SIR SYED AHMAD KHAN’S RATIONAL APPROACH TO THE QUR’AN IN COLONIAL INDIA: A HISTORICAL AND HERMENEUTICAL ANALYSIS
Öz
This article examines Sir Syed Ahmad Khan’s (d. 1898) rational approach to the Qur’an within the political and intellectual conditions of colonial India. During the nineteenth century, Indian Muslims encountered unprecedented transformations caused by British rule, the decline of traditional Islamic institutions, and the rise of Western scientific knowledge. These factors produced a profound epistemological crisis that challenged inherited forms of religious interpretation. Sir Syed considered the survival of Muslim society dependent on a new understanding of Islam that could coexist with the scientific and philosophical foundations of the modern world. His Qur’anic interpretation emphasized the harmony between revelation and natural law, proposing that the Qur’an contains no statements contradictory to reason or science. Miracles, supernatural narratives, and unseen phenomena were reinterpreted according to rational explanations. This naturalistic hermeneutic distinguished Sir Syed from earlier exegetes and created space for a modern understanding of revelation grounded in empirical knowledge. However, his reformist project was strongly criticized by traditional scholars who claimed that his rationalism undermined the supernatural dimension of the Qur’an and weakened classical theological doctrines. The article analyzes Sir Syed’s hermeneutical method through four principal dimensions: the historical background of colonial India, the epistemological principles underlying his approach, his interpretation of miracles, and his intellectual legacy in modern Islamic thought in South Asia. By situating Sir Syed within the broader history of Qur’anic exegesis, the study shows how his rationalist perspective shaped debates on Islam and modernity, science and revelation. It also highlights the close relationship between his exegetical project and his educational reforms centered on Aligarh, demonstrating how Qur’anic interpretation functioned as a basis for Muslim intellectual and cultural renewal under colonial rule.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Al-Bāqillānī, Muḥammad ibn Ṭayyib. Iʿjāz al-Qurʾān. Cairo: al-Matbaʿa al-Amīriyya, 1957.
- al-Ṭabarī, Muḥammad ibn Jarīr. Jāmiʿ al-Bayān. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1408/1988.
- Azad, Abul Kalam. Tarjumān al-Qur’ān. 3 vols. Delhi: Kitabistan, 1945.
- Ayoub, Mahmoud M. The Qurʾan and Its Interpreters. Albany: SUNY Press, 1984.
- Eaton, Richard M. The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
- Hourani, Albert. Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
- Khan, Sir Syed Ahmad. Essays on the Life of Muhammad. Aligarh: Scientific Society, 1870.
- Khan, Sir Syed Ahmad. Tafsīr al-Qur’ān wa huwa al-Hudā wa al-Furqān. Lahore: Majlis-i Taraqqī-i Adab, 1960.
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
Tefsir
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yayımlanma Tarihi
30 Nisan 2026
Gönderilme Tarihi
10 Aralık 2025
Kabul Tarihi
4 Şubat 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2026 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1