Çocuk Diş Hekimliği Alanında Propolis Kullanımı

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 10 - 23, 29.04.2023

Özge Bektaş

Öz

Propolis antiinflamatuar, antibakteriyel, antiviral ve antifungal özellikleri nedeniyle tıp alanında yapılan çalışmalarda araştırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı propolisin klinik etkilerini inceleyerek propolis ile ilgili güncel literatürde çocuk diş hekimliği alanında yapılan araştırmaların gözden geçirilmesidir. Bu çalışmada propolisin çocuk diş hekimliğinde klinik etkileri ve kullanım alanlarının değerlendrilmesi için literatür taraması yapılmıştır. PubMed, Google Scholar, SpingerLink, Elsevier ScienceDirect, Wiley Interscience gibi elektronik veri tabanlarında indekslenen makalelere “propolis”, “oral health”, “pediatric dentistry” anahtar kelimeleri kullanılarak erişim sağlanmış ve değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Literatür çalışmaları incelendiğinde propolisin antibakteriyel, antiviral, antifungal özellikleri sayesinde ağız mukozasınındaki aftların, ülserlerin iyileşmesinde ve cerrahi sonrası doku tamirinde, diş eti sağlığının korunması ve periodontal hastalığın tedavisinde, diş çürüğünün ve ağız kokusunun önlenmesinde rolü bulunmaktadır. Propolisin dentin hipersensitivitesinin tedavisinde etkili olduğu, pulpa kaplamasında dentin köprüsü oluşumunu destekleyerek başarıyı artırdığı düşünülmektedir. Avülse dişin replantasyonuna kadar geçen sürede propolisin taşıma solüsyonu olarak kullanılmasının periodontal hücrelerin canlılığının korunmasında etkili olduğu gösterilmiştir. Literatürdeki çalışmalar incelendiğinde, propolisin çocuk diş hekimliğinde kullanılabilecek doğal bir alternatif olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Ancak propolisle ilgili araştırmaların çoğu in vitro çalışmalara veya hayvan çalışmalarına dayanmaktadır. Bu doğal içeriğin biyolojik etkilerinden en iyi şekilde yararlanmak için insan klinik çalışmaları gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ağız sağlığı, Çocuk diş hekimliği, Propolis

Use of Propolis in Pediatric Dentistry

Öz

Propolis is being researched in medical studies due to its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties. The aim of this study is to examine the clinical effects of propolis and to review the researches in the field of pediatric dentistry in the current literature about propolis. In this study, a literature review was conducted to evaluate the clinical effects and uses of propolis in pediatric dentistry. Articles indexed in electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, SpingerLink, Elsevier ScienceDirect, Wiley Interscience were accessed using the keywords "propolis", "oral health", "pediatric dentistry" and evaluated. When the literature studies are examined, thanks to its antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal properties, propolis has a role in the healing of aphthae and ulcers in the oral mucosa and tissue repair after surgery, the protection of gingival health and the treatment of periodontal disease, the prevention of tooth decay and bad breath. It is thought that propolis is effective in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity and increases success by supporting the formation of dentin bridges in the pulp capping. It has been shown that the use of propolis as a transport media during the period until the replantation of the avulsed tooth is effective in maintaining the viability of periodontal cells. When the studies in the literature are examined, it is thought that propolis may be a natural alternative that can be used in pediatric dentistry. However, most of the research on propolis is based on in vitro studies or animal studies. Human clinical studies are required to make the most of the biological effects of this natural ingredient.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Oral health, Pediatric dentistry, Propolis

Kaynakça

• Ahangari, Z., Alborzi, S., Yadegari, Z., Dehghani, F., Ahangari, L. and Naseri, M. (2013). The effect of propolis as a biological storage media on periodontal ligament cell survival in an avulsed tooth: an in vitro study. Cell Journal, 15(3), 244-9.
• Ahangari, Z., Banihashem, S., Namjou, S. & Eftekhar, L. (2021). Effect of Propolis Application in Root Canal Therapy for Decontamination; Reversible or Irreversible Coronal Discoloration? Journal of Dental Materials and Techniques, 10(2), 102-107.
• Ahangari, Z., Naseri, M., Jalili, M., Mansouri, Y., Mashhadiabbas, F. & Torkaman, A. (2012). Effect of propolis on dentin regeneration and the potential role of dental pulp stem cell in Guinea pigs. Cell Journal (Yakhteh), 13(4), 223.
• Ahuja, A. & Ahuja, V. (2010). Apitherapy-A sweet approach to dental diseases-Part I: honey. Journal of Advanced Dental Research, 1(1), 81-86.
• Ahuja, V. & Ahuja, A. (2011). Apitherapy - A sweet approach to dental diseases. Part II: propolis. Journal of Advanced Oral Research, 2(2), 1-8.
• Al-Molla, B. (2007). The effects of the Iraqi propolis on the artificial bony defects on the rabbit's randible. Msc thesis, collage of Dentistry. Univ Baghdad.
• Almas, K., Mahmoud, A. and Dahlan A. (2001). A comparative study of Propolis and saline application on human dentin. A SEM Study. Indian Journal of Dental Research, 12, 21-27.
• Altan, B.A., Kara, I.M., Nalcaci, R., Ozan, F., Erdogan, S.M., Ozkut, M.M. & Inan, S. (2013). Systemic propolis stimulates new bone formation at the expanded suture: a histomorphometric study. The Angle Orthodontist, 83(2), 286-291.
• Al-Qathami, H. and Al-Madi, E (2003). Comparison of sodium hypochlorite, propolis and salineas root canal irrigants: A pilot study. Saudi Dental J., 5: 100-102.
• Andreasen, J.O. & Kristerson, L. (1981). The effect of limited drying or removal of the periodontal ligament: periodontal healing after replantation of mature permanent incisors in monkeys. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 39(1), 1-13.
• Ara, S.A., Ashraf, S., Arora, V. & Rampure, P. (2013). Use of apitherapy as a novel practice in the management of oral diseases: A review of literature. J. Contemp. Dent, 3, 25-31.
• Atanasovska, S.A., Popovska, M., Muratovska, I., Mitici K., Stefanovska, E. & Radojkova, N.V. (2014). Therapeutic effect of proaftol in treatment of recurrent aphtous stomatitis. Pril (Makedon Akad Nauk Umet Odd Med Nauki), 35(3), 195-202.
• Awawdeh, L, Al-Beitawi, M, Hammad, M (2009). Effectiveness of propolis and calcium hydroxide as a short-term intracanal medicament against Enterococcus faecalis: a laboratory study. Aust. Endod. J., 35: 52-58.
• Aydın, E., Hepokur, C., Mısır, S., Yeler, H. (2018). Effects of propolis on oxidative stress in rabbits undergoing implant surgery. Cumhuriyet Dental Journal, 21(2), 136-144.
• Bereket, C., Özan, F., Sener, I., Tek M., Altunkaynak, B.Z., Semirgin, S.U. and Özdemir, M. (2014). Propolis accelerates the consolidation phase in distraction osteogenesis. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 25(5), 1912-1916.
• Bin-Shuwaish, M.S. (2016). Effects and effectiveness of cavity disinfectants in operative dentistry: a literature review. Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice, 17(10), 867-79.
• Brailo, V., Alajbeg, I., Boras, V.V. & Budimir, J. (2012). Allergic contact cheilitis and perioral dermatitis caused by propolis: case report. Acta Dermatovenerologica Croatica, 20(3),187-190.
• Bunney, M. H. (1968). Contact dermatitis in beekeepees due to propolis (bee glue). British journal of dermatology, 80(1),17-23.
• Burdock, G.A. (1998). Review of the biological properties and toxicity of bee propolis (propolis). Food and Chemical Toxicology, 36(4), 347-363.
• Callejo, A., Armentia, A., Lombardero, M., & Asensio, T. (2001). Propolis, a new bee-related allergen. Allergy, 56(6), 579.
• Chai, L., Ang, E., Pavlos, N., Yip, K., Steer, J., Joyce, D. & Xu, J. (2005). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, a natural component of honey bee propolis induce osteoclast apoptosis and attenuates osteo-clastogenesis via the suppression of rankl-induced NF-KB and NFAT activity. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 221(3), 642-9.
• Chandna, P., Adlakha, V.K., Das, S. & Singh, S. (2014). Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM): a review of propolis in dentistry. American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics, 2(6), 670-685.
• Cuzzolin, L., Zaffani, S. & Benoni, G. (2006). Safety implications regarding use of phytomedicines. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 62, 37-42.
• de Almeida, Neves, A., Coutinho, E., Vivan, C.M., Lambrechts, P. & Van Meerbeek B. (2011). Current concepts and techniques for caries excavation and adhesion to residual dentin. Journal of Adhesive Dentistry, 13(1), 7-22.
• de Faveri, M., Pupio, G.C., Koo, H., Bueno-Silva, B., de Oliveira, K.M., Figueiredo, L.C. & Fujimaki, M. (2022). The effect of Brazilian propolis type-3 against oral microbiota and volatile sulfur compounds in subjects with morning breath malodor. Clinical Oral Investigations, 26(2), 1531-1541.
• Porto, I.C.C.M., Almeida, D.C.C., Costa, Gabriela, V.C.O., Donato, S.T.S , Nunes, L.M., Nascimento, T.G., Oliveira, J.M.D.S., Silva, C.B., Santos, N.B.D., Leite, M.L.A.S., Basílio-Júnior, I.D., Dornelas, C.B., Escodro, P.B., Fonseca, E.J.S., Kamiya, R.U. (2018). Mechanical and aesthetics compatibility of Brazilian red propolis micellar nanocomposite as a cavity cleaning agent. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 18(1), 1-17.
• Duailibe, S.A.D.C., Gonçalves A.G. & Ahid F.J.M. (2007). Effect of a propolis extract on Streptococcus mutans counts in vivo. Journal of Applied Oral Science, 15(5), 420-423.
• Duarte, S., Rosalen, P. L., Hayacibara, M.F., Cury, J.A., Bowen, W.H., Marquis, R.E. & Koo, H. (2006). The influence of a novel propolis on mutans streptococci biofilms and caries development in rats. Archives of Oral Biology, 51(1), 15-22.
• El-Allaky, H.S., Wahba, N.A., Talaat, D.M. & Zakaria, A S. (2020). Evaluation of antimicrobial effect of two propolis formulae on streptococcus mutans and candida albicans: a randomized clinical trial. Alexandria Dental Journal, 45(2), 99-103.
• El‐Sharkawy, H.M., Anees, M.M., Van Dyke, T.E. (2016). Propolis improves periodontal status and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of periodontology, 87(12), 1418-1426.
• Elghazouly, Y.M., Sharaf, A., Hanafy, S. & El Habashy, L.M. (2021). Assesment of microleakage and microhardness of glass iınomer cement containing propolis: in vitro study. Alexandria Dental Journal, 46(2), 172-177.
• Estrela, C., Holland, R. (2003). Calcium hydroxide: study based on scientific evidences. J Appl Oral Sci, 11, 269-82.
• Faour, E., Laflouf, M., Manadili, A. & ALSaleh, A. (2021). A laboratory study to knowledge the effectiveness of propolis paste (as a direct pulp capping material) against the germs of dental caries. Journal of Hama University, 4(8), 77-89.‎
• Fernández, S.G., Luaces, E.L., Madoz, S.E., Alemán, E.A., Apiñániz, M.A. & Purroy, A.I.T. (2004). Allergic contact stomatitis due to therapeutic propolis. Contact Dermatitis, 50(5), 321-321.
• Franca, J.R., De Luca, M.P., Ribeiro, T.G., Castilho, R.O., Moreira, A.N., Santos, V.R. & Faraco, A.A. (2014). Propolis-based chitosan varnish: drug delivery, controlled release and antimicrobial activity against oral pathogen bacteria. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 14(1), 1-11.
• Gulinelli, J.L., Panzarini, S.R., Fattah, C.M., Poi, W.R., Sonoda, C.K., Negri, M.R., Saito, C.T. (2008). Effect of root surface treatment with propolis and fluoride in delayed tooth replantation in rats. Dental Traumatology, 24(6), 651-7.
• Handayani, B., Margaretha, M.S.A., Ridwan, R.D. & Aljunaid, M. (2021). The Effect of Apis mellifera Propolis on RUNX-2 and ALP during Remodeling of Orthodontic Tooth movement. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 14(5), 2363-2366.
• Hasnamudhia, F., Bachtiar, E.W., Sahlan, M. & Soekanto, S. A. (2017). The effect of CPP-ACP-propolis chewing gum on calcium and phosphate ion release on caries-active subjects’ saliva and the formation of streptococcus mutans biofilm. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 884,1, 012137.
• Hatunoğlu, E., Öztürk, F., Bilenler, T., Aksakallı, S. & Şimşek, N. (2014). Antibacterial and mechanical properties of propolis added to glass ionomer cement. The Angle Orthodontist, 84(2), 368-373.
• Hay, K.D. and Greig, D.E. (1990). Propolis allergy: a cause of oral mucositis with ulceration. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, 70(5), 584-586.
• Horiuchi, Y. (2001). Propolis-induced erythroderma. Journal of dermatology, 28(10), 580-581.
• Hsu, C.Y., Chiang, W.C., Weng, T.I., Chen, W.J., & Yuan, A. (2004). Laryngeal edema and anaphalactic shock after topical propolis use for acute pharyngitis. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 22(5), 432-433.
• Iswanto, H., Kuswandari, S. & Mahendra, P.K.W. (2016). Pengaruh aplikasi topikal propolis 10% terhadap penyembuhan luka pasca pencabutan gigi desidui persistensi. Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi, 7(2), 80-85.
• Khinda, V.I., Kaur, G., Brar, G.S., Kallar, S. & Khurana H. (2017). Clinical and practical implications of storage media used for tooth avulsion. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 10(2), 158-65.
• Khurshid, Z., Naseem, M., Zafar, M.S., Najeeb, S. & Zohaib, S. (2017). Propolis: A natural biomaterial for dental and oral healthcare. Journal of Dental Research Dental Clinics Dental Prospects, 11(4), 265-74.
• Kim, J.H., Kim, S.Y., Woo, S.M., Jeong, H.N., Jung, J.Y., Kim, S.M. & Lim, H.S. (2019). Combination of mineral trioxide aggregate and propolis promotes odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells through ERK signaling pathway. Food Science and Biotechnology, 28, 1801-1809.
• Komericki, P., Kränke, B. (2009). Maculopapular exanthem from propolis: case report and review of systemic cutaneous and non-cutaneous reactions. Contact Dermatitis, 61(6), 353-355.
• Koo, H., Rosalen, P. L., Cury, J. A., Park, Y. K., & Bowen, W. H. (2002). Effects of compounds found in propolis on Streptococcus mutans growth and on glucosyltransferase activity. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 46(5), 1302-1309.
• Koo, H., Pearson, S.K., Scott‐Anne, K., Abranches, J., Cury, J.A., Rosalen, P.L. & Bowen ,W.H. (2002). Effects of apigenin and tt‐farnesol on glucosyltransferase activity, biofilm viability and caries development in rats. Oral Microbiology and Immunology, 17(6), 337-343.
• Kripal, K., Chandrasekaran, K., Chandrasekaran, S., Kumar V.R., Chavan, S.K.D. & Dileep, A. (2019). Treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity using propolis varnish: A scanning electron microscope study. Indian Journal of Dental Research, 30(2), 249-53.
• Krishna, K., Manjunath, S., Shivanagendra, S., Devendra, K.S. & Soma Shekar S. (2019). Health from the hive: 5% propolis mouth wash as an adjunct in the treatment of chronic generalized gingivitis-a randomized controlled clinical trial. Dentistry, 9(533), 2161-1122.
• Kusum, B., Rakesh, K. & Richa, K. (2015). Clinical and radiographical evaluation of mineral trioxide aggregate, biodentine and propolis as pulpotomy medicaments in primary teeth. Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, 40(4), 276-285.
• Lillygrace, E., Kethineni, B, Puppala, R., Raichurkar, H.K., Ambati, S. & Saikiran, K.V. (2021). Antimicrobial efficacy of triple antibiotic paste and propolis as an intracanal medicament in young permanent teeth: an in vivo study. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 14(2), 243-48.
• Li, Y.J., Lin, J.L., Yang, C.W. & Yu, C.C. (2005). Acute renal failure induced by a Brazilian variety of propolis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 46(6), 125-129.
• Li, Y.C., Kuan, Y.H., Lee, S.S., Huang, F.M. & Chang, Y.C. (2014). Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of chlorhexidine on macrophages in vitro. Environmental Toxicology, 29(4), 452-458.
• Lin, W.C., Tseng, Y.T., Chang, Y.L., Lee, Y.C. (2007). Pulmonary tumour with high carcinoembryonic antigen titre caused by chronic propolis aspiration. European Respiratory Journal, 30(6), 1227-1230.
• Lopes-Rocha, R., Miranda, J.L., Lima, N.L., Ferreira, F.O., Santos, A.S., Verli, F.D. & Marinho, S.A. (2012). Effect of topical propolis and dexamethasone on the healing of oral surgical wounds. Wound Healing Southern Africa, 5(1), 25-30.
• Magro-Filho, O. & de Carvalho, A.C.P. (1994). Topical Effect of Propolis in the Repair of Sulcoplasties by the Modified Kazanjian Technique Cytological and Clinical Evaluation. The Journal of Nihon University School of Dentistry, 36(2), 102-111.
• Mahmoud, R., Bardissy, A., Abdelgawad, F. & Samad, A.E. (2021). Postoperative pain evaluation of mineral trioxide aggregate and propolis after pulpotomy in carious primary molars: a randomized controlled trial. Egyptian Dental Journal, 67(2), 967-976.
• Mahmoud, A.S., Almas, K. and Dahlan, A.A. (1999). The effect of Propolis on dentinal hypersensitivity and level of satisfaction among patients from a university hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Indian Journal of Dental Research, 10: 130-137.
• Malhotra, S. & Gupta, V.K. (2014). Use of propolis in pediatric dentistry. Journal of dental and allied sciences, 3(2), 93-8.
• Marcucci, M.C. (1995). Propolis: chemical composition, biological properties and therapeutic activity. Apidologie, 26(2), 83-99.
• Martin, M.P., Pileggi, R. (2004). A quantitative analysis of Propolis: a promising new storage media following avulsion. Dental Traumatology, 20(2), 85-9.
• Mattigatti, S., Ratnakar, P., Moturi, S., Varma, S. & Rairam, S. (2012). Antimicrobial effect of conventional root canal medicaments vs propolis against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice, 13(3), 305-9.
• Milot, B. (2006). Effects of soy isoflavone supplementation on bone mineral density. Herb Clip, 63-68.
• Mohan, P.U., Uloopi, K.S., Vinay, C. & Rao, R.C. (2016). In vivo comparison of cavity disinfection efficacy with APF gel, propolis, diode laser, and 2% chlorhexidine in primary teeth. Contemporary Clinical Dentistry, 7(1), 45-50.
• Moraes, L.T., Trevilatto, P.C., Grégio, A.M.T, Machado, M.A.N. and Lima, A.A.S. (2011). Quantitative analysis of mature and immature collagens during oral wound healing in rats treated by Brazilian propolis. Journal of International Dental and Medical Research, 4(3), 106-11. Mori, G.G., Nunes, D.C., Castilho, L.R., de Moraes, I.G. and Poi, W.R.. (2010). Propolis as storage media for avulsed teeth: microscopic and morphometric analysis in rats. Dent Traumatol, 26(1), 80-5.
• Nakao, R., Senpuku, H., Ohnishi, M., Takai, H., Ogata, Y. (2020). Effect of topical administration of propolis in chronic periodontitis. Odontology, 108, 704-714.
• Neiva, K.G., Catalfamo, D.L., Holliday, L.S., Wallet, S.M., & Pileggi, R. (2014). Propolis decreases lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammatory mediators in pulp cells and osteoclasts. Dental Traumatology, 30(5), 362-367.
• Ocakci, A., Kanter, M., Cabuk, M. and Buyukbas, S. (2006). Role of caffeic acid phenethyl ester, an active component of propolis, against NAOH-induced esophageal burns in rats. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngol, 70(10), 1731-9
• Oncag, O., Cogulu D., Uzel, A. and Sorkun, K. (2008). Efficacy of propolis as an intracanal medicament against Enterococcus faecalis. General Dentistry, 54(5):319-322.
• Ozan, F, Polat, Z.A., Er K., Ozan, U. and Değer, O. (2007). Effect of propolis on survival of period ontal ligament cells: new storage media for avulsed teeth. Journal of Endodontics, 33(5), 570-3.
• Ozmen, I., Naziroglu, M. and Okutan, R. (2006). Comparative study of antioxidant enzymes in tissues surrounding implant in rabbits. Cell biochemistry and function, 24(3), 275-281.
• Palaz, E. & Olmez, A. (2021). Evaluation of the effects and effectiveness of cavity disinfectants. Journal of Gazi University Health Sciences Institute, 3(1), 18-27.
• Panahandeh, N., Adinehlou, F., Sheikh-Al-Eslamian, S.M. & Torabzadeh, H. (2021). Extract of propolis on resin-modified glass ionomer cement: effect on mechanical and antimicrobial properties and dentin bonding strength. International Journal of Biomaterials, 5597837
• Park, Y.K., Koo, M.H., Abreu, J A., Ikegaki, M., Cury J.A. & Rosalen P.L. (1998). Antimicrobial activity of propolis on oral microorganisms. Current microbiology, 36(1), 24-28.
• Park, Y.K., Alencar, S.M. and Aguiar, C.L. (2002). Botanical origin and chemical composition of Brazilian propolis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50, 2502-2506.
• Parolia, A., Kundabala, M., Rao, N.N., Acharya, S.R., Agrawal, P., Mohan, M. & Thomas, M. (2010). A comparative histological analysis of human pulp following direct pulp capping with propolis, mineral trioxide aggregate and dycal. Australian Dental Journal, 55(1), 59-64.
• Pereira, E.M.R., da Silva, J.L.D.C., Silva, F.F., De Luca, M.P., Lorentz, T.C.M. & Santos, V.R. (2011). Clinical evidence of the efficacy of a mouthwash containing propolis for the control of plaque and gingivitis: a phase II study. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 2011,1-7.
• Pileggi, R., Antony, K., Johnson, K., Zuo, J. & Holliday, L.S. (2009). Propolis inhibits osteoclast maturation. Dental Traumatology, 25(6), 584-8.
• Prabhakar, A.R., Karuna, Y.M., Yavagal, C. and Deepak, B.M. (2015). Cavity disinfection in minimally invasive dentistry-comparative evaluation of Aloe vera and propolis: A randomized clinical trial. Contemporary Clinical Dentistry, 6(1), 24-31.
• Rajoo, M., Parolia, A., Pau, A. & Amalraj, F.D. (2014). The role of propolis in inflammation and orofacial pain: a review. Annual Research & Review in Biology, 651-664.
• Rodrigues, Neto E.M., Valadas, L.A.R., Lobo, P L.D., Fonseca, S.G.D.C., Fechine, F.V., Lotif, M.A.L. & Fonteles M.M.D.F. (2021). Antimicrobial efficacy of propolis-containing varnish in children: a randomized and double-blind clinical trial. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 5547081.
• Sabir, A., Tabbu, C.R., Agustiono, P. and Sosroseno, W. (2005). Histological analysis of rat dental pulp tissue capped with propolis. Journal of Oral Science, 47, 135 8.
• Sabir, A. & Sumidarti, A. (2017). Interleukin-6 expression on inflamed rat dental pulp tissue after capped with Trigona sp. propolis from south Sulawesi, Indonesia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 24(5), 1034-1037.
• Sabir, A. (2019). Indonesian propolis suppressed the expression of COX-2 in inflamed rat dental pulp in direct capping treatment. Journal of Dentomaxillofac Science, 4(2) 109-13.
• Saha, R. & Taha, A. (2021). Contemporary pulpotomy agents in pediatric dentistry: a review. South-Asian Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Dental Surgery, 1(1), 21-25.
• Santiago, K.B., Piana, G.M., Conti, B.J., Cardoso, E.D.O., Murbach, T.A.B.F., Zanutto, M.R. and Sforcin, J. M. (2018). Microbiological control and antibacterial action of a propolis-containing mouthwash and control of dental plaque in humans. Natural Product Research, 32(12), 1441-1445.
• Sheehy, C., Hall, T. & Pilon, K. (2005). Products derived from bees: serious adverse reactions. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 172(8), 1134.
• Sterer, N., Rubinstein, Y. (2006). Effect of various natural medicinals on salivary protein putrefaction and malodor production. Quintessence International, 37, 653-8.
• Taheri, J.B., Azimi, S., Rafieian, N. & Zanjani, H.A. (2011). Herbs in dentistry. International Dental Journal, 61(6), 287-296.
• Takahashi N., & Nyvad, B.J.C.R. (2008). Caries ecology revisited: microbial dynamics and the caries process. Caries Research, 42(6), 409-418.
• Ülkü, Ö., Fatih Ö. & Kürşat, E.R. (2015). Oral mikroorganizmalara karşı propolisin antimikrobiyal etkinliği. Acta Odontologica Turcica, 32(1), 36-41.
• Wanscher, B. (1976). Contact dermatitis from propolis. British Journal of Dermatology, 94(4), 451-456.
• Widjiastuti, I., Yuanita T., Hutagalung J., Rukmo M. & Mukono I.S. (2014). East Java Propolis inhibits cytokine pro-inflammatory in odontoblast like cells human pulp. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 4(1), 1-10.
• Więckiewicz, W., Miernik M., Więckiewicz M. & Morawiec T. (2013). Does propolis help to maintain oral health? Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 1-8.
• Wu, J.Y., Hsu, N.Y. (2013). Propolis-induced descending necrotizing mediastinitis and aspiration pneumonia. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 95(4), 87-89.
• Xi, J. & Shouqin, Z. (2007). Antioxidant activity of ethanolic extracts of propolis by high hydrostatic pressure extraction. International Journal of Food Science and Technology, 42(11), 1350-1356.