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Situating the Russian Advocacy of Traditional Values in the Geopolitical Context

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 416 - 444, 19.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.16

Öz

As epitomized by the invasion of Ukraine, the lasting geopolitical power struggle between the West and the rising nations, including Russia, has been dragging the international system towards polarization again. Its epicenter lies in the contest over the meaning of modernity that becomes particularly evident in the antagonistic attitudes towards sexual rights. Linking sexual rights to modernity has been counteracted by the discourse on traditional values. This article aims to critically examine Russia’s advocacy of traditional values in the geopolitical context. Built on the tripartite of cultural authenticity, sovereignty, and anti-Westernism, the discourse of traditional values conveys the resistance to the imposition of liberal values regarding gender equality and sexual diversity as the constitutive parameters of modernity. The investigation extends beyond a simplistic unipolar or bipolar worldview and argues that Russia’s stance is not merely counter-hegemonic against the West but also serves its imperialist aims as evidenced by its invasion of Ukraine.

Kaynakça

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  • Beehner, Lionel and Thomas Sherlock (2022), “Putin Is Trying to Turn Ukraine into a Culture War”, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/09/09/putin-russia-ukraine-culture-war-conservative-values/ (19.06.2023).
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  • Brown, Wendy (1995), States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity (Princeton N.J: Princeton University Press).
  • Buyantueva, Radzhana (2022), “Cultural and geopolitical conflicts between the West and Russia: Western NGOs and LGBT activism”, Varia Connexe, 8: 148-167.
  • Chapnin, Sergey (2020), “The Rhetoric of Traditional Values in Contemporary Russia”, Stoeckl, Kristina and Dmitry Uzlaner (Eds.), Postsecular Conflicts (Innsbruck University Press): 128-137.
  • Doğangün, Huriye Gökten (2019), “Gender Climate in Authoritarian Politics: A Comparative Study of Russia and Turkey”, Politics and Gender, 16 (1): 258-284.
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  • Edenborg, Emil (2018), “Homophobia as Geopolitics: ‘Traditional Values’ and the Negotiation of Russia’s Place in the World”, Mulholland, J., N. Montagna and E. Sanders-McDonagh (Eds.), Gendering Nationalism: Intersections of Nation, Gender and Sexuality (London: Palgrave).
  • Edenborg, Emil (2021), “Anti-Gender Politics as Discourse Coalitions: Russia’s Domestic Violence and International Promotion of ‘Traditional Values’”, Problems of Post-Communism, 70 (2): 175-184.
  • Edenborg, Emil (2022), “Putin’s Anti-Gay War on Ukraine”, https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/putins-anti-gay-war-on-ukraine/ (11.06.2023).
  • Edenborg, Emil (2023), “‘Traditional values’ and the narrative of gay rights as modernity: Sexual politics beyond polarization”, Sexualities, 26 (1-2): 37–53.
  • Engström, Maria (2017), “Russia as ‘Katechon’: Neo-Conservatism and Foreign Policy”, Cucciolla, Riccardo Mario (Eds.), State and Political Discourse in Russia (Rome: Reset DOC): 131-145.
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Rusya’nın Geleneksel Değerler Savunuculuğunu Jeopolitik Bağlamda Konumlandırmak

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 416 - 444, 19.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.16

Öz

Ukrayna’nın işgalinin de gösterdiği gibi Batı ile Rusya’nın da dahil olduğu yükselen ülkeler arasında süregelen jeopolitik güç mücadelesi uluslararası sistemi yeniden kutupluluğa sürüklemektedir. Yakın zamandaki kutuplaşmanın merkez üssünde modernitenin anlamı üzerine verilen mücadele yer almakta ve bu mücadele özellikle cinsellik haklarına dair benimsenen zıt tutumlarda belirginleşmektedir. Modernitenin cinsellik hakları ile ilişkilendirilmesine geleneksel değerler söylemi ile karşı koyulmaktadır. Bu makale Rusya’nın geleneksel değerler savunuculuğunu jeopolitik bağlam içerisine yerleştirerek eleştirel bir bakış açısıyla ele almaya çalışmaktadır. Kültürel özgünlük, egemenlik ve Batı karşıtlığı sac ayağına dayanan geleneksel değerler modernitenin kurucu öğeleri olarak toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği ve cinsellik hakları gibi liberal değerlerin dayatılmasına karşı çıkışı temsil etmektedir. Makale tek kutuplu veya iki kutuplu bir dünya düzeni anlayışının ötesine geçerek Rusya’nın duruşunu sadece Batıya karşı bir hegemonik duruş olarak ele almamakta; Rusya’nın Ukrayna’yı işgalinin de gösterdiği üzere geleneksel değerler savunuculuğunun Rusya’nın emperyal amaçlarına da hizmet ettiği tartışılmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Adam, Barry (2020), “Political Economy, Sexuality, and Intimacy”, Bosia, Michael J., Sandra M. McEvoy and Momin Rahman (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Global LGBT and Sexual Diversity Politics (New York: Oxford University Press): 1-13.
  • Adam, Barry D., JanWillem Duyvendak and André Krouwel (eds.) (1999), The Global Emergence of Gay and Lesbian Politics: National Imprints of a Worldwide Movement (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press).
  • Agadjanian, Alexander (2017), “Tradition, morality and community: elaborating Orthodox identity in Putin’s Russia”, Religion, State and Society, 45 (1): 39-60.
  • Agius, Christine and Emil Edenborg (2019), “Gendered bordering practices in Swedish and Russian foreign and security policy”, Political Geography, 71: 56–66.
  • Ayoub, Phillip and David Paternotte (2020), “Europe and LGBT Rights: A Conflicted Relationship”, Bosia, Michael J., Sandra M. McEvoy and Momin Rahman (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Global LGBT and Sexual Diversity Politics (New York: Oxford University Press): 1-17.
  • Baranovsky, Vladimir (2000), “Russia: A Part of Europe or Apart from Europe?”, International Affairs, 76 (3): 443-458.
  • Barthélemy, Hélène (2018), “How the World Congress of Families Serves Russian Orthodox Political Interests”, https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2018/05/16/how-world-congress-families-serves-russian-orthodox-political-interests (19.06.2023).
  • Beehner, Lionel and Thomas Sherlock (2022), “Putin Is Trying to Turn Ukraine into a Culture War”, https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/09/09/putin-russia-ukraine-culture-war-conservative-values/ (19.06.2023).
  • Bosia, Michael J. (2014), “Strange Fruit: Homophobia, the State, and the Politics of LGBT Rights and Capabilities”, Journal of Human Rights, 13 (3): 256-273.
  • Brown, Wendy (1995), States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity (Princeton N.J: Princeton University Press).
  • Buyantueva, Radzhana (2022), “Cultural and geopolitical conflicts between the West and Russia: Western NGOs and LGBT activism”, Varia Connexe, 8: 148-167.
  • Chapnin, Sergey (2020), “The Rhetoric of Traditional Values in Contemporary Russia”, Stoeckl, Kristina and Dmitry Uzlaner (Eds.), Postsecular Conflicts (Innsbruck University Press): 128-137.
  • Doğangün, Huriye Gökten (2019), “Gender Climate in Authoritarian Politics: A Comparative Study of Russia and Turkey”, Politics and Gender, 16 (1): 258-284.
  • Edelman, Elijah Adiv (2020), “Gender Identity and Transgender Rights in Global Perspective”, Bosia, Michael J., Sandra M. McEvoy and Momin Rahman (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Global LGBT and Sexual Diversity Politics (New York: Oxford University Press): 1-15.
  • Edenborg, Emil (2018), “Homophobia as Geopolitics: ‘Traditional Values’ and the Negotiation of Russia’s Place in the World”, Mulholland, J., N. Montagna and E. Sanders-McDonagh (Eds.), Gendering Nationalism: Intersections of Nation, Gender and Sexuality (London: Palgrave).
  • Edenborg, Emil (2021), “Anti-Gender Politics as Discourse Coalitions: Russia’s Domestic Violence and International Promotion of ‘Traditional Values’”, Problems of Post-Communism, 70 (2): 175-184.
  • Edenborg, Emil (2022), “Putin’s Anti-Gay War on Ukraine”, https://www.bostonreview.net/articles/putins-anti-gay-war-on-ukraine/ (11.06.2023).
  • Edenborg, Emil (2023), “‘Traditional values’ and the narrative of gay rights as modernity: Sexual politics beyond polarization”, Sexualities, 26 (1-2): 37–53.
  • Engström, Maria (2017), “Russia as ‘Katechon’: Neo-Conservatism and Foreign Policy”, Cucciolla, Riccardo Mario (Eds.), State and Political Discourse in Russia (Rome: Reset DOC): 131-145.
  • Foxall, Andrew (2019), “From Evropa to Gayropa: A Critical Geopolitics of the European Union as Seen from Russia”, Geopolitics, 24 (1): 174-193.
  • Foucault, Michel (1978), The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction (Random House).
  • Gaufman, Elizaveta (2022), “Damsels in Distress: Fragile Masculinity in Digital War”, Media, War and Conflict, DOI: 10.1177/17506352221130271.
  • Götz, Elias and Jørgen Staun (2022), “Why Russia Attacked Ukraine: Strategic Culture and Radicalized Narratives”, Contemporary Security Policy, 43 (3), 482-497.
  • Gudkov, Lev, Natalia Zorkaya, Ekaterina Kochergina, Karina Pipiya and Alexandra Ryseva (2021), “Russia’s ‘Generation Z’: Attitudes and Values 2019/2020”, https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/moskau/16134.pdf (05.09.2023).
  • Healey, Dan (2017), Russian Homophobia from Stalin to Sochi (New York and London: Bloomsbury Publishing).
  • Houlbrook, Matt (2005), Queer London: Perils and Pleasures in the Sexual Metropolis, 1918–1957 (Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press).
  • Horvath, Robert (2011), “Putin's 'Preventive Counter-Revolution': Post-Soviet Authoritarianism and the Spectre of Velvet Revolution”, Europe-Asia Studies, 63 (1): 1-25.
  • Human Rights Watch (2018), “No Support: Russia’s ‘Gay Propaganda’ Law Imperils LGBT Youth”, https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/12/12/no-support/russias-gay-propaganda-law-imperils-lgbt-youth (15.06.2023).
  • Izvestia (2014), “The Ministry of Culture outlined the ‘Fundamentals of the state cultural policy’”, https://iz.ru/news/569016 (10.04.2014).
  • Kahlina, Katja (2015), “Local histories, European LGBT designs: Sexual citizenship, nationalism, and ‘Europeanisation’ in post-Yugoslav Croatia and Serbia”, Women's Studies International Forum, 49: 73–83
  • Korolczuk, Elzbieta and Agnieszka Graff (2018), “Gender as ‘Ebola from Brussels’: The Anticolonial Frame and the Rise of Illiberal Populism”, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 43 (4): 797-821.
  • Komsomolskaya, Pravda (2013), “Gay firewood in the fire of the Maidan”, https://www.kp.ru/daily/26168.4/3055033/ (11.05.2023).
  • Kondakov, Alexander Sasha (2022), Violent Affections: Queer Sexuality, Techniques of Power, and Law in Russia (United Kingdom: UCL Press).
  • Korolczuk, Elżbieta and Agnieszka Graff (2017), “‘Worse Than Communism and Nazism Put Together’: War on Gender in Poland”, Kuhar, Roman and David Paternotte (Eds.), Anti-gender Campaigns in Europe: mobilizing against equality (London and New York: Rowman and Littlefield International): 175-194.
  • Kuhar, Roman and David Paternotte (2017), “‘Gender Ideology” in Movement: Introduction”, Kuhar, Roman and David Paternotte (Eds.), Anti-gender Campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing Against Equality (London and New York: Rowman and Littlefield International): 1-22.
  • Laruelle, Marlene (2008), Russian Eurasianism: An Ideology of Empire (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press).
  • Laruelle, Marlene (2015), The “Russian World”, Russia’s Soft Power and Geopolitical Imagination (Washington: Center for Global Interests).
  • Laruelle, Marlene and Botakoz Kassymbekova (2022), The end of Russia’s imperial innocence, https://russiapost.info/politics/the_end_of_russias_imperial_innocence (25.05.2022)
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  • Orthodox Times (2022), “Patriarch of Moscow: Gay pride parades are to blame for the war in Ukraine”, https://orthodoxtimes.com/patriarch-of-moscow-gay-pride-parades-are-to-blame-for-the-war-in-ukraine (07.06.2023)
  • Østbø, Jardar (2017), “Securitizing ‘spiritual-moral values’ in Russia”, Post-Soviet Affairs, 33 (3): 200-216.
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  • Persson, Emil (2015), “Banning ‘Homosexual Propaganda’: Belonging and Visibility in Contemporary Russian Media”, Sexuality and Culture, 19: 256–274.
  • Puar, Jasbir (2013), “Homonationalism as Assemblage: Viral Travels, Affective Sexualities”, Jindal Global Law Review, 4 (2): 23–43.
  • Putin, Vladimir V. (2005a), “Interv’yu amerikanskomu telenanalu ‘Foks N’yus’”, http://kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/23178 (02.03.2023)
  • Putin, Vladimir V. (2005b), “Interv’yu “Radio Slovenksogo” i Slovatskoi telekompanii STV”, http://kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/22837 (02.03.2023)
  • Putin, Vladimir V. (2005c), “Zayavlenie dlya pressy i otvety na voprosy na sovmestnoi s Prezidentom SShA Dzordzhem Bushem press-konferentsii”, http://kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/22840 (02.03.2023)
  • Putin Vladimir V. (2008), “Text of Putin’s speech at NATO Summit”, https://www.unian.info/world/111033-text-of-putins-speech-at-natosummit-bucharest-april-2-2008.html (02.06.2023).
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  • Putin, Vladimir V. (2022b), “Signing of treaties on accession of Donetsk and Lugansk people's republics and Zaporozhye and Kherson regions to Russia”, http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/69465 (08.05.2023).
  • Rahman, Momin (2020), “What Makes LGBT Sexualities Political?: Understanding Oppression in Sociological, Historical, and Cultural Context”, Bosia, Michael J., Sandra M. McEvoy and Momin Rahman (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Global LGBT and Sexual Diversity Politics (New York: Oxford University Press): 1-16.
  • Reuters (2022), “Putin signs law expanding Russia's rules against ‘LGBT propaganda’”, https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putin-signs-law-expanding-russias-rules-against-lgbt-propaganda-2022-12-05/ (19.06.2023).
  • Riabov, Oleg and Tatyana Riabova (2014), “The decline of Gayropa? How Russia intends to save the world”, https://www.eurozine.com/the-decline-of-gayropa/ (02.06.2023).
  • Riabova, Tatyana and Oleg Riabov (2015), “‘Gayromaidan’: Gendered Aspects of the Hegemonic Russian Media Discourse on the Ukrainian Crisis”, Journal of Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, 1 (1): 83–109.
  • Russian National Security Council (2000), “Russia’s National Security Concept 2000”, https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2000-01/features/russias-national-security-concept (11.06.2023).
  • Russian National Security Council (2013), “The Foreign Policy Concept of the Russian Federation 2013”, https://www.voltairenet.org/article202037.html (06.05.2023).
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  • Sakwa, Richard (2008), “‘New Cold War’ or Twenty Years’ Crisis? Russia and International Politics”, International Affairs, 84 (2): 241–267.
  • Shevtsova, Maryna (2020), “Fighting “Gayropa”: Europeanization and Instrumentalization of LGBTI Rights in Ukrainian Public Debate”, Problems of Post-Communism, 67 (6): 500-510.
  • Shirinian, Tamar (2021), “The Illiberal East: The Gender and sexuality of the Imagined Geography of Eurasia in Armenia”, Gender, Place and Culture, 28 (7): 955-974.
  • Slootmaeckers, Koen (2019), “Nationalism as Competing Masculinities: Homophobia as a Technology of Othering for Hetero- and Homonationalism”, Theory and Society, 48: 239–265.
  • Slootmaeckers, Koen (2020), “Constructing European Union Identity through LGBT Equality Promotion: Crises and Shifting Othering Processes in the European Union Enlargement”, Political Studies Review, 18 (3): 346–361.
  • Slootmaeckers Koen, Heleen Touquet and Peter Vermeersch (2016), “Introduction: EU Enlargement and LGBT Rights—Beyond Symbolism?”, Slootmaeckers Koen, Heleen Touquet and Peter Vermeersch (Eds.), The EU Enlargement and Gay Politics the Impact of Eastern Enlargement on Rights, Activism and Prejudice (London: Palgrave Macmillan): 1-16.
  • Sirikupt, Chonlawit (2022), “Russia Now Says It Must ‘De-Satanize Ukraine’. What?”, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/11/17/russia-ukraine-war-satan-nazis/ (14.05.2023).
  • Stepanova, Elena (2015), “The Spiritual and Moral Foundation of Civilization in Every Nation for Thousands of Years’: The Traditional Values Discourse in Russia”, Politics, Religion and Ideology, 16 (2-3): 119-136.
  • Stoeckl, Kristina (2012), “The Human Rights Debate in the External Relations of the Russian Orthodox Church”, Religion, State and Society, 40 (2): 212-232.
  • Suchland, Jennifer (2018), “The LGBT Specter in Russia: Refusing Queerness, Claiming ‘Whiteness’”, Gender, Place and Culture, 25 (7): 1073-1088.
  • Sperling, Valerie (2015), Sex, Politics and Putin: Political Legitimacy in Russia (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
  • Suslov, Mikhail (2018), “‘Russian World’ Concept: Post-Soviet Geopolitical Ideology and the Logic of ‘Spheres of Influence’”, Geopolitics, 23 (2): 330-353.
  • Szabaciuk, Andrzej (2022), “Patriarch Kirill’s Holy War”, https://ies.lublin.pl/en/comments/patriarch-kirills-holy-war/ (19.06.2023).
  • The Guardian (2013), “Russia Passes Law Banning Gay ‘Propaganda’”, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/11/russia-law-banning-gay-propaganda (18.06.2023).
  • The Guardian (2023), “Vladimir Putin Signs Law Banning Gender Changes in Russia”, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/24/vladimir-putin-signs-law-banning-gender-changes-in-russia (24.07.2023).
  • The Moscow Times (2021), “Russia Labels Main LGBT Group ‘Foreign Agent’”, https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/11/08/russia-labels-main-lgbt-group-foreign-agent-a75507 (8.11.2021).
  • Trenin, Dmitri (2006), “Russia Leaves the West”, Foreign Affairs, 85 (4): 87-96.
  • Tsygankov, Andrei P. (2012), Russia and the West from Alexander to Putin: Honor in International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
  • Tsygankov, Andrei (2015), “Vladimir Putin's last stand: the sources of Russia's Ukraine policy”, Post-Soviet Affairs, 31 (4): 279-303.
  • Tsygankov, Andrei (2016), “Crafting the State-Civilization Vladimir Putin’s Turn to Distinct Values, Problems of Post-Communism”, 63 (3): 146-158.
  • Ukrainska Pravda (2022), “Putin issues decree to protect ‘traditional Russian values’”, https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2022/11/9/7375649/ (19.06.2023).
  • Verkhovskii, Aleksandr and Emil Pain (2015), “Civilizational Nationalism”, Russian Social Science Review, 56 (4): 2-36.
  • Weber, Cynthia (2016), Queer International Relations. Sovereignty, Sexuality and the Will to Knowledge (New York: Oxford University Press).
  • Wilkinson, Cai (2014), “Putting ‘Traditional Values’ into Practice: The Rise and Contestation of Anti-Homopropaganda Laws in Russia”, Journal of Human Rights, 13 (3): 363-379.
  • Wilkinson, Cai (2018), “Mother Russia in Queer Peril: The Gender Logic of the Hypermasculine State”, Parashar, Swati, J. Ann Tickner and Jacqui True (Eds.), Revisiting Gendered States: Feminist Imaginings of the State in International Relations (New York: Oxford University Press): 105-121.
  • Zaporozhchenko, Ruslan (2023), “The End of ‘Putin’s Empire?’ Ontological Problems of Russian Imperialism in the Context of the War against Ukraine”, Problems of Post-Communism, 1-12. DOI: 10.1080/10758216.2022.2158873.
Toplam 90 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Bölgesel Çalışmalar
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Gökten Doğangün 0000-0002-7541-9477

Yayımlanma Tarihi 19 Ekim 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Doğangün, G. (2023). Situating the Russian Advocacy of Traditional Values in the Geopolitical Context. Alternatif Politika, 15(3), 416-444. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.16
AMA Doğangün G. Situating the Russian Advocacy of Traditional Values in the Geopolitical Context. Altern. Polit. Ekim 2023;15(3):416-444. doi:10.53376/ap.2023.16
Chicago Doğangün, Gökten. “Situating the Russian Advocacy of Traditional Values in the Geopolitical Context”. Alternatif Politika 15, sy. 3 (Ekim 2023): 416-44. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.16.
EndNote Doğangün G (01 Ekim 2023) Situating the Russian Advocacy of Traditional Values in the Geopolitical Context. Alternatif Politika 15 3 416–444.
IEEE G. Doğangün, “Situating the Russian Advocacy of Traditional Values in the Geopolitical Context”, Altern. Polit., c. 15, sy. 3, ss. 416–444, 2023, doi: 10.53376/ap.2023.16.
ISNAD Doğangün, Gökten. “Situating the Russian Advocacy of Traditional Values in the Geopolitical Context”. Alternatif Politika 15/3 (Ekim 2023), 416-444. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2023.16.
JAMA Doğangün G. Situating the Russian Advocacy of Traditional Values in the Geopolitical Context. Altern. Polit. 2023;15:416–444.
MLA Doğangün, Gökten. “Situating the Russian Advocacy of Traditional Values in the Geopolitical Context”. Alternatif Politika, c. 15, sy. 3, 2023, ss. 416-44, doi:10.53376/ap.2023.16.
Vancouver Doğangün G. Situating the Russian Advocacy of Traditional Values in the Geopolitical Context. Altern. Polit. 2023;15(3):416-44.