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Kazakhstan’s Anti-China Protests: Implications for the Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia

Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3 19 Ekim 2024
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Kazakhstan’s Anti-China Protests: Implications for the Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia

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This article examines China’s increasing investments in Kazakhstan amid its declining soft power and growing public dissent. Focusing on Kazakhstan's strategic position within the Belt and Road Initiative, it analyzes how Chinese economic influence persists despite widespread protests and negative public opinion. Using a qualitative approach, the study synthesizes academic literature, policy analyses, news reports, and firsthand accounts to understand local views on Chinese influence. Findings show that while China’s economic power supports continued investment, the lack of soft power presents long-term risks. Without efforts to improve its image and build trust, China’s reliance on hard power may fuel anti-China sentiments, potentially leading to organized resistance and policy changes in Kazakhstan. The study emphasizes that China must incorporate soft power elements into its foreign policy to sustain influence in Kazakhstan and across Central Asia.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kazakhstan, China, Belt and Road Initiative, Anti-China Protests, Soft Power, Central Asia, Foreign Policy

Kaynakça

  1. Aitbay, Nurzhan (2017), The Evaluation of Potentiality of the Belt and Road Initiative: Kazakhstan Part (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi) (Roma: Sapienza Üniversitesi, İnşaat Mühendisliği Fakültesi).
  2. Bacchi, Umberto (2019), “Kyrgyzstan halts work at Chinese gold mine after clashes”, https://news.trust.org/item/20190807160040-ugm2f (21.05.2024).
  3. Bagdonas, Juozapas (2021), “Sinophobia Finds Ground in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan”, https://juozapasbagdonas.medium.com/sinophobia-finds-ground-in-kazakhstan-and-kyrgyzstan-f43368c24e8f (21.05.2024).
  4. Blanchard, Jean Marc F. ve Fujia Lu (2012), “Thinking Hard About Soft Power: A Review and Critique of the Literature on China and Soft Power”, Asian Perspective, 36 (4): 565–589.
  5. Cai, Jane, Silvie Juang ve Cyril Ip (2023), “Belt and Road Forum: Xi Jinping Signals China Will Stay the Course in Development Pitch to Global South”, https://scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3238418/belt-and-road-forum-xi-jinping-signals-china-will-stay-course-development-pitch-global-south (21.05.2024).
  6. Central Asia Protest Tracker (2024), “Oxus Society for Central Asian Affairs”, https://oxussociety.org/viz/protest-tracker/ (21.05.2024).
  7. Collins, Neil (2020), “Players or spectators? Central Asia’s role in BRI”, Hing Kai, Chan, Chan Faith Ka Shun ve O’Brien David (Eds.), International Flows in the Belt and Road Initiative Context, Palgrave Series in Asia and Pacific Studies (Singapur: Palgrave Macmillan): 147–169.
  8. Çelik, Kadir Ertaç ve Mehmet Seyfettin Erol (2019), “Kuşak-Yol Girişimi Bağlamında ABD'nin İran Politikasının Analizi”, Uluslararası Kriz ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3 (2): 11-41.
  9. Demir, Nesrin ve Osman Tekir (2018), “Marshall Planı, Yeni İpek Yolu Projesi ve Çin-ABD Rekabeti”, İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7 (1): 32-45.
  10. Dukeyev, Berikbol (2023), “What Kazakhstan's History Classrooms Teach Their Students about China”, https://thechinaproject.com/articles/what-kazakhstans-history-classrooms-teach-their-students-about-china/ (21.05.2024).

Kaynak Göster

APA
Koçak, M., & Gürel Yeşilçimen, G. (2024). Kazakhstan’s Anti-China Protests: Implications for the Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia. Alternatif Politika, 16(3), 417-440. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2024.15
AMA
1.Koçak M, Gürel Yeşilçimen G. Kazakhstan’s Anti-China Protests: Implications for the Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia. Altern. Polit. 2024;16(3):417-440. doi:10.53376/ap.2024.15
Chicago
Koçak, Muhammet, ve Gökçen Gürel Yeşilçimen. 2024. “Kazakhstan’s Anti-China Protests: Implications for the Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia”. Alternatif Politika 16 (3): 417-40. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2024.15.
EndNote
Koçak M, Gürel Yeşilçimen G (01 Ekim 2024) Kazakhstan’s Anti-China Protests: Implications for the Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia. Alternatif Politika 16 3 417–440.
IEEE
[1]M. Koçak ve G. Gürel Yeşilçimen, “Kazakhstan’s Anti-China Protests: Implications for the Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia”, Altern. Polit., c. 16, sy 3, ss. 417–440, Eki. 2024, doi: 10.53376/ap.2024.15.
ISNAD
Koçak, Muhammet - Gürel Yeşilçimen, Gökçen. “Kazakhstan’s Anti-China Protests: Implications for the Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia”. Alternatif Politika 16/3 (01 Ekim 2024): 417-440. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2024.15.
JAMA
1.Koçak M, Gürel Yeşilçimen G. Kazakhstan’s Anti-China Protests: Implications for the Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia. Altern. Polit. 2024;16:417–440.
MLA
Koçak, Muhammet, ve Gökçen Gürel Yeşilçimen. “Kazakhstan’s Anti-China Protests: Implications for the Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia”. Alternatif Politika, c. 16, sy 3, Ekim 2024, ss. 417-40, doi:10.53376/ap.2024.15.
Vancouver
1.Muhammet Koçak, Gökçen Gürel Yeşilçimen. Kazakhstan’s Anti-China Protests: Implications for the Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia. Altern. Polit. 01 Ekim 2024;16(3):417-40. doi:10.53376/ap.2024.15