Öz

Turkish carpets have had an important place in the West for centuries. Even though the first information regarding the export of Turkish carpets to Northern and Western Europe dates back to XIth century, it can be said that the exact and clear evidence of this export and its effects on these societies dates after 1453. Vetenian merchants played a major role in the familiarization of Turkish carpets to Europe. In the Middle Ages in Great Britain the carpets were laid in front of the altar in churches during the ceremonies or on festive days. Until the mid XVIIth century, the floors were made of stone, tile, wood planks or beaten earth in royal, aristocratic or burgher houses. They were covered with layers of straw, rush, or various grasses, to lay carpets on the floor was not a tradition. In the XVth century, only royal families and aristocratic families could afford to buy Turkish carpets. In this century, carpets were sold for much higher prices than any other Oriental goods and some works of art. Turkish carpets were displayed as status symbols in European palaces, churches and aristocratic houses. Turkish and other oriental carpets were depicted in European paintings. These carpets can be seen in religious paintings and then in the portraits of wealthy people. In this study, a group of paintings in The National Gallery-London, dated between XVth-XVIIth century were examined. The common feature of these paintings is that they are examples emphasizing how valuable and important Turkish carpets were for Europe at that time. Selected works are by Carlo Crivelli, Master of Saint Giles, David Ghirlandaio, Quinten Massys, Young Hans Holbein and Lorenzo Lotto.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• European painting
• National Gallery London
• Turkish Carpets
• Hans Holbein the Younger

AVRUPA RESMİNDE STATÜ SEMBOLÜ OLARAK TÜRK HALILARI: LONDRA ULUSAL GALERİ ÖRNEĞİ

Öz

Türk halıları Batı dünyasında yüzyıllar boyunca önemli bir yere sahip olmuştur. Türk halılarının Kuzey ve Batı Avrupa’ya ihracatıyla ilgili ilk bilgiler XI. yüzyıla ait olsa da bu halıların Avrupa ülkelerine yayılması ve bu toplumlar üstündeki etkisi konusunda kesin ve net bilgilerin 1453 yılından sonraki tarihlere rastladığı söylenebilir. Türk halılarının Avrupa’ya girişinde Venedikli tüccarlar büyük rol oynamıştır. Orta Çağ’da İngiltere’de halıların özel günlerde kiliselerde altarın önüne serildiği bilinmektedir. XVII. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar İngiliz saraylarında, aristokrat evlerinde ve diğer konutlarda zeminler taş, ahşap, karo ya da topraktır. Zeminler saman, çeşitli bitkiler veya çimen yayılarak örtülmüş, üzerlerine yer yaygısı serme gibi bir gelenekleri olmamıştır. XV. yüzyılda Türk halılarını satın almaya sadece kraliyet ailelerinin ve aristokrat ailelerin gücü yetmiştir. Bu yüzyılda halılar, diğer Doğu mallarından ve bazı sanat eserlerinden çok daha yüksek fiyata satılmıştır. Türk halıları Avrupa saraylarında, kiliselerde ve aristokrat evlerinde bir statü simgesi olarak teşhir edilmiştir. Türk ve Doğu halılarının Avrupa resim sanatına ait örneklerde de resmedildiği görülmektedir. Halılar ilk önceleri dini konulu resimlerde daha sonra varlıklı kişilerin portrelerinde resmedilmiştir. Bu çalışmada Londra Ulusal Galeri’de XV-XVII. yüzyıllar arasında tarihlendirilmiş bir grup tablo incelenmiştir. Tabloların ortak özelliği o dönemlerde Avrupa için Türk halılarının ne kadar değerli ve önemli olduğunu vurgulayan örnekler olmasıdır. Seçilen eserler Carlo Crivelli, Master of Saint Giles, David Ghirlandaio, Quinten Massys, Genç Hans Holbein ve Lorenzo Lotto tarafından yapılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Avrupa resmi
• Londra Ulusal Galeri
• Türk Halıları
• Carlo Crivelli
• Davide Ghirlandaio
• Quinten Massys
• Genç Hans Holbein
• Lorenzo Lotto.

Kaynakça

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