Araştırma Makalesi
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Uluslararası Örgütler, Koşulluluk ve Demokratik Temsil: Yunanistan’ın IMF Deneyimi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 54 - 79, 15.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.03

Öz

IMF programlarının demokrasi üzerindeki etkisi, uluslararası örgütler yazınında sıklıkla tartışılan bir konudur. Bir müzakere sürecinde IMF’nin kendine ait bir gündemi varken, seçmenler de hükümete kendi tercihleriyle ilgili işaretler verir. Bu ikisi örtüştüğünde demokrasi etkilenmez fakat birbirlerinden farklı olduklarında demokrasi üzerindeki etkiler, borç alan hükümetin IMF karşısındaki göreli gücüne bağlıdır. Bu makale, IMF programlarının yerel temsili kurumlar üzerindeki etkisine odaklanmaktadır. Çalışmada, IMF etkisinin uç bir örneği olarak 2010-2015 yılları arasında uygulanan Yunanistan programları analiz edilmiş, eski bakanlar, parlamento temsilcileri ve Troyka yetkilileri ile yapılan mülakatlara yer verilmiştir. Yapılan analiz, borç alan hükümetin IMF karşısında zayıf olduğu ve iktidar partisi ile IMF arasında bir anlaşmazlık olduğu zaman, IMF programlarının demokratik kurumların temsili işlevini kısıtladığını iddia etmektedir. Bunun, 2010-2015 yılları arasında Yunanistan’da yaşandığı gibi, borç alan ülkelerde parti sistemleri ve demokrasinin geleceği üzerinde sağ ve sol popülist partilerin “egemenlik” ihlalinden yararlanarak yükselişi ve temsili kurumlara olan güvenin azalması gibi önemli etkileri vardır.

Kaynakça

  • Abouharb, M. Rodwan ve David L. Cingranelli (2009), “IMF Programs and Human Rights, 1981–2003”, The Review of International Organizations, 4 (1): 47-72.
  • Altvater, Elmar (1999), “World Economy, The Financial Crisis, and Ecological Sustainability – a Trilemma”, Capitalism Nature Socialism, 10 (4): 37-68.
  • Broome, Andre (2010), “The International Monetary Fund, Crisis Management and the Credit Crunch”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 64 (1): 37-54.
  • Brown, Chelsea (2009), “Democracy’s Friend or Foe? The Effects of Recent IMF Conditional Lending in Latin America”, International Political Science Review, 30 (4): 431-457.
  • Caraway, Teri L., Stephanie J. Rickard ve Mark S. Anner (2012), “International Negotiations and Domestic Politics: The Case of IMF Labor Market Conditionality”, International Organization, 66 (1): 27-61.
  • Catsambas, Thanos (2016), “The Greek Economic Crisis: Myths, Misperceptions, Truths, and Realities”, Mediterranean Quarterly 27 (1): 55-70.
  • Chwieroth, Jeffrey M. (2015), “Professional Ties that Bind: How Normative Orientations Shape IMF Conditionality”, Review of International Political Economy, 22 (4): 757-787.
  • Copelovitch, Mark S. (2010), “Master or Servant? Common Agency and the Political Economy of IMF Lending”, International Studies Quarterly, 54 (1): 49-77.
  • Dahl, Robert A. (1999), “Can International Organisations Be Democratic? A Skeptic’s View”, Shapiro, I. ve C. Hacker-Cordon, C. (Der.), Democracy's Edges (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 19-36.
  • Dingwerth, Klaus (2014), “Global Democracy and the Democratic Minimum: Why a Procedural Count Alone is Insufficient”, European Journal of International Relations, 20 (4): 1124-1147.
  • Doyle, David (2011), “The Legitimacy of Political Institutions: Explaining Contemporary Populism in Latin America”, Comparative Political Studies, 44 (11): 1447-1473.
  • Downs, Anthony (1957), “An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy”, The Journal of Political Economy, 65 (2): 135-150.
  • Dreher, Axel, Jan-Egbert Sturm ve James R. Vreeland (2015), “Politics and IMF Conditionality”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59 (1): 120-148.
  • European Social Survey Round 5 Data (2010), Data file edition 3.4. Sikt - Norwegian Agency for Shared Services in Education and Research, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. Doi: 10.21338/NSD-ESS5-2010 (16.12.2022).
  • Featherstone, Kevin (2016), “Conditionality, Democracy and Institutional Weakness: the Euro-crisis Trilemma”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 54 (1): 48-64.
  • Financial Times (2015), “Alexis Tsipras Wins Vote Backing Greece Bailout”, https://ft.com/content/db4d2f04-2b05-11e5-8613-e7aedbb7bdb7 (29.08.2022).
  • Franklin, James (1997), “IMF Conditionality, Threat Perception, and Political Repression: A Cross-National Analysis”, Comparative Political Studies, 30 (5): 576-606.
  • Freire, Andre, Marco Lisi, Ioannis Andreadis ve Jose Manuel Leite Viegas (2014), “Political Representation in Bailed-out Southern Europe: Greece and Portugal Compared”, South European Society and Politics, 19 (4): 413-433.
  • Gartzke, Erik ve Megumi Naoi (2011), “Multilateralism and Democracy: A Dissent Regarding Keohane, Macedo and Moravcsik”, International Organization, 65 (3): 589-598.
  • Garuda, Gopal (2000), “The Distributional Effects of IMF Programs: A Cross-Country Analysis”, World Development, 28 (6): 1031-1051.
  • Genovese, Federica ve Héctor Hermida-Rivera (2022), “Government Ideology and Bailout Conditionality in the European Financial Crisis”, International Interactions, 48 (5): 897-935.
  • Gilmore, Jonathan (2014), “Protecting the Other: Considering The Process and Practice of Cosmopolitanism”, European Journal of International Relations, 20 (3): 694-719.
  • Habermas, Jürgen (1996), Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
  • Held, David (1995), “Cosmopolitan Democracy and the Global Order: Reflections on the 200th Anniversary of Kant’s ‘Perpetual Peace’”, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 20 (4): 415-429.
  • Hellenic Statistical Authority (2014), “Quarterly National Accounts: 3rd Quarter 2014 (Flash Estimates) and revised data 1995 Q1-2014 Q2", https://web.archive.org/web/20141114111915/ http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A0704/PressReleases/A0704_SEL84_DT_QQ_03_2014_01_E_EN.pdf (16.12.2022).
  • Hodson, Dermot (2015), “The IMF as a De Facto Institution of the EU: A Multiple Supervisor Approach”, Review of International Political Economy, 22 (3): 570-598.
  • IMF (2000), “Greece—2000 Article IV Consultation”, International Monetary Fund, http://www.imf.org/external/np/ms/2000/112000.htm (16.12.2022).
  • IMF (2010), “Greece: Letter of Intent, Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies, and Technical Memorandum of Understanding”, International Monetary Fund, https://www.imf.org/external/np/loi/2010/grc/120810.pdf (16.12.2022).
  • IMF (2022), “Greece: History of Lending Commitments as of November 30, 2022”, International Monetary Fund, https://www.imf.org/external/np/fin/tad/ extarr2.aspx?memberKey1=360&date1key=2022-11-30 (16.12.2022).
  • IMF IEO (2016), “The IMF and the Crisis in Greece, Ireland, and Portugal”, http://www.ieo-imf.org/ieo/pages/EvaluationImages267.aspx (08.08.2018).
  • Kapur, Devesh ve Moises Naim (2005), “The IMF and Democratic Governance”, Journal of Democracy, 16 (1): 89-102.
  • Keohane, Robert O., Stephen Macedo ve Andrew Moravcsik (2009), “Democracy-Enhancing Multilateralism”, International Organization, 63 (1): 1-31.
  • Kentikelenis, Alexander E., Thomas H. Stubbs ve Lawrence P. King (2016), “IMF Conditionality and Development Space, 1985-2014”, Review of International Political Economy, 23 (4): 543-582.
  • Koenig-Archibugi, Mathias (2010), “Is Global Democracy Possible?”, European Journal of International Relations, 17 (3): 519-542.
  • Kreuder-Sonnen, Christian ve Bernhard Zangl (2015), “Which Post-Westphalia? International Organizations between Constitutionalism and Authoritarianism”, European Journal of International Relations, 21 (3): 568-594.
  • Kennedy, Geoff (2016), “Embedding Neoliberalism in Greece: The Transformation of Collective Bargaining and Labour Market Policy in Greece During the Eurozone Crisis”, Studies in Political Economy, 97 (3): 253-269.
  • Kosmidis, Spyros (2014), “Government Constraints and Accountability: Economic Voting in Greece Before and During the IMF Intervention”, West European Politics, 37 (5): 1136-1155.
  • Kuyper, Jonathan W (2014), “Global Democratization and International Regime Complexity”, European Journal of International Relations, 20 (3): 620-646.
  • Lang, Valentin (2021), “The Economics of the Democratic Deficit: The Effect of IMF Programs on Inequality”, The Review of International Organizations, 16: 599–623.
  • Mabbett, Deborah ve Waltraud Schelkle (2015), “What Difference Does Euro Membership Make to Stabilization? The Political Economy of International Monetary Systems Revisited”, Review of International Political Economy, 22 (3): 508-534.
  • Manin, Bernhard, Adam Przeworski ve Susan Stokes (1999), “Elections and Representation”, Manin, Bernhard, Adam Przeworski ve Susan Stokes (Der.), Democracy, Accountability, and Representation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 29-54.
  • Nelson, Stephen C. ve Geoffrey P.R. Wallace (2017), “Are IMF Lending Programs Good or Bad for Democracy?”, Review of International Organizations, 12 (4): 523-558.
  • Nooruddin, Irfan ve Joel W. Simmons (2006), “The Politics of Hard Choices: IMF Programs and Government Spending”, International Organization, 60 (4): 1001-1033.
  • Oberdabernig, Doris A. (2013), “Revisiting the Effects of IMF Programs on Poverty and Inequality”, World Development, 46: 113-142.
  • Pappas, Takis (2014), Populism and Crisis Politics in Greece (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).
  • Parekh, Bhikhu (1992), “The Cultural Peculiarity of Liberal Democracy”, Political Studies, 40 (1): 160-175.
  • Pastor, Manuel (1987), “The Effects of IMF Programs in the Third World: Debate and Evidence from Latin America”, World Development, 15 (2): 249-262.
  • Pequito Teixeira, Conceicao, Emmanouil Tsatsanis ve Ana Maria Belchior (2014), “Support for Democracy in Times of Crisis: Diffuse and Specific Regime Support in Portugal and Greece”, South European Society and Politics, 19 (4): 501-518.
  • Pevehouse, Jon C.W. (2003), “Democracy From the Outside-In? International Organizations and Democratization”, International Organization, 56 (3): 515-549.
  • Pion-Berlin, David (1983), “Political Repression and Economic Doctrines: The Case of Argentina”, Comparative Political Studies, 16 (1): 37-66.
  • Pitkin, Hannah (1967), The Concept of Representation (London: Cambridge University Press).
  • Pop-Eleches, Grigore (2009), From Economic Crisis to Reform: IMF Programs in Latin America and Eastern Europe (New Jersey: Princeton University Press).
  • Rabkin, Jeremy (2007), Law Without Nations: Why Constitutional Government Requires Sovereign States (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
  • Rickard, Stephanie ve Teri Caraway (2019), “International Demands for Austerity: Examining the Impact of the IMF on the Public Sector”, Review of International Organizations, 14: 35-67.
  • Scholte, Jan Aart (2014), “Reinventing Global Democracy”, European Journal of International Relations, 20 (1): 3-28.
  • Schwarzer, Daniela (2015), “Building the Euro Area's Debt Crisis Management Capacity with the IMF”, Review of International Political Economy, 22 (3), 599-625.
  • Smith, Eliot R. ve Frederica R. Conrey (2007), “Agent-Based Modeling: A New Approach for Theory-Building in Social Psychology”, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11 (1): 87-104.
  • Spanou, Calliope (2020), “External Influence on Structural Reform: Did Policy Conditionality Strengthen Reform Capacity in Greece?”, Public Policy and Administration, 35 (2):135–157.
  • Stone, Randall (2002), Lending Credibility: The International Monetary Fund and the Post-Communist Transition (New Jersey: Princeton University Press).
  • Stone, Randall (2008), “The Scope of IMF Conditionality”, International Organization, 62 (4): 589-620.
  • The Economist (2011), “Acropolis Now”, https://economist.com/leaders/2010/04/29/acropolis-now (16. 12. 2022).
  • Vasilopoulou, Sofia ve Daphne Halikiopoulou (2015), The Golden Dawn’s ‘Nationalist Solution’: Explaining the Rise of the Far Right in Greece (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
  • Wachman, Richard ve Nick Fletcher (2010, 27 April), “Standard & Poor’s Downgrade Greek Credit Rating to Junk Status”, The Guardian, retrieved 27 April 2010.

International Organizations, Conditionality and Democratic Representation: The IMF Experience of Greece

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 54 - 79, 15.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.03

Öz

The impact of IMF programs on democracy is frequently debated in the international organizations literature. During a negotiation process, while the IMF has its own negotiation agenda, the public signals its preference to the government. Democracy is unaffected when the two overlap. When they diverge, however, the impact depends on the relative power of the borrowing government vis-à-vis the IMF. This article focuses the impact of IMF programs on domestic representative institutions. The study analyzes an extreme case of the IMF impact, namely Greece between 2010 and 2015, and using findings from the interviews with the former ministers, parliamentary representatives, and Troika officials. The analysis claims that whenever the borrowing government is weak vis-à-vis the IMF and there is a disagreement between the governing party and the IMF, IMF programs curtail the representative function of democratic institutions. This has significant implications for the party systems and the future of democracy in borrowing countries such as the rise of right-wing and left-wing populist parties capitalizing on the violation of “sovereignty” and reduced trust in representative institutions, as demonstrated in Greece between 2010 and 2015.

Kaynakça

  • Abouharb, M. Rodwan ve David L. Cingranelli (2009), “IMF Programs and Human Rights, 1981–2003”, The Review of International Organizations, 4 (1): 47-72.
  • Altvater, Elmar (1999), “World Economy, The Financial Crisis, and Ecological Sustainability – a Trilemma”, Capitalism Nature Socialism, 10 (4): 37-68.
  • Broome, Andre (2010), “The International Monetary Fund, Crisis Management and the Credit Crunch”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 64 (1): 37-54.
  • Brown, Chelsea (2009), “Democracy’s Friend or Foe? The Effects of Recent IMF Conditional Lending in Latin America”, International Political Science Review, 30 (4): 431-457.
  • Caraway, Teri L., Stephanie J. Rickard ve Mark S. Anner (2012), “International Negotiations and Domestic Politics: The Case of IMF Labor Market Conditionality”, International Organization, 66 (1): 27-61.
  • Catsambas, Thanos (2016), “The Greek Economic Crisis: Myths, Misperceptions, Truths, and Realities”, Mediterranean Quarterly 27 (1): 55-70.
  • Chwieroth, Jeffrey M. (2015), “Professional Ties that Bind: How Normative Orientations Shape IMF Conditionality”, Review of International Political Economy, 22 (4): 757-787.
  • Copelovitch, Mark S. (2010), “Master or Servant? Common Agency and the Political Economy of IMF Lending”, International Studies Quarterly, 54 (1): 49-77.
  • Dahl, Robert A. (1999), “Can International Organisations Be Democratic? A Skeptic’s View”, Shapiro, I. ve C. Hacker-Cordon, C. (Der.), Democracy's Edges (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 19-36.
  • Dingwerth, Klaus (2014), “Global Democracy and the Democratic Minimum: Why a Procedural Count Alone is Insufficient”, European Journal of International Relations, 20 (4): 1124-1147.
  • Doyle, David (2011), “The Legitimacy of Political Institutions: Explaining Contemporary Populism in Latin America”, Comparative Political Studies, 44 (11): 1447-1473.
  • Downs, Anthony (1957), “An Economic Theory of Political Action in a Democracy”, The Journal of Political Economy, 65 (2): 135-150.
  • Dreher, Axel, Jan-Egbert Sturm ve James R. Vreeland (2015), “Politics and IMF Conditionality”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, 59 (1): 120-148.
  • European Social Survey Round 5 Data (2010), Data file edition 3.4. Sikt - Norwegian Agency for Shared Services in Education and Research, Norway – Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC. Doi: 10.21338/NSD-ESS5-2010 (16.12.2022).
  • Featherstone, Kevin (2016), “Conditionality, Democracy and Institutional Weakness: the Euro-crisis Trilemma”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 54 (1): 48-64.
  • Financial Times (2015), “Alexis Tsipras Wins Vote Backing Greece Bailout”, https://ft.com/content/db4d2f04-2b05-11e5-8613-e7aedbb7bdb7 (29.08.2022).
  • Franklin, James (1997), “IMF Conditionality, Threat Perception, and Political Repression: A Cross-National Analysis”, Comparative Political Studies, 30 (5): 576-606.
  • Freire, Andre, Marco Lisi, Ioannis Andreadis ve Jose Manuel Leite Viegas (2014), “Political Representation in Bailed-out Southern Europe: Greece and Portugal Compared”, South European Society and Politics, 19 (4): 413-433.
  • Gartzke, Erik ve Megumi Naoi (2011), “Multilateralism and Democracy: A Dissent Regarding Keohane, Macedo and Moravcsik”, International Organization, 65 (3): 589-598.
  • Garuda, Gopal (2000), “The Distributional Effects of IMF Programs: A Cross-Country Analysis”, World Development, 28 (6): 1031-1051.
  • Genovese, Federica ve Héctor Hermida-Rivera (2022), “Government Ideology and Bailout Conditionality in the European Financial Crisis”, International Interactions, 48 (5): 897-935.
  • Gilmore, Jonathan (2014), “Protecting the Other: Considering The Process and Practice of Cosmopolitanism”, European Journal of International Relations, 20 (3): 694-719.
  • Habermas, Jürgen (1996), Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
  • Held, David (1995), “Cosmopolitan Democracy and the Global Order: Reflections on the 200th Anniversary of Kant’s ‘Perpetual Peace’”, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 20 (4): 415-429.
  • Hellenic Statistical Authority (2014), “Quarterly National Accounts: 3rd Quarter 2014 (Flash Estimates) and revised data 1995 Q1-2014 Q2", https://web.archive.org/web/20141114111915/ http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A0704/PressReleases/A0704_SEL84_DT_QQ_03_2014_01_E_EN.pdf (16.12.2022).
  • Hodson, Dermot (2015), “The IMF as a De Facto Institution of the EU: A Multiple Supervisor Approach”, Review of International Political Economy, 22 (3): 570-598.
  • IMF (2000), “Greece—2000 Article IV Consultation”, International Monetary Fund, http://www.imf.org/external/np/ms/2000/112000.htm (16.12.2022).
  • IMF (2010), “Greece: Letter of Intent, Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies, and Technical Memorandum of Understanding”, International Monetary Fund, https://www.imf.org/external/np/loi/2010/grc/120810.pdf (16.12.2022).
  • IMF (2022), “Greece: History of Lending Commitments as of November 30, 2022”, International Monetary Fund, https://www.imf.org/external/np/fin/tad/ extarr2.aspx?memberKey1=360&date1key=2022-11-30 (16.12.2022).
  • IMF IEO (2016), “The IMF and the Crisis in Greece, Ireland, and Portugal”, http://www.ieo-imf.org/ieo/pages/EvaluationImages267.aspx (08.08.2018).
  • Kapur, Devesh ve Moises Naim (2005), “The IMF and Democratic Governance”, Journal of Democracy, 16 (1): 89-102.
  • Keohane, Robert O., Stephen Macedo ve Andrew Moravcsik (2009), “Democracy-Enhancing Multilateralism”, International Organization, 63 (1): 1-31.
  • Kentikelenis, Alexander E., Thomas H. Stubbs ve Lawrence P. King (2016), “IMF Conditionality and Development Space, 1985-2014”, Review of International Political Economy, 23 (4): 543-582.
  • Koenig-Archibugi, Mathias (2010), “Is Global Democracy Possible?”, European Journal of International Relations, 17 (3): 519-542.
  • Kreuder-Sonnen, Christian ve Bernhard Zangl (2015), “Which Post-Westphalia? International Organizations between Constitutionalism and Authoritarianism”, European Journal of International Relations, 21 (3): 568-594.
  • Kennedy, Geoff (2016), “Embedding Neoliberalism in Greece: The Transformation of Collective Bargaining and Labour Market Policy in Greece During the Eurozone Crisis”, Studies in Political Economy, 97 (3): 253-269.
  • Kosmidis, Spyros (2014), “Government Constraints and Accountability: Economic Voting in Greece Before and During the IMF Intervention”, West European Politics, 37 (5): 1136-1155.
  • Kuyper, Jonathan W (2014), “Global Democratization and International Regime Complexity”, European Journal of International Relations, 20 (3): 620-646.
  • Lang, Valentin (2021), “The Economics of the Democratic Deficit: The Effect of IMF Programs on Inequality”, The Review of International Organizations, 16: 599–623.
  • Mabbett, Deborah ve Waltraud Schelkle (2015), “What Difference Does Euro Membership Make to Stabilization? The Political Economy of International Monetary Systems Revisited”, Review of International Political Economy, 22 (3): 508-534.
  • Manin, Bernhard, Adam Przeworski ve Susan Stokes (1999), “Elections and Representation”, Manin, Bernhard, Adam Przeworski ve Susan Stokes (Der.), Democracy, Accountability, and Representation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 29-54.
  • Nelson, Stephen C. ve Geoffrey P.R. Wallace (2017), “Are IMF Lending Programs Good or Bad for Democracy?”, Review of International Organizations, 12 (4): 523-558.
  • Nooruddin, Irfan ve Joel W. Simmons (2006), “The Politics of Hard Choices: IMF Programs and Government Spending”, International Organization, 60 (4): 1001-1033.
  • Oberdabernig, Doris A. (2013), “Revisiting the Effects of IMF Programs on Poverty and Inequality”, World Development, 46: 113-142.
  • Pappas, Takis (2014), Populism and Crisis Politics in Greece (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan).
  • Parekh, Bhikhu (1992), “The Cultural Peculiarity of Liberal Democracy”, Political Studies, 40 (1): 160-175.
  • Pastor, Manuel (1987), “The Effects of IMF Programs in the Third World: Debate and Evidence from Latin America”, World Development, 15 (2): 249-262.
  • Pequito Teixeira, Conceicao, Emmanouil Tsatsanis ve Ana Maria Belchior (2014), “Support for Democracy in Times of Crisis: Diffuse and Specific Regime Support in Portugal and Greece”, South European Society and Politics, 19 (4): 501-518.
  • Pevehouse, Jon C.W. (2003), “Democracy From the Outside-In? International Organizations and Democratization”, International Organization, 56 (3): 515-549.
  • Pion-Berlin, David (1983), “Political Repression and Economic Doctrines: The Case of Argentina”, Comparative Political Studies, 16 (1): 37-66.
  • Pitkin, Hannah (1967), The Concept of Representation (London: Cambridge University Press).
  • Pop-Eleches, Grigore (2009), From Economic Crisis to Reform: IMF Programs in Latin America and Eastern Europe (New Jersey: Princeton University Press).
  • Rabkin, Jeremy (2007), Law Without Nations: Why Constitutional Government Requires Sovereign States (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
  • Rickard, Stephanie ve Teri Caraway (2019), “International Demands for Austerity: Examining the Impact of the IMF on the Public Sector”, Review of International Organizations, 14: 35-67.
  • Scholte, Jan Aart (2014), “Reinventing Global Democracy”, European Journal of International Relations, 20 (1): 3-28.
  • Schwarzer, Daniela (2015), “Building the Euro Area's Debt Crisis Management Capacity with the IMF”, Review of International Political Economy, 22 (3), 599-625.
  • Smith, Eliot R. ve Frederica R. Conrey (2007), “Agent-Based Modeling: A New Approach for Theory-Building in Social Psychology”, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11 (1): 87-104.
  • Spanou, Calliope (2020), “External Influence on Structural Reform: Did Policy Conditionality Strengthen Reform Capacity in Greece?”, Public Policy and Administration, 35 (2):135–157.
  • Stone, Randall (2002), Lending Credibility: The International Monetary Fund and the Post-Communist Transition (New Jersey: Princeton University Press).
  • Stone, Randall (2008), “The Scope of IMF Conditionality”, International Organization, 62 (4): 589-620.
  • The Economist (2011), “Acropolis Now”, https://economist.com/leaders/2010/04/29/acropolis-now (16. 12. 2022).
  • Vasilopoulou, Sofia ve Daphne Halikiopoulou (2015), The Golden Dawn’s ‘Nationalist Solution’: Explaining the Rise of the Far Right in Greece (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
  • Wachman, Richard ve Nick Fletcher (2010, 27 April), “Standard & Poor’s Downgrade Greek Credit Rating to Junk Status”, The Guardian, retrieved 27 April 2010.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Saliha Metinsoy Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-5763-2231

Merih Angın 0000-0003-0739-798X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Şubat 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Metinsoy, S., & Angın, M. (2023). Uluslararası Örgütler, Koşulluluk ve Demokratik Temsil: Yunanistan’ın IMF Deneyimi. Alternatif Politika, 15(1), 54-79. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.03
AMA Metinsoy S, Angın M. Uluslararası Örgütler, Koşulluluk ve Demokratik Temsil: Yunanistan’ın IMF Deneyimi. Altern. Polit. Şubat 2023;15(1):54-79. doi:10.53376/ap.2023.03
Chicago Metinsoy, Saliha, ve Merih Angın. “Uluslararası Örgütler, Koşulluluk Ve Demokratik Temsil: Yunanistan’ın IMF Deneyimi”. Alternatif Politika 15, sy. 1 (Şubat 2023): 54-79. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.03.
EndNote Metinsoy S, Angın M (01 Şubat 2023) Uluslararası Örgütler, Koşulluluk ve Demokratik Temsil: Yunanistan’ın IMF Deneyimi. Alternatif Politika 15 1 54–79.
IEEE S. Metinsoy ve M. Angın, “Uluslararası Örgütler, Koşulluluk ve Demokratik Temsil: Yunanistan’ın IMF Deneyimi”, Altern. Polit., c. 15, sy. 1, ss. 54–79, 2023, doi: 10.53376/ap.2023.03.
ISNAD Metinsoy, Saliha - Angın, Merih. “Uluslararası Örgütler, Koşulluluk Ve Demokratik Temsil: Yunanistan’ın IMF Deneyimi”. Alternatif Politika 15/1 (Şubat 2023), 54-79. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.03.
JAMA Metinsoy S, Angın M. Uluslararası Örgütler, Koşulluluk ve Demokratik Temsil: Yunanistan’ın IMF Deneyimi. Altern. Polit. 2023;15:54–79.
MLA Metinsoy, Saliha ve Merih Angın. “Uluslararası Örgütler, Koşulluluk Ve Demokratik Temsil: Yunanistan’ın IMF Deneyimi”. Alternatif Politika, c. 15, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 54-79, doi:10.53376/ap.2023.03.
Vancouver Metinsoy S, Angın M. Uluslararası Örgütler, Koşulluluk ve Demokratik Temsil: Yunanistan’ın IMF Deneyimi. Altern. Polit. 2023;15(1):54-79.