Araştırma Makalesi
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Çevre Protestolarını Parti Siyasetinin Üstünde Tutma Mücadelesi: Cerattepe Örneği

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 264 - 288, 13.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.10

Öz

Artvin ilinde altın ve bakır çıkarılmasına yönelik Cerattepe maden projesi 1980’lerin ortalarından beri ihtilaflı olmuştur. Blokajlar, oturma eylemleri, sosyal medya protestoları, davalar ve imzalı dilekçeler şeklinde gösterilen yerel direniş, 2015-2016 yıllarında zirve yaptı. Bu makale, Cerattepe maden projesine karşı yapılan protestoları motivasyonları, stratejileri, sınırları ve siyaset algıları açısından analiz etmektedir. Orijinal bir anket analizi (N=253) ve röportaj yaparak, yerel halkın maden projesine karşı çıkma konusunda meşru konumunu korumak için aktivizmlerini parti politikalarının üzerinde bir çerçeveye oturttuğunu bulduk. Ulusal düzeydeki siyasi partilerin protestoları siyasallaştırma girişimlerine rağmen bu strateji yıllarca bozulmadan kalmıştır. Bu stratejiyi, ekonomik büyümeyi çevresel meselelerden önceleyen ulusal mutabakat, özel şirketlere güçlü devlet desteği ile neoliberal kalkınmacılık ve toplumdaki yüksek düzeyde siyasi kutuplaşma ile açıklıyoruz. Bu çalışma genel olarak, Türkiye'de çevre sorunları odaklı aktivizmin önündeki zorluklara dair bir kavrayış sunmakta ve yerel halkın çevreye zarar veren bir maden projesine direniş stratejilerini incelemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Adaman, Fikret and Murat Arsel (2005), Environmentalism in Turkey: Between Democracy and Development? (London: Routledge).
  • Adaman, Fikret, Bengi Akbulut and Murat Arsel (2022), The Political Economy of Environmental Policymaking in Turkey: A Vicious Cycle. Tezcür, G. M. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Turkish Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 204–224.
  • Adem, Çiğdem (2005), “Non-State Actors and Environmentalism”, Adaman, Fikret and Murat Arsel (Eds.), Environmentalism in Turkey: Between Democracy and Development? (London: Routledge): 71-86.
  • Akçagüner, Yasemin, Berk Çetin and Eren Yüce (2015), “Cerattepe’nin Madenle Mücadelesi”, https://140journos.com/cerattepe-nin-madenle-m%C3%BCcadelesi-e31da848540a (11.11.2022).
  • Akçay, Ümit (2021), “Authoritarian Consolidation Dynamics in Turkey”, Contemporary Politics, 27 (1): 79–104.
  • Apaydin, Fulya and M. Kerem Çoban (2022), “The Political Consequences of Dependent Financialization: Capital Flows, Crisis and the Authoritarian Turn in Turkey”, Review of International Political Economy, 1–27.
  • Arsel, Murat, Bengi Akbulut and Fikret Adaman (2015), “Environmentalism of the malcontent: Anatomy of an Anti-coal Power Plant Struggle in Turkey”, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 42 (2): 371–395.
  • Avcı, Duygu, Fikret Adaman and Begüm Özkaynak (2010), “Valuation Languages in Environmental Conflicts: How Stakeholders Oppose or Support Gold Mining at Mount Ida, Turkey”, Ecological Economics, 70 (2): 228–238.
  • Aydın, Zülküf (2005), “The State, Civil Society, and Environmentalism”, Adaman, Fikret and Murat Arsel (Eds.), Environmentalism in Turkey: Between Democracy and Development? (London: Routledge): 53-69.
  • Boşnak, Büke (2016), “Europeanisation and De-Europeanisation Dynamics in Turkey: The Case of Environmental Organisations”, South European Society and Politics, 21 (1): 75–90.
  • Çarkoğlu, Ali (2017), “Environmental Concerns in Turkey: A Comparative Perspective”, Adaman, Fikret, Bengi Akbulut and Murat Arsel (Eds.), Neoliberal Turkey and Its Discontents: Economic Policy and the Environment Under Erdoğan (UK: I.B.Tauris): 147–174.
  • Çimrin, Fisun K. and Esin Candan (2014), “Siyanürlü Altın Madenciliği ve Toplumsal Değişme: Bergama Örneği”, Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17 (1): 1-41.
  • CNN Türk (2016), “Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan’dan Cerattepe Çıkışı: ‘Bunlar yavru Geziciler’”, https://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/cumhurbaskani-erdogandan-cerattepe-cikisi-bunlar-yavru-geziciler (15.12.2022).
  • Çoban, Aykut (2004), “Community-based Ecological Resistance: The Bergama Movement in Turkey”, Environmental Politics, 13 (2): 438–460.
  • Doğu, Burak (2017), “Environment as Politics: Framing the Cerattepe Protest in Twitter”, Environmental Communication, 13 (5): 1–16.
  • Durur, Nusret (2023), “Baraj sularının dayandığı ilçe, dönüşümle “hayalet şehir” oldu”, https://www.dha.com.tr/foto-galeri/baraj-sularinin-dayandigi-ilce-donusumle-hayalet-sehir-oldu-2218204 (14.04.2023)
  • Eminağaoğlu, Özgür (2015), Artvin’in Doğal Bitkileri (İstanbul: Promat Basım Yayım San. ve Tic. A.Ş.), https://openaccess.artvin.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/11494/1095 (23.11.2022).
  • Eminağaoğlu, Özgür and Rahim Anşin (2003), “The Flora of Hatila Valley National Park and its Close Environs (Artvin)”, Turkish Journal of Botany, 27 (1): 1-27.
  • Eminağaoğlu, Özgür and Rahim Anşin (2005), “The flora of Cerattepe, Meydanlar, Demirci, Gavur Creek and near Environment in Artvin”, Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 55 (2): 31-46.
  • Fielding, Kelly S., Rachel McDonald and Winnifred R. Louis (2008), “Theory of Planned Behaviour, Identity and Intentions to Engage in Environmental Activism”, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28 (4): 318–326.
  • Gümüş, Cantürk, Devlet Toksoy, Özgür Eminağaoğlu, Oğuz Kurdoğlu, Mehmet Özalp and Bülent Turgut (2013), “Artvin İli Cerattepe ve Genya Dağı Ormanlarında Planlanan Madencilik Faaliyetlerinin Doğal Kaynaklar Üzerine Etkileri Hakkında Rapor”, https://yesilartvindernegi.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/OrmanMuhendisleriOdasiMadencilikRaporu.pdf (12.11.2022).
  • İzci, Rana (2005), “The Impact of the European Union on Environmental Policy”, Adaman, Fikret and Murat Arsel (Eds.), Environmentalism in Turkey: Between Democracy and Development? (London: Routledge): 87-100.
  • Jepperson, Ronald L. (2000), “Institutional Logics: On the Constitutive Dimensions of the Modern Nation-State Polities (EUI Working Papers)”, (San Domenico, Italy: European University Institute), https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/1676/00_36.pdf (11.12.2022).
  • Kaçar, Muhammet and Adem Güngör (2016), “Artvin Cerattepe’de Gerginlik Arttı, Müdahale Yaşandı”, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/artvin-cerattepede-gerginlik-artti-mudahale-yasandi-40055326 (10.11.2022).
  • Kadirbeyoglu, Zeynep (2010), “In the Land of Ostriches: Developmentalism, Environmental Degradation, and Forced Migration in Turkey”, Afifi, Tamer and Jill Jäger (Eds.), Environment, Forced Migration and Social Vulnerability, (Berlin: Springer Heidelberg): 223-234.
  • Kadirbeyoğlu, Zeynep, Fikret Adaman, Begüm Özkaynak and Hande Paker (2017), “The Effectiveness of Environmental Civil Society Organizations: An Integrated Analysis of Organizational Characteristics and Contextual Factors”, VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 28 (4): 1717–1741.
  • Karadeniz, Turan, Bahtiyar Öztürk, S. Serkan Nas, Kemal Çelik, Enver Akaryalı, Hüseyin Ayaz and İbrahim Çavuşoğlu (2014), “Technical Expert’s Report on Cerattepe Case for the Rize Administrative Court”, https://yesilartvindernegi.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/CerattepeBilirkisiRaporu2.pdf (10.12.2022).
  • Knudsen, S. Ståle (2016), “Protests Against Energy Projects in Turkey: Environmental Activism Above Politics?”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 43 (3): 302–323.
  • Hamsici, Mahmut (2010), Dereler ve İsyanlar (1st Edition). İstanbul: NotaBene.
  • Ministry of Internal Affairs (2023), “Derneklerin Faaliyet Alanlarına Göre Dağılımı”, https://www.siviltoplum.gov.tr/derneklerin-faaliyet-alanlarina-gore-dagilimi (22.04.2023).
  • Özen, Şükrü and Hayriye Özen (2009), “Peasants Against MNCs and the State: The Role of the Bergama Struggle in the Institutional Construction of the Gold-Mining Field in Turkey”, Organization, 16 (4): 547–573.
  • Özkaynak, Begüm, Cem İskender Aydιn, Pınar Ertör-Akyazι and Irmak Ertör (2015), “The Gezi Park Resistance from an Environmental Justice and Social Metabolism Perspective”, Capitalism Nature Socialism, 26 (1): 99–114.
  • Özkaynak, Begüm, Ethemcan Turhan and C. İskender Aydın (2022), “The Politics of Energy in Turkey: Running Engines on Geopolitical, Discursive, and Coercive Power”, Tezcür, G. M. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Turkish Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 224–248.
  • Özler, Ş. İlgü and Brian Obach (2018), “Polarization and the Environmental Movement in Turkey”, Journal of Civil Society, 14 (4): 311–327.
  • Paker, Hande (2017), “The ‘Politics of Serving’ and Neoliberal Developmentalism: The Megaprojects of the AKP as Tools of Hegemony Building”, Adaman, Fikret, Bengi Akbulut and Murat Arsel (Eds.), Neoliberal Turkey and Its Discontents: Economic Policy and the Environment Under Erdoğan (UK: I.B.Tauris): 103–119.
  • Paker, Hande, Fikret Adaman, Zeynep Kadirbeyoğlu and Begüm Özkaynak (2013), “Environmental Organisations in Turkey: Engaging the State and Capital”, Environmental Politics, 22 (5): 760–778.
  • Resmi Gazete (2017), Maden Yönetmeliği Karar Sayısı: 30187, 21.09.2017, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/09/20170921-1.htm (26.12.2022).
  • SGuin, Chantal, Luc G. Pelletier and Jhon Hunsley (1998), “Toward a Model of Environmental Activism”, Environment and Behavior, 30 (5): 628–652.
  • Şaşmaz, Aytuğ, Alper H. Yagci and Daniel Ziblatt (2022), “How Voters Respond to Presidential Assaults on Checks and Balances: Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Turkey”, Comparative Political Studies, 55 (11): 1947–1980.
  • Tema Vakfı (2020), “Kaz Dağları Yöresi’nde Madencilik”, https://cdn-tema.mncdn.com/Uploads/Cms/kaz-daglari-raporu_3.pdf (27.12.2022).
  • Tema Vakfı (2021), “Artvin ve Çevresinde Madencilik”, https://cdn-tema.mncdn.com/Uploads/Cms/artvin-ve-cevresinde-madencilik_1.pdf (27.12.2022).
  • Tezcür, G. Murat, Rebecca Schiel and Bruce M. Wilson (2021), “The Effectiveness of Harnessing Human Rights: The Struggle over the Ilısu Dam in Turkey”, Development and Change, 52 (6): 1343–1369.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT), (2022), “Population and Housing Census, 2021”, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Population-and-Housing-Census-2021-45866 (09.01.2023).
  • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2023), “List of accredited organizations”, https://unep.org/civil-society-engagement/accreditation/list-accredited-organizations (11.4.2023).
  • Whitley, Richard (2005), “How National are Business Systems? The Role of States and Complementary Institutions in Standardizing Systems of Economic Coordination and Control at the National Level”, Glenn, Morgan vd. (Eds.), Changing Capitalisms? Internationalization, Institutional Change, and Systems of Economic Organization (New York: OUP Oxford): 190–231.
  • Wolf, M. J., J. W. Emerson, D. C. Esty, A. de Sherbinin and Z. A. Wending (2022), 2022 Environmental Performance Index (New Haven, CT: Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy).
  • Yang, Xiuyun and Peter Ho (2018), “Conflict over Mining in Rural China: A Comprehensive Survey of Intentions and Strategies for Environmental Activism”, Sustainability, 10 (1669): 1-18.

A Struggle to Keep Environmental Protests Above Party Politics: The Cerattepe Case

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 264 - 288, 13.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.10

Öz

The Cerattepe mining project for the extraction of gold and copper in the city of Artvin has been controversial since the mid-1980s. Local resistance against the project peaked in 2015-2016 in the form of blockages, sit-ins, social media protests, litigations, and signed petitions. This paper analyzes protests against the Cerattepe mining project in terms of their motivations, strategies, limitations, and political perceptions. Through an original survey analysis (N=253) and interview data, we find that the locals frame their activism as above party politics to keep a legitimate position in resisting the mining project. This strategy has remained intact for several years despite the politicization attempts of resistance from national-level political parties. We explain this strategy with the national consensus on prioritizing economic growth over environmental issues, neoliberal developmentalism with strong state support for private companies, and high levels of political polarization in society. Overall, the study offers an understanding of the challenges in front of environmental issue-based activism in Turkey and reveals the strategies of locals in resisting an environmentally destructive mining project.

Kaynakça

  • Adaman, Fikret and Murat Arsel (2005), Environmentalism in Turkey: Between Democracy and Development? (London: Routledge).
  • Adaman, Fikret, Bengi Akbulut and Murat Arsel (2022), The Political Economy of Environmental Policymaking in Turkey: A Vicious Cycle. Tezcür, G. M. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Turkish Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 204–224.
  • Adem, Çiğdem (2005), “Non-State Actors and Environmentalism”, Adaman, Fikret and Murat Arsel (Eds.), Environmentalism in Turkey: Between Democracy and Development? (London: Routledge): 71-86.
  • Akçagüner, Yasemin, Berk Çetin and Eren Yüce (2015), “Cerattepe’nin Madenle Mücadelesi”, https://140journos.com/cerattepe-nin-madenle-m%C3%BCcadelesi-e31da848540a (11.11.2022).
  • Akçay, Ümit (2021), “Authoritarian Consolidation Dynamics in Turkey”, Contemporary Politics, 27 (1): 79–104.
  • Apaydin, Fulya and M. Kerem Çoban (2022), “The Political Consequences of Dependent Financialization: Capital Flows, Crisis and the Authoritarian Turn in Turkey”, Review of International Political Economy, 1–27.
  • Arsel, Murat, Bengi Akbulut and Fikret Adaman (2015), “Environmentalism of the malcontent: Anatomy of an Anti-coal Power Plant Struggle in Turkey”, The Journal of Peasant Studies, 42 (2): 371–395.
  • Avcı, Duygu, Fikret Adaman and Begüm Özkaynak (2010), “Valuation Languages in Environmental Conflicts: How Stakeholders Oppose or Support Gold Mining at Mount Ida, Turkey”, Ecological Economics, 70 (2): 228–238.
  • Aydın, Zülküf (2005), “The State, Civil Society, and Environmentalism”, Adaman, Fikret and Murat Arsel (Eds.), Environmentalism in Turkey: Between Democracy and Development? (London: Routledge): 53-69.
  • Boşnak, Büke (2016), “Europeanisation and De-Europeanisation Dynamics in Turkey: The Case of Environmental Organisations”, South European Society and Politics, 21 (1): 75–90.
  • Çarkoğlu, Ali (2017), “Environmental Concerns in Turkey: A Comparative Perspective”, Adaman, Fikret, Bengi Akbulut and Murat Arsel (Eds.), Neoliberal Turkey and Its Discontents: Economic Policy and the Environment Under Erdoğan (UK: I.B.Tauris): 147–174.
  • Çimrin, Fisun K. and Esin Candan (2014), “Siyanürlü Altın Madenciliği ve Toplumsal Değişme: Bergama Örneği”, Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17 (1): 1-41.
  • CNN Türk (2016), “Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan’dan Cerattepe Çıkışı: ‘Bunlar yavru Geziciler’”, https://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/cumhurbaskani-erdogandan-cerattepe-cikisi-bunlar-yavru-geziciler (15.12.2022).
  • Çoban, Aykut (2004), “Community-based Ecological Resistance: The Bergama Movement in Turkey”, Environmental Politics, 13 (2): 438–460.
  • Doğu, Burak (2017), “Environment as Politics: Framing the Cerattepe Protest in Twitter”, Environmental Communication, 13 (5): 1–16.
  • Durur, Nusret (2023), “Baraj sularının dayandığı ilçe, dönüşümle “hayalet şehir” oldu”, https://www.dha.com.tr/foto-galeri/baraj-sularinin-dayandigi-ilce-donusumle-hayalet-sehir-oldu-2218204 (14.04.2023)
  • Eminağaoğlu, Özgür (2015), Artvin’in Doğal Bitkileri (İstanbul: Promat Basım Yayım San. ve Tic. A.Ş.), https://openaccess.artvin.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/11494/1095 (23.11.2022).
  • Eminağaoğlu, Özgür and Rahim Anşin (2003), “The Flora of Hatila Valley National Park and its Close Environs (Artvin)”, Turkish Journal of Botany, 27 (1): 1-27.
  • Eminağaoğlu, Özgür and Rahim Anşin (2005), “The flora of Cerattepe, Meydanlar, Demirci, Gavur Creek and near Environment in Artvin”, Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 55 (2): 31-46.
  • Fielding, Kelly S., Rachel McDonald and Winnifred R. Louis (2008), “Theory of Planned Behaviour, Identity and Intentions to Engage in Environmental Activism”, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28 (4): 318–326.
  • Gümüş, Cantürk, Devlet Toksoy, Özgür Eminağaoğlu, Oğuz Kurdoğlu, Mehmet Özalp and Bülent Turgut (2013), “Artvin İli Cerattepe ve Genya Dağı Ormanlarında Planlanan Madencilik Faaliyetlerinin Doğal Kaynaklar Üzerine Etkileri Hakkında Rapor”, https://yesilartvindernegi.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/OrmanMuhendisleriOdasiMadencilikRaporu.pdf (12.11.2022).
  • İzci, Rana (2005), “The Impact of the European Union on Environmental Policy”, Adaman, Fikret and Murat Arsel (Eds.), Environmentalism in Turkey: Between Democracy and Development? (London: Routledge): 87-100.
  • Jepperson, Ronald L. (2000), “Institutional Logics: On the Constitutive Dimensions of the Modern Nation-State Polities (EUI Working Papers)”, (San Domenico, Italy: European University Institute), https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/1676/00_36.pdf (11.12.2022).
  • Kaçar, Muhammet and Adem Güngör (2016), “Artvin Cerattepe’de Gerginlik Arttı, Müdahale Yaşandı”, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/artvin-cerattepede-gerginlik-artti-mudahale-yasandi-40055326 (10.11.2022).
  • Kadirbeyoglu, Zeynep (2010), “In the Land of Ostriches: Developmentalism, Environmental Degradation, and Forced Migration in Turkey”, Afifi, Tamer and Jill Jäger (Eds.), Environment, Forced Migration and Social Vulnerability, (Berlin: Springer Heidelberg): 223-234.
  • Kadirbeyoğlu, Zeynep, Fikret Adaman, Begüm Özkaynak and Hande Paker (2017), “The Effectiveness of Environmental Civil Society Organizations: An Integrated Analysis of Organizational Characteristics and Contextual Factors”, VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 28 (4): 1717–1741.
  • Karadeniz, Turan, Bahtiyar Öztürk, S. Serkan Nas, Kemal Çelik, Enver Akaryalı, Hüseyin Ayaz and İbrahim Çavuşoğlu (2014), “Technical Expert’s Report on Cerattepe Case for the Rize Administrative Court”, https://yesilartvindernegi.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/CerattepeBilirkisiRaporu2.pdf (10.12.2022).
  • Knudsen, S. Ståle (2016), “Protests Against Energy Projects in Turkey: Environmental Activism Above Politics?”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 43 (3): 302–323.
  • Hamsici, Mahmut (2010), Dereler ve İsyanlar (1st Edition). İstanbul: NotaBene.
  • Ministry of Internal Affairs (2023), “Derneklerin Faaliyet Alanlarına Göre Dağılımı”, https://www.siviltoplum.gov.tr/derneklerin-faaliyet-alanlarina-gore-dagilimi (22.04.2023).
  • Özen, Şükrü and Hayriye Özen (2009), “Peasants Against MNCs and the State: The Role of the Bergama Struggle in the Institutional Construction of the Gold-Mining Field in Turkey”, Organization, 16 (4): 547–573.
  • Özkaynak, Begüm, Cem İskender Aydιn, Pınar Ertör-Akyazι and Irmak Ertör (2015), “The Gezi Park Resistance from an Environmental Justice and Social Metabolism Perspective”, Capitalism Nature Socialism, 26 (1): 99–114.
  • Özkaynak, Begüm, Ethemcan Turhan and C. İskender Aydın (2022), “The Politics of Energy in Turkey: Running Engines on Geopolitical, Discursive, and Coercive Power”, Tezcür, G. M. (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Turkish Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press): 224–248.
  • Özler, Ş. İlgü and Brian Obach (2018), “Polarization and the Environmental Movement in Turkey”, Journal of Civil Society, 14 (4): 311–327.
  • Paker, Hande (2017), “The ‘Politics of Serving’ and Neoliberal Developmentalism: The Megaprojects of the AKP as Tools of Hegemony Building”, Adaman, Fikret, Bengi Akbulut and Murat Arsel (Eds.), Neoliberal Turkey and Its Discontents: Economic Policy and the Environment Under Erdoğan (UK: I.B.Tauris): 103–119.
  • Paker, Hande, Fikret Adaman, Zeynep Kadirbeyoğlu and Begüm Özkaynak (2013), “Environmental Organisations in Turkey: Engaging the State and Capital”, Environmental Politics, 22 (5): 760–778.
  • Resmi Gazete (2017), Maden Yönetmeliği Karar Sayısı: 30187, 21.09.2017, https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/09/20170921-1.htm (26.12.2022).
  • SGuin, Chantal, Luc G. Pelletier and Jhon Hunsley (1998), “Toward a Model of Environmental Activism”, Environment and Behavior, 30 (5): 628–652.
  • Şaşmaz, Aytuğ, Alper H. Yagci and Daniel Ziblatt (2022), “How Voters Respond to Presidential Assaults on Checks and Balances: Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Turkey”, Comparative Political Studies, 55 (11): 1947–1980.
  • Tema Vakfı (2020), “Kaz Dağları Yöresi’nde Madencilik”, https://cdn-tema.mncdn.com/Uploads/Cms/kaz-daglari-raporu_3.pdf (27.12.2022).
  • Tema Vakfı (2021), “Artvin ve Çevresinde Madencilik”, https://cdn-tema.mncdn.com/Uploads/Cms/artvin-ve-cevresinde-madencilik_1.pdf (27.12.2022).
  • Tezcür, G. Murat, Rebecca Schiel and Bruce M. Wilson (2021), “The Effectiveness of Harnessing Human Rights: The Struggle over the Ilısu Dam in Turkey”, Development and Change, 52 (6): 1343–1369.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT), (2022), “Population and Housing Census, 2021”, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Population-and-Housing-Census-2021-45866 (09.01.2023).
  • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2023), “List of accredited organizations”, https://unep.org/civil-society-engagement/accreditation/list-accredited-organizations (11.4.2023).
  • Whitley, Richard (2005), “How National are Business Systems? The Role of States and Complementary Institutions in Standardizing Systems of Economic Coordination and Control at the National Level”, Glenn, Morgan vd. (Eds.), Changing Capitalisms? Internationalization, Institutional Change, and Systems of Economic Organization (New York: OUP Oxford): 190–231.
  • Wolf, M. J., J. W. Emerson, D. C. Esty, A. de Sherbinin and Z. A. Wending (2022), 2022 Environmental Performance Index (New Haven, CT: Yale Center for Environmental Law & Policy).
  • Yang, Xiuyun and Peter Ho (2018), “Conflict over Mining in Rural China: A Comprehensive Survey of Intentions and Strategies for Environmental Activism”, Sustainability, 10 (1669): 1-18.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Biliminde Çevre Politikası
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mesut Karakoç 0000-0002-4333-433X

Busra Soylemez-karakoc 0000-0002-2374-1253

Yayımlanma Tarihi 13 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Karakoç, M., & Soylemez-karakoc, B. (2023). A Struggle to Keep Environmental Protests Above Party Politics: The Cerattepe Case. Alternatif Politika, 15(2), 264-288. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.10
AMA Karakoç M, Soylemez-karakoc B. A Struggle to Keep Environmental Protests Above Party Politics: The Cerattepe Case. Altern. Polit. Haziran 2023;15(2):264-288. doi:10.53376/ap.2023.10
Chicago Karakoç, Mesut, ve Busra Soylemez-karakoc. “A Struggle to Keep Environmental Protests Above Party Politics: The Cerattepe Case”. Alternatif Politika 15, sy. 2 (Haziran 2023): 264-88. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.10.
EndNote Karakoç M, Soylemez-karakoc B (01 Haziran 2023) A Struggle to Keep Environmental Protests Above Party Politics: The Cerattepe Case. Alternatif Politika 15 2 264–288.
IEEE M. Karakoç ve B. Soylemez-karakoc, “A Struggle to Keep Environmental Protests Above Party Politics: The Cerattepe Case”, Altern. Polit., c. 15, sy. 2, ss. 264–288, 2023, doi: 10.53376/ap.2023.10.
ISNAD Karakoç, Mesut - Soylemez-karakoc, Busra. “A Struggle to Keep Environmental Protests Above Party Politics: The Cerattepe Case”. Alternatif Politika 15/2 (Haziran 2023), 264-288. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.10.
JAMA Karakoç M, Soylemez-karakoc B. A Struggle to Keep Environmental Protests Above Party Politics: The Cerattepe Case. Altern. Polit. 2023;15:264–288.
MLA Karakoç, Mesut ve Busra Soylemez-karakoc. “A Struggle to Keep Environmental Protests Above Party Politics: The Cerattepe Case”. Alternatif Politika, c. 15, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 264-88, doi:10.53376/ap.2023.10.
Vancouver Karakoç M, Soylemez-karakoc B. A Struggle to Keep Environmental Protests Above Party Politics: The Cerattepe Case. Altern. Polit. 2023;15(2):264-88.