osteoblasts. Bioelectromagnetics 2002;23:398-405.
  • Marino AA, Cullen JM, Reichmanis M, Becker RO. Fracture healing in rats exposed to extremely low-frequency electric fields. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1979;(145):239-44.
  • Muhsin AU, Islam KM, Ahmed AM, Islam MS, Rabbani KS, Rahman SM, et al. Effect of pulsed electromagnetic field on healing of experimental nonunion in rat tibiae. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 1991;17:1-10.
  • De Haas WG, Lazarovici MA, Morrison DM. The effect of low frequency magnetic fields on the healing of the osteotomized rabbit radius. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1979;(145):245-51. van Roermund PM, ter Haar Romeny BM, Hoekstra A, Schoonderwoert GJ, Brandt CJ, van der Steen SP, et al. Bone growth and remodeling after distraction epiphysiolysis of the proximal tibia of the rabbit. Effect of electromagnetic stimulation. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1991;(266):304-12.
  • Hannay G, Leavesley D, Pearcy M. Timing of pulsed electromagnetic field stimulation does not affect the promotion of bone cell development. Bioelectromagnetics 2005;26:670-6.
  • Meral I, Mert H, Deger Y, Yoruk I, Yetkin A, Keskin S. Effects of 900-MHz electromagnetic field emitted from cellular phone on brain oxidative stress and some vitamin levels of guinea pigs. Brain Res 2007;1169:120-4.
  • Eliyahu I, Luria R, Hareuveny R, Margaliot M, Meiran N, Shani G. Effects of radiofrequency radiation emitted by cellular telephones on the cognitive functions of humans. Bioelectromagnetics 2006;27:119-26.
  • Koyu A, Cesur G, Ozguner F, Akdogan M, Mollaoglu H, Ozen S. Effects of 900 MHz electromagnetic field on TSH and thyroid hormones in rats. Toxicol Lett 2005;157:257-62. Oktem F, Ozguner F, Mollaoglu H, Koyu A, Uz E. Oxidative damage in the kidney induced by 900-MHz-emitted mobile phone: protection by melatonin. Arch Med Res 2005;36:350
  • Zamorano M, Torres-Silva H. FDTD chiral brain tissue model for specific absorption rate determination under radiation from mobile phones at 900 and 1800 MHz. Phys Med Biol 2006;51:1661-72.
  • Tuschl H, Novak W, Molla-Djafari H. In vitro effects of GSM modulated radiofrequency fields on human immune cells. Bioelectromagnetics 2006;27:188-96.
  • Tandogan I, Ozin B, Bozbas H, Turhan S, Ozdemir R, Yetkin E, at al. Effects of mobile telephones on the function of implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2005;10:409-13.
  • Y›ld›z M, Çiçek E, Çerci SS, Çerci C, Oral B, Koyu A. Influence of electromagnetic fields and protective of CAPE on bone mineral density in rats. Arch Med Res 2006;37:818-21. Atay T, Aslan A, Heybeli N, Aydo¤an NH, Baydar MI, Ermol C, et al. Effects of 1800 MHz electromagnetic field emitted from cellular phones on bone tissue. Balkan Medical Journal 2009;26:292-6.
  • Cicek E, Gokalp O, Varol R, Cesur G. Influence of electromagnetic fields on bone fracture in rats: role of CAPE. Biomed Environ Sci 2009;22:157-60.
  • Atay T, Aksoy BA, Aydogan NH, Baydar ML, Yildiz M, Ozdemir R. Effect of electromagnetic field induced by radio frequency waves at 900 to 1800 MHz on bone mineral density of iliac bone wings. J Craniofac Surg 2009;20:1556-60. Aslan A, Aydo¤an NH, Atay T, Çömlekçi S. The effects of electromagnetic field exposure at short and long term of 900 MHz frequency emitted from mobile phones on rat bone tissue. Dicle T›p Dergisi 2011;38:452-57.
  • Kalender AM, Goktas U, Ozbag D, Erturk C, Okumus M, Guner S, et al. The effect of GSM mobile phone electromagnetic field on femur fracture healing in a rat model. J Clin Anal Med 2012;3:388-92.
  • Aslan A, Aydo¤an NH, Atay T, K›rdemir V. Effects of 50 Hz electric field on bone mineral density and fractures healing: an experimental rat study. [Article in Turkish] Ankara E¤itim ve Araflt›rma Hastanesi T›p Dergisi 2012;45:22-8.
  • Shupak NM, Prato FS, Thomas AW. Therapeutic Uses of pulsed magnetic field exposure: A review. Radio Sci Bull 2003;307:9-32.
  • Christ A, Samaras T, Neufeld E, Klingenböck A, Kuster N. SAR distribution in human beings when using body-worn RF transmitters. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2007;124:6-14.
  • Dasdag S, Ketani MA, Akdag Z, Ersay AR, Sari I, Demirtas OC, et al. Whole-body microwave exposure emitted by cellular phones and testicular function of rats. Urol Res 1999;27:219-23.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Deneysel Çalışma
Yazarlar

Ahmet Aslan Bu kişi benim

Tolga Atay Bu kişi benim

Kanat Gulle Bu kişi benim

Vecihi Kırdemir Bu kişi benim

Ahmet Ozden Bu kişi benim

Selcuk Comlekci Bu kişi benim

Nevres Hurriyet Aydogan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Eylül 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 47 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Aslan, A., Atay, T., Gulle, K., Kırdemir, V., vd. (2013). Effect of 900 MHz electromagnetic fields emitted from cellular phones on fracture healing: an experimental study on rats. Acta Orthopaedica Et Traumatologica Turcica, 47(4), 273-280.
AMA Aslan A, Atay T, Gulle K, Kırdemir V, Ozden A, Comlekci S, Aydogan NH. Effect of 900 MHz electromagnetic fields emitted from cellular phones on fracture healing: an experimental study on rats. Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica. Eylül 2013;47(4):273-280.
Chicago Aslan, Ahmet, Tolga Atay, Kanat Gulle, Vecihi Kırdemir, Ahmet Ozden, Selcuk Comlekci, ve Nevres Hurriyet Aydogan. “Effect of 900 MHz Electromagnetic Fields Emitted from Cellular Phones on Fracture Healing: An Experimental Study on Rats”. Acta Orthopaedica Et Traumatologica Turcica 47, sy. 4 (Eylül 2013): 273-80.
EndNote Aslan A, Atay T, Gulle K, Kırdemir V, Ozden A, Comlekci S, Aydogan NH (01 Eylül 2013) Effect of 900 MHz electromagnetic fields emitted from cellular phones on fracture healing: an experimental study on rats. Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica 47 4 273–280.
IEEE A. Aslan, T. Atay, K. Gulle, V. Kırdemir, A. Ozden, S. Comlekci, ve N. H. Aydogan, “Effect of 900 MHz electromagnetic fields emitted from cellular phones on fracture healing: an experimental study on rats”, Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica, c. 47, sy. 4, ss. 273–280, 2013.
ISNAD Aslan, Ahmet vd. “Effect of 900 MHz Electromagnetic Fields Emitted from Cellular Phones on Fracture Healing: An Experimental Study on Rats”. Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica 47/4 (Eylül 2013), 273-280.
JAMA Aslan A, Atay T, Gulle K, Kırdemir V, Ozden A, Comlekci S, Aydogan NH. Effect of 900 MHz electromagnetic fields emitted from cellular phones on fracture healing: an experimental study on rats. Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica. 2013;47:273–280.
MLA Aslan, Ahmet vd. “Effect of 900 MHz Electromagnetic Fields Emitted from Cellular Phones on Fracture Healing: An Experimental Study on Rats”. Acta Orthopaedica Et Traumatologica Turcica, c. 47, sy. 4, 2013, ss. 273-80.
Vancouver Aslan A, Atay T, Gulle K, Kırdemir V, Ozden A, Comlekci S, Aydogan NH. Effect of 900 MHz electromagnetic fields emitted from cellular phones on fracture healing: an experimental study on rats. Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica. 2013;47(4):273-80.