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AFLATOXINS IN MILK AND DAIRY PRODUCTS: POSSIBLE RISKS

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 108 - 117, 31.12.2021

Büşra Demirer , Mehmet Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.53569/apjhls.1023523

Öz

Mycotoxins are toxic substances produced by some molds. Aflatoxins (AFs) are one of the most commonly known groups of mycotoxins. There are more than 20 known types of AF, but the most toxic is known as AF B1. They cause acute or chronic toxicosis when consumed by humans. Nuts, grains, fruits and vegetables, spices, milk and dairy products are food groups with a high risk of AF contamination. Milk and dairy products are the food group containing the most AF residues among animal tissues. It is essential to know the ways of AF contamination in milk and dairy products and to carry out prevention studies. In order to reduce the risk of AF toxicity in milk and dairy products, which is a food group that is especially consumed by children in developmental age, certain methods are being developed for AF degradation during milk processing. There are various physical, chemical and biological methods such as ozone, irradiation, adding sulphite, bisulfite and hydrogen peroxide, adding microorganisms, but it is important to determine the advantages and disadvantages for each. To reduce AF contamination in milk and dairy products; Good agricultural practices should be adopted in all stages from milk production to consumption, and official control and sanction mechanisms should be maintained in a healthy and effective way for this. For this purpose, in this study, it was aimed to evaluate AF contamination and possible risks in milk and dairy products.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aflatoxin Mycotoxin Milk and dairy products Health Contamination

Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Salam, A. M., Badr, A. N., Zaghloul, A. H., & Farrag, A. R. H. (2020). Functional yogurt aims to protect against the aflatoxin B1 toxicity in rats. Toxicology Reports, 7, 1412–1420.
  • Abdulrazzaq, Y. M., Osman, N., Yousif, Z. M., & Trad, O. (2004). Morbidity in neonates of mothers who have ingested aflatoxins. Ann Trop Paediatr, 24(2), 145‐151.
  • Abrar, M., Anjum, F. M., Butt, M. S., Pasha, I., Randhawa, M. A., Saeed, F., & Waqas, K. (2013). Aflatoxins: biosynthesis, occurrence, toxicity and remedies. Critical Review in Food Science, 53, 862-874.
  • Alberts, J. F., Gelderblom, W. C., Botha, A., & van Zyl, W. H. (2009). Degradation of aflatoxin B(1) by fungal laccase enzymes. Int J Food Microbiol, 135, 47–52.
  • Applebaum, R. S., & Marth, E. (1982). Fate of aflatoxin M1 in cottage cheese. Journal of Food Protection, 45, 903–904.
  • Arefin, S., Sarker, M. A. H., Islam, M. A., Harunur Rashid, M., & Islam, M. N. (2017). Islam Use of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) in raw cow's milk preservation. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 4 (4), 371-377.
  • Bbosa, G. S., Lubega, A., Kyegombe, D. B., Kitya, D., Ogwal-Okeng, J., & Anokbonggo, W. W. (2013). Review of the biological and health effects of aflatoxins on body organs and body systems. In M. Razzaghi-Abyaneh (Ed.) Aflatoxins - Recent Advances and Future Prospects (p: 239 266). Croatia: INTECH Open Access Publisher.
  • Becker-Algeri, T. A., Castagnaro, D., de Bortoli, K., de Souza, C., Drunkler, D. A., & Badiale-Furlong, E. (2016). Mycotoxins in Bovine Milk and Dairy Products: A Review. J Food Sci, 81, 544−552.
  • Bennett, J. W., & Klich, M. (2003). Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev, 16, 497–516.
  • Bhat, R., Rai, R.V., & Karim, A.A. (2010). Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Present Status and Future Concerns. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 9, 57–81. doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00094.x
  • Bryden, W. L. (2012). Mycotoxin contamination of the feed supply chain: Implications for animal productivity and feed security. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 173, 134-158.
  • Cavaliere, C., Foglia, P., Guarino, C., Marzioni, F., Nazzari, M., Samperi, R., & Lagana, A. (2006). Aflatoxin M1 determination in cheese by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1135(2), 135-141.
  • Chen, Y.C., Liao, C.D., Lin, H.Y., Chiueh, L.C., & Shih. D.Y.C. (2013). Survey of aflatoxin contamination in peanut products in Taiwan from 1997 to 2011. J Food Drug Anal, 21, 247-252.
  • Creppy, E. (2002). Update of survey, regulation and toxic effects of mycotoxins in Europe. Toxicology Letters, 127, 19-28.
  • da Luz, J. M., Nunes, M. D., Paes, S. A., Torres, D. P., Silva, M. D. C. S. & Kasuya. M. C. M. (2012). Lignocellulolytic enzyme production of Pleurotus ostreatus growth in agroindustrial wastes. Braz J Microbiol, 43, 1508-1515.
  • Delialioğlu, N., Otağ, F., Ocal, N. D., Aslan, G., & Emekda, G. (2010). Mersin ilinde ciğ ve market sütlerinde aflatoksin M1 düzeyinin araştirilmasi [Investigation of aflatoxin M1 levels in raw and market milks in Mersin Province, Turkey]. Mikrobiyol Bul, 44(1), 87-91.
  • Demirer, B. & Özdemir, M. (2021). Gıdalardaki Antibiyotik Kalıntıları. Academic Platform Journal of Halal Lifestyle, 3 (1), 17-25 .
  • Demirer, B. & Özdemir, M. (2021). Aflatoksinlerin Anne ve Çocuk Sağlığına Etkileri. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi, 22(5), 432-438 . doi: 10.18229/kocatepetip.751953.
  • Denning, D. W., Allen, R., Wilkinson, A. P., & Morgan, M. R. (1990). Transplacental transfer of aflatoxin in humans. Carcinogenesis, 11(6), 1033-1035.
  • Deveci, O., & Sezgin, E. (2005). Aflatoxin M1 levels of skim milk powders produced in Turkey. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 13(2), 139-142.
  • Devries, J., Trucksess, L. S., & Jackson (2002). Mycotoxins and Food Safety. http://www.cplbookshop.com/contents/C869.htm. Erişim tarihi: 25-11-2004.
  • Diekman, D. A., & Green, M. L. (1992). Mycotoxins and reproduction in domestic livestock. Journal of Animal Science, 70, 1615-1627.
  • Elkak, A., El Atat, O., Habib, J., & Abbas, M. (2012). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in cheese processed and marketed in Lebanon. Food Control, 25(1), 140–143.
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2004). Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/3/a y5499e.pdf.
  • Fallah, A. A. (2010). Assessment of aflatoxin M1 contamination in pasteurized and UHT milk marketed in central part of Iran. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48, 988–991.
  • Fallah, A. A., Jafari, T., Fallah, A., & Rahnama, M. (2009). Determination of aflatoxin M1 levels in Iranian white and cream cheese. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47, 1872-1875.
  • Fernandes, A. M., Corrêa, B., Rosim, R. E., Kobashigaw, E., & Oliveira, C. A. (2012). Distribution and stability of aflatoxin M1 during processing and storage of Minas Frescal cheese. Food Control, 24, 104–108.
  • Ferreira, H., Pittner, E., Sanches, H. F., & Monteiro, M. C. (2006). Aflatoxinas: um risco a saúde humana e animal. Ambiência - Revista do Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, 2, 113-127.
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SÜT VE SÜT ÜRÜNLERİNDE AFLATOKSİNLER: OLASI RİSKLER

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 108 - 117, 31.12.2021

Büşra Demirer , Mehmet Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.53569/apjhls.1023523

Öz

Mikotoksinler bazı küfler tarafından üretilen toksik maddelerdir. Aflatoksinler (AF’ler) en sık bilinen mikotoksin gruplarından biridir. Bilinen 20’den fazla AF türü bulunmaktadır ancak en toksik olanı AF B1 olarak bilinir. İnsanlar tarafından tüketildiklerinde akut ya da kronik toksikozlara neden olurlar. Kabuklu yemişler, tahıllar, meyve ve sebzeler, baharatlar süt ve süt ürünleri AF bulaşma riski yüksek olan gıda gruplarıdır. Süt ve süt ürünleri, hayvan dokuları arasında en fazla AF kalıntısı içeren gıda grubudur. Süt ve süt ürünlerinde AF kontaminasyon yollarının bilinmesi ve önleme çalışmalarının yapılması elzemdir. Özellikle gelişim çağındaki çocuklar tarafından da sık tüketilen bir gıda grubu olan süt ve süt ürünlerindeki AF toksisite riskini azaltmak amacıyla sütün işlenmesi sırasında AF degradasyonu için belirli yöntemler geliştirilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Ozon, ışınlama, sülfit, bisülfit ve hidrojen peroksit ekleme, mikroorganizma ekleme gibi çeşitli fiziksel, kimyasal, biyolojik yöntemler mevcuttur ancak her biri için avantaj ve dezavantajların saptanması önemlidir. Süt ve süt ürünlerindeki AF kontaminasyonunun azaltılması için; sütün üretiminden tüketimine kadar geçen aşamaların tümünde iyi tarım uygulamalarının benimsenmesi ve bunun için resmi kontrol ve yaptırım mekanizmalarının sağlıklı ve etkin bir şekilde sürdürülmesi gereklidir. Bu amaçla bu çalışmada süt ve süt ürünlerindeki AF kontaminasyonunun ve olası risklerin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aflatoksin Mikotoksin Süt ve süt ürünleri Sağlık Kontaminasyon

Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Salam, A. M., Badr, A. N., Zaghloul, A. H., & Farrag, A. R. H. (2020). Functional yogurt aims to protect against the aflatoxin B1 toxicity in rats. Toxicology Reports, 7, 1412–1420.
  • Abdulrazzaq, Y. M., Osman, N., Yousif, Z. M., & Trad, O. (2004). Morbidity in neonates of mothers who have ingested aflatoxins. Ann Trop Paediatr, 24(2), 145‐151.
  • Abrar, M., Anjum, F. M., Butt, M. S., Pasha, I., Randhawa, M. A., Saeed, F., & Waqas, K. (2013). Aflatoxins: biosynthesis, occurrence, toxicity and remedies. Critical Review in Food Science, 53, 862-874.
  • Alberts, J. F., Gelderblom, W. C., Botha, A., & van Zyl, W. H. (2009). Degradation of aflatoxin B(1) by fungal laccase enzymes. Int J Food Microbiol, 135, 47–52.
  • Applebaum, R. S., & Marth, E. (1982). Fate of aflatoxin M1 in cottage cheese. Journal of Food Protection, 45, 903–904.
  • Arefin, S., Sarker, M. A. H., Islam, M. A., Harunur Rashid, M., & Islam, M. N. (2017). Islam Use of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) in raw cow's milk preservation. Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research, 4 (4), 371-377.
  • Bbosa, G. S., Lubega, A., Kyegombe, D. B., Kitya, D., Ogwal-Okeng, J., & Anokbonggo, W. W. (2013). Review of the biological and health effects of aflatoxins on body organs and body systems. In M. Razzaghi-Abyaneh (Ed.) Aflatoxins - Recent Advances and Future Prospects (p: 239 266). Croatia: INTECH Open Access Publisher.
  • Becker-Algeri, T. A., Castagnaro, D., de Bortoli, K., de Souza, C., Drunkler, D. A., & Badiale-Furlong, E. (2016). Mycotoxins in Bovine Milk and Dairy Products: A Review. J Food Sci, 81, 544−552.
  • Bennett, J. W., & Klich, M. (2003). Mycotoxins. Clin Microbiol Rev, 16, 497–516.
  • Bhat, R., Rai, R.V., & Karim, A.A. (2010). Mycotoxins in Food and Feed: Present Status and Future Concerns. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 9, 57–81. doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00094.x
  • Bryden, W. L. (2012). Mycotoxin contamination of the feed supply chain: Implications for animal productivity and feed security. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 173, 134-158.
  • Cavaliere, C., Foglia, P., Guarino, C., Marzioni, F., Nazzari, M., Samperi, R., & Lagana, A. (2006). Aflatoxin M1 determination in cheese by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1135(2), 135-141.
  • Chen, Y.C., Liao, C.D., Lin, H.Y., Chiueh, L.C., & Shih. D.Y.C. (2013). Survey of aflatoxin contamination in peanut products in Taiwan from 1997 to 2011. J Food Drug Anal, 21, 247-252.
  • Creppy, E. (2002). Update of survey, regulation and toxic effects of mycotoxins in Europe. Toxicology Letters, 127, 19-28.
  • da Luz, J. M., Nunes, M. D., Paes, S. A., Torres, D. P., Silva, M. D. C. S. & Kasuya. M. C. M. (2012). Lignocellulolytic enzyme production of Pleurotus ostreatus growth in agroindustrial wastes. Braz J Microbiol, 43, 1508-1515.
  • Delialioğlu, N., Otağ, F., Ocal, N. D., Aslan, G., & Emekda, G. (2010). Mersin ilinde ciğ ve market sütlerinde aflatoksin M1 düzeyinin araştirilmasi [Investigation of aflatoxin M1 levels in raw and market milks in Mersin Province, Turkey]. Mikrobiyol Bul, 44(1), 87-91.
  • Demirer, B. & Özdemir, M. (2021). Gıdalardaki Antibiyotik Kalıntıları. Academic Platform Journal of Halal Lifestyle, 3 (1), 17-25 .
  • Demirer, B. & Özdemir, M. (2021). Aflatoksinlerin Anne ve Çocuk Sağlığına Etkileri. Kocatepe Tıp Dergisi, 22(5), 432-438 . doi: 10.18229/kocatepetip.751953.
  • Denning, D. W., Allen, R., Wilkinson, A. P., & Morgan, M. R. (1990). Transplacental transfer of aflatoxin in humans. Carcinogenesis, 11(6), 1033-1035.
  • Deveci, O., & Sezgin, E. (2005). Aflatoxin M1 levels of skim milk powders produced in Turkey. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 13(2), 139-142.
  • Devries, J., Trucksess, L. S., & Jackson (2002). Mycotoxins and Food Safety. http://www.cplbookshop.com/contents/C869.htm. Erişim tarihi: 25-11-2004.
  • Diekman, D. A., & Green, M. L. (1992). Mycotoxins and reproduction in domestic livestock. Journal of Animal Science, 70, 1615-1627.
  • Elkak, A., El Atat, O., Habib, J., & Abbas, M. (2012). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in cheese processed and marketed in Lebanon. Food Control, 25(1), 140–143.
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2004). Retrieved from: http://www.fao.org/3/a y5499e.pdf.
  • Fallah, A. A. (2010). Assessment of aflatoxin M1 contamination in pasteurized and UHT milk marketed in central part of Iran. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48, 988–991.
  • Fallah, A. A., Jafari, T., Fallah, A., & Rahnama, M. (2009). Determination of aflatoxin M1 levels in Iranian white and cream cheese. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47, 1872-1875.
  • Fernandes, A. M., Corrêa, B., Rosim, R. E., Kobashigaw, E., & Oliveira, C. A. (2012). Distribution and stability of aflatoxin M1 during processing and storage of Minas Frescal cheese. Food Control, 24, 104–108.
  • Ferreira, H., Pittner, E., Sanches, H. F., & Monteiro, M. C. (2006). Aflatoxinas: um risco a saúde humana e animal. Ambiência - Revista do Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, 2, 113-127.
  • Food Safety Commission of Japan (FSCJ) (2013). Aflatoxin M1 in Milk and AflatoxinB1 in Feeds (Rapor No: 526). Retrieved from http://www.fsc.go.jp/english/evaluationreports/nm_toxins/aflatoxin_m1_b1_fs526.pdf
  • Fouad, A. M., Ruan, D., El-Senousey, H. K., Chen, W., Jiang, S., & Zheng, C. (2019). Harmful Effects and Control Strategies of Aflatoxin B₁ Produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus Strains on Poultry: Review. Toxins (Basel), 11(3), 176. doi: 10.3390/toxins11030176.
  • Giovati, L., Magliani, W., Ciociola, T., Santinoli, C., Conti, S., & Polonelli, L. (2015). AFM₁ in Milk: Physical, Biological, and Prophylactic Methods to Mitigate Contamination. Toxins (Basel), 7(10), 4330-4349. doi:10.3390/toxins7104330
  • Gong, Y. Y., Watson, S., & Routledge, M. N. (2016). Aflatoxin Exposure and Associated Human Health Effects, a Review of Epidemiological Studies. Food Saf (Tokyo), 4(1), 14-27. doi:10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2015026.
  • Gowda, N. K., Swamy, S., & Mahajan, P. (2013). Recent advances for control, counteraction and amelioration of potential aflatoxins in animal feeds. In M. Razzaghi-Abyaneh (Ed.), Aflatoxins - Recent advances and future prospects (pp. 129– 140). New Delhi, India: InTech.
  • Guan, S., Ji, C., Zhou, T., Li, J., Ma, Q., & Niu, T. (2008). Aflatoxin B(1) degradation by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and other microbes selected using coumarin medium. Int J Mol Sci, 9,1489-1503.
  • Guchi, E. (2015). Implication of aflatoxin contamination in agricultural products. Am J Food Nutr, 3, 12-20.
  • Hassanpour, M., Rezaie, M. R., & Baghizadeh, A. (2019). Practical analysis of aflatoxin M1 reduction in pasteurized Milk using low dose gamma irradiation. J Environ Health Sci Eng, 17(2), 863-872. doi:10.1007/s40201-019-00403-9.
  • Henry, S., Whitaker, H., Rabbani, T., Bowers, I., Park, J., & Price, D. (2001). Aflatoxin M1. Ipcs ınchem, JECFA. 47, 201.
  • IARC. (2002). IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. In Traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, napthalene and styrene (Vol.82). Lyon: IARC Press.
  • Iqbal, S., Paterson, Z., Bhatti, M., & Asi, M. R. (2010). Survey of aflatoxins in chilies from Pakistan produced in rural, semi-rural and urban environments. Food Additive and Contaminants Part-B, 3(4), 268-274.
  • Ismail, A., Akhtar, S., Levin, R.E., Ismail, T., Riaz, M., & Amir, M. (2015). Aflatoxin M1: Prevalence and decontamination strategies in milk and milk products. Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 1–10. doi:10.3109/1040841x.2014.958051. Jay, J. (2005). Microbiologia de Alimentos. Porto Alegre, 12,12-26.
  • Kabak, B., & Var, I. (2008). Factors affecting the removal of aflatoxin M1 from food model by Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains. Journal of Environmental Science and Health –Part B, 43, 617–624.
  • Kamkar, A., Karim, G., Aliabadi, F. S., & Khaksar, R. (2008). Fate of aflatoxin M1 in Iranian white cheese processing. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46, 2236-2238.
  • Khaneghahi Abyaneh, H., Bahonar, A., Noori, N., Yazdanpanah, H., & Shojaee Aliabadi, M. H. (2019). Aflatoxin M1 in raw, pasteurized and UHT milk marketed in Iran. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill, 12(4), 236-244. doi: 10.1080/19393210.2019.1611666.
  • Khlangwiset, P., & Wu, F. (2010). Costs and efficacy of public health interventions to reduce aflatoxin-induced human disease. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess, 27(7), 998-1014. doi:10.1080/19440041003677475.
  • Kim, S., Lee, H., Lee, S., Lee, J., Ha, J., Choi, Y., Yoon, Y., & Choi, K. H. (2017). Invited review: Microbe-mediated aflatoxin decontamination of dairy products and feeds. J Dairy Sci, 100(2), 871-880. doi: 10.3168/jds.2016-11264.
  • Leong, Y. H., Latiff, A. A., Ahmad, N. I., & Rosma, A. (2012). Exposure measurement of aflatoxins and aflatoxin metabolites in human body fluids. A short review. Mycotoxin Research, 28, 79–87. doi:10.1007/s12550-012-0129-8
  • Mangipudy, R. S., & Mehendale, H. M. (2005). Aflatoxin. In P. Wexler (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Toxicology (2 ed., pp. 54-55). USA: Academic Press.
  • Marchese, S., Polo, A., Ariano, A., Velotto, S., Costantini, S., & Severino, L. (2018). Aflatoxin B1 and M1: Biological Properties and Their Involvement in Cancer Development. Toxins (Basel), 10(6), 214. doi: 10.3390/toxins10060214.
  • McGlynn, K. A., & London, W. T. (2005). Epidemiology and natural history of hepatocellular carcinoma. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 19(1), 3-23. doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2004.10.004.
  • Mohammadi, H., Mazloomi, S. M., Eskandari, M.H., Aminlari, M., & Niakousari, M. (2017) The Effect of Ozone on Aflatoxin M1, Oxidative Stability, Carotenoid Content and the Microbial Count of Milk. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 3 (6), 447-453, doi: 10.1080/01919512.2017.1329647
  • Prandini, A., Tansini, G., Sigolo, S., Filippi, L., Laporta, M., & Piva, G. (2009). On the occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47(5), 984–991.
  • Rahimirad, A., Maalekinejad, H., Ostadi, A., Yeganeh, S., & Fahimi, S. (2014). Aflatoxin M1 Concentration in Various Dairy Products: Evidence for Biologically Reduced Amount of AFM1 in Yoghurt. Iran J Public Health, 43(8), 1139-1144.
  • Rahmani, J., Alipour, S., Miri, A., Fakhri, Y., Riahi, S. M., Keramati, H., Moradi, M., Amanidaz, N., Pouya, R. H., Bahmani, Z., & Mousavi Khaneghah, A. (2018). The prevalence of aflatoxin M1 in milk of Middle East region: A systematic review, meta-analysis and probabilistic health risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol, 118, 653-666. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.016.
  • Rastogi, S., Dogra, R. K., Khanna, S. K., & Das, M. (2006). Skin tumorigenic potential of aflatoxin B1 in mice. Food Chem Toxicol, 44(5), 670-7. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.09.008.
  • Rushing, B. R., & Selim, M. I. (2018). Aflatoxin B1: A review on metabolism, toxicity, occurrence in food, occupational exposure, and detoxification methods. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 124, 81-100. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.047.
  • Scaglioni, P. T., Becker-Algeri, T., Drunkler, D., & Badiale-Furlong, E. (2014). Aflatoxin B1 and M1 in milk. Analytica Chimica Acta, 829, 68–74.
  • Scudamore, K. A. (2005). Mikotoksinler ve Gıda Zincirinde Kontrolleri. European Mycotoxin Seminar Series. 3, 19- 37.
  • Sert, D., & Mercan, E. (2021). Effects of ozone treatment to milk and whey concentrates on degradation of antibiotics and aflatoxin and physicochemical and microbiological characteristics. LWT, 144, 111226.
  • Seyrek, K. (2001). Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri’ne Bağlı Birliklerde Tüketilen Beyaz Peynirlerdeki Aflatoksin M1 Seviyesinin ELİZA (Enzyme-Linked _mmunosorbent Assay) Metodu ile Saptanması. Veteriner Hekimleri Derneği Dergisi. 12, 55-57.
  • Shan, Y. (2020). The Toxic Effects of Aflatoxin B1: An Update. doi:10.5772/intechopen.88775.
  • Stack, J., & Carlson, M. (2003). Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxins in corn, plant diseases, C 18, field crops. Lincoln: Historical Materials from University of Nebraska. 12, 43-48.
  • Sudakin, D. L. (2003). Dietary aflatoxin exposure and chemoprevention of cancer: a clinical review. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 41(2), 195-204. doi: 10.1081/clt-120019137.
  • Sweeney, M. J., & Dobson, A. D. (1998). Mycotoxin production by Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium species. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 43, 141-158.
  • Timbrell, J. A. (1989). Introduction to Toxicology. 18, 78-79.
  • Ulven, S., Kirkhus, M., Lamglait, B., Basu, A., Elind, S., Haider, E., & Pedersen, T. (2011). Metabolic effects of krill oil are essentially similar to those of fish oil but at lower dose of EPA and DHA, in healthy volunteers. Lipids, 46(1), 37-46.
  • Unusan, N. (2006). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in UHT milk in Turkey. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44(11), 1897-1900.
  • Van Eegmond, H. P. (1993). Aflatoxin M1: occurrence, toxicity, regulation. Mycotoxins in dairy products. In H. P. Van Egmond (Ed.) (p: 11-54). London: Publishers Elsevier Applied Science.
  • Van Egmond, H. P., Paulsch, W. E., Veringa, H. A, & Schuller PL (1977). The effect of occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47, 984–991.
  • Waliyar, F., Osiru, M., Ntare, B.R., Vijay Krishna Kumar, K., Sudini, H., Traore, A., & Diarra B. (2015). Post-harvest management of aflatoxin contamination in groundnut. World Mycotoxin J, 8, 245-252.
  • Wild, C. P., & Gong, Y. Y. (2010). Mycotoxins and human disease: a largely ignored global health issue. Carcinogenesis, 31, 71–82.
  • Williams, J. H., Phillips, T. D., Jolly, P. E., Stiles, J. K., Jolly, C. M., & Aggarwal, D. (2004). Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: a review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80(5), 1106- 1122.
  • Yousef, A. E., & Marth, E. H. (1989). Stability and degradation of Aflatoxin M1. In HP. Van Egmond (Ed.), Mycotoxin in dairy products (pp. 127-161). London and New York: Elsevier Applied Science.
  • Zaim, M. E. (2011). Impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 15(2), 129-144.
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Beslenme ve Diyetetik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Büşra Demirer 0000-0003-1945-0485

Mehmet Özdemir 0000-0002-9506-0131

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Kabul Tarihi 27 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Demirer, B., & Özdemir, M. (2021). SÜT VE SÜT ÜRÜNLERİNDE AFLATOKSİNLER: OLASI RİSKLER. Academic Platform Journal of Halal Lifestyle, 3(2), 108-117. https://doi.org/10.53569/apjhls.1023523
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