Karar Vermek Nedir: Kararlar ve Sahte-Kararlar
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 220 - 242, 30.12.2025
Hasan Çağatay
Öz
Eylem felsefesinde “karar” kavramı, “niyet”, “eylem” ve “irade” kavramları gibi sorunlu olmasına rağmen, onlara kıyasla daha az incelenmiştir. Bu makale, “karar” kavramının kavramsal bir analizini sunarak, yalnızca bilinçli ve dünyanın zihne uymasını hedefleyen kararların gerçek kararlar olarak nitelendirilebileceğini savunmaktadır. Bu makalenin savunusuna göre kararların nesnesi eylemler değil, fikirlerdir. Daha açıkçası, bir kararın işlevi, eyleme götüren epistemik olarak mümkün fikir kümesini daraltmaktır. Dünyanın zihne uymasını hedefleyen bilişsel süreçler ile zihnin dünyaya uymasını hedefleyenleri ve bilinçli bilişsel süreçler ile bilinçsiz olanları ayıran iki boyutlu bir sınıflandırma sunan bu makale, karar-benzeri çeşitli bilişsel süreçleri incelemektedir. Bilinçdışı bilişsel süreçlerin ve dünyanın zihne uymasını hedefleyen bilişsel süreçlerin, duygusal eğilimlerle doğrudan bir nedensel bağlantı ve özne tarafından kontrol gibi karar vermenin gerekli özelliklerinden yoksun olduğunu savunmaktadır. Bu analiz, daraltılmış bir “karar” kavramını savunmakta ve yaygın olarak “karar” olarak adlandırılan birçok karar-benzeri sürecin, bilinçli ve dünyanın zihne uymasını hedefleyen bilişsel süreçler ile felsefi veya bilimsel olarak anlamlı ve temel bir ortaklığa sahip olmadığını iddia etmektedir.
Etik Beyan
1. ASA Dergisine gönderilen bu çalışmayı yazar/lar özgün olarak hazırlamıştır.
2. Yazar/lar gönderdikleri makalede yapmış oldukları atıfların ve alıntıların doğru ve eksiksiz olduğunu beyan eder.
3. Yazar/lar çalışma hazırlanırken; veri toplanması, sonuçların yorumlanması ve makalenin yazılması aşamalarında herhangi bir çıkar çatışması alanının bulunmadığı açık bir şekilde beyan eder.
4. Yazar/lar, aynı çalışmayı herhangi bir başka dergide yayınlanmak üzere göndermediğini beyan eder.
5. Başkalarının çalışmalarıyla ilgili olarak uygun referanslar ve çalışma sürecinde kullanılan kaynakların tümü kaynakçada yazılmıştır.
6. Yazar/lar, yayımlanmış bir makalesinde ciddi bir hata veya yanlışlık keşfedince, bu konuda dergi editörlüğüne vakit geçirmeksizin haber vermelidir. Bu durumda yazar, makalesini geri çekme veya makaleye dair bir düzeltme yayınlamada dergi editörlüğü ile işbirliği yapmakla sorumludur.
7. Yapılan araştırmalar için ve etik kurul kararı gerektiren klinik ve deneysel insan ve hayvanlar üzerindeki çalışmalar için ayrı ayrı etik kurul onayı alınmış olmalı, bu onay makalede belirtilmeli ve belgelendirilmelidir.
Destekleyen Kurum
Bu araştırma Fulbright Doktora Sonrası Araştırma Bursu tarafından desteklenmiştir.
Kaynakça
-
Anscombe, G. E. M. (2000). Intention. Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1957)
-
Bratman, M. (1987). Intention, plans, and practical reason. Harvard University Press.
-
Dawkins, R. (2016). The gene machine. In The selfish gene: 40th anniversary edition (pp. 59-85). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198747505.001.0001
-
Di Nucci, E. (2008). Mind out of action: The intentionality of automatic actions. VDM Verlag Dr. Müller.
-
Dreyfus, H. L. (2000). Responses. In M. Wrathall & J. Malpas (Eds.), Heidegger, coping, and cognitive science: Essays in honor of Hubert L. Dreyfus, volume 2 (pp. 313-349). The MIT Press.
-
Dreyfus, H. L., & Dreyfus, S. E. (2000). Mind over machine. The Free Press.
-
Dreyfus, S. E. (2004). The five-stage model of adult skill acquisition. Bulletin of Science Technology & Society 24(3): 177-181. https://doi.org/10.1177/0270467604264992
-
Dreyfus, S. E., & Dreyfus, H. L. (1980). A five-stage model of the mental activities involved in directed skill acquisition. (Report No. ORC-80-2). University of California Berkeley Operations Research Center. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA084551.pdf
-
Eilon, S. (1969). What is a decision? Management Science, 16(4), B-172-B-189.
-
Fishburn, P. C. (1964). Decision and value theory. Wiley.
-
Humberstone, L. (1992). Direction of fit. Mind, 101(401), 59-84. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/101.401.59
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
-
Libet, B. (1985). Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8(4), 529-539.
-
Lloyd, S. (2010). The computational universe. In P. Davies & N. H. Gregersen (Eds.), Information and the nature of reality: From physics to metaphysics (pp. 92-103). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511778759
-
March, J. G. (1988). Decisions and organizations. Blackwell.
-
Mele, A. R. (1992). Springs of action: understanding intentional behavior. Oxford University Press.
-
Mele, A. R. (2009). Effective intentions: the power of conscious will. Oxford University Press.
-
Mele, A. R. (2010). Moral responsibility for actions: Epistemic and freedom conditions. Philosophical Explorations, 13(2), 101-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/13869790903494556
-
Merfeld, D. M., Clark, T. K., Lu, Y. M. & Karmali, F. (2016). Dynamics of individual perceptual decisions. Journal of neurophysiology, 115(1), 39-59.
-
Parés-Pujolràs, E., & Haggard, P. (2022). What are intentions and intentional actions? In U. Maoz & W. Sinnott-Armstrong (Eds.), Free Will: Philosophers and Neuroscientists in Conversation (pp. 185-192). Oxford University Press.
-
Plato. (2002). Meno (G. M. A. Grube, Trans.). In J. M. Cooper (Ed.), Five dialogues (pp. 58-92). Hackett Publishing Company.
-
Rapaport, W. J. (2016). Philosophy of computer science: An introduction to the issues and the literature (Draft version).
-
Rapaport, W. J. (2023). Philosophy of computer science: An introduction to the issues and the literature. Wiley-Blackwell.
-
Rosenthal, D. (2012). Higher-order awareness, misrepresentation and function. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 367(1594), 1424-1438.
-
Searle, J. R. (2010). Consciousness and the problem of free will. In R. F. Baumeister, A. R. Mele & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Free will and consciousness: how might they work (pp. 121-134). Oxford University Press.
-
Siegler, F. A. (1967). Unconscious intentions. Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy, 10(1-4), 251-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/00201746708601492
-
Simon, H. A. (1960). New science of management decision. Harper & Row. https://doi.org/10.1037/13978-000
-
Swan, J. (2016). Reflections on Destin’s backwards-brain bicycle. Tikkun, 31(4), 72.
-
Yaffe, G. (2022). What is an intention? In U. Maoz & W. Sinnott-Armstrong (Eds.), Free will: philosophers and neuroscientists in conversation (pp. 5-12). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197572153.003.0001
What is a Decision: Decisions and Pseudo-Decisions
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 220 - 242, 30.12.2025
Hasan Çağatay
Öz
In the philosophy of action, the concept of “decision” is relatively understudied compared to “intention,” “action,” and “will,” despite being just as philosophically problematic. This paper provides a conceptual analysis of “decision,” arguing that only conscious decisions with a world-to-mind direction of fit qualify as genuine decisions. The objects of decisions, as this paper defends, are ideas, not actions. More precisely, the function of a decision is to narrow down a set of epistemically possible ideas leading to the action. Introducing a two-dimensional classification—contrasting cognitive processes with a world-to-mind and mind-to-world direction of fit, and conscious with unconscious cognitive processes—the paper examines various decision-like cognitive processes. It argues that unconscious cognitive processes and cognitive processes with a mind-to-world direction of fit lack essential features of decision-making, such as a direct causal connection with affective dispositions and control by the subject. This analysis defends a restrictive view of “decision” and argues that many decision-like processes that are commonly referred to as “decisions” do not have any philosophically or scientifically significant commonalities with conscious decisions with a world-to-mind direction of fit.
Destekleyen Kurum
This research was supported by the Fulbright Visiting Scholar Program
Kaynakça
-
Anscombe, G. E. M. (2000). Intention. Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1957)
-
Bratman, M. (1987). Intention, plans, and practical reason. Harvard University Press.
-
Dawkins, R. (2016). The gene machine. In The selfish gene: 40th anniversary edition (pp. 59-85). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198747505.001.0001
-
Di Nucci, E. (2008). Mind out of action: The intentionality of automatic actions. VDM Verlag Dr. Müller.
-
Dreyfus, H. L. (2000). Responses. In M. Wrathall & J. Malpas (Eds.), Heidegger, coping, and cognitive science: Essays in honor of Hubert L. Dreyfus, volume 2 (pp. 313-349). The MIT Press.
-
Dreyfus, H. L., & Dreyfus, S. E. (2000). Mind over machine. The Free Press.
-
Dreyfus, S. E. (2004). The five-stage model of adult skill acquisition. Bulletin of Science Technology & Society 24(3): 177-181. https://doi.org/10.1177/0270467604264992
-
Dreyfus, S. E., & Dreyfus, H. L. (1980). A five-stage model of the mental activities involved in directed skill acquisition. (Report No. ORC-80-2). University of California Berkeley Operations Research Center. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA084551.pdf
-
Eilon, S. (1969). What is a decision? Management Science, 16(4), B-172-B-189.
-
Fishburn, P. C. (1964). Decision and value theory. Wiley.
-
Humberstone, L. (1992). Direction of fit. Mind, 101(401), 59-84. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/101.401.59
Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
-
Libet, B. (1985). Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8(4), 529-539.
-
Lloyd, S. (2010). The computational universe. In P. Davies & N. H. Gregersen (Eds.), Information and the nature of reality: From physics to metaphysics (pp. 92-103). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511778759
-
March, J. G. (1988). Decisions and organizations. Blackwell.
-
Mele, A. R. (1992). Springs of action: understanding intentional behavior. Oxford University Press.
-
Mele, A. R. (2009). Effective intentions: the power of conscious will. Oxford University Press.
-
Mele, A. R. (2010). Moral responsibility for actions: Epistemic and freedom conditions. Philosophical Explorations, 13(2), 101-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/13869790903494556
-
Merfeld, D. M., Clark, T. K., Lu, Y. M. & Karmali, F. (2016). Dynamics of individual perceptual decisions. Journal of neurophysiology, 115(1), 39-59.
-
Parés-Pujolràs, E., & Haggard, P. (2022). What are intentions and intentional actions? In U. Maoz & W. Sinnott-Armstrong (Eds.), Free Will: Philosophers and Neuroscientists in Conversation (pp. 185-192). Oxford University Press.
-
Plato. (2002). Meno (G. M. A. Grube, Trans.). In J. M. Cooper (Ed.), Five dialogues (pp. 58-92). Hackett Publishing Company.
-
Rapaport, W. J. (2016). Philosophy of computer science: An introduction to the issues and the literature (Draft version).
-
Rapaport, W. J. (2023). Philosophy of computer science: An introduction to the issues and the literature. Wiley-Blackwell.
-
Rosenthal, D. (2012). Higher-order awareness, misrepresentation and function. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 367(1594), 1424-1438.
-
Searle, J. R. (2010). Consciousness and the problem of free will. In R. F. Baumeister, A. R. Mele & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Free will and consciousness: how might they work (pp. 121-134). Oxford University Press.
-
Siegler, F. A. (1967). Unconscious intentions. Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy, 10(1-4), 251-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/00201746708601492
-
Simon, H. A. (1960). New science of management decision. Harper & Row. https://doi.org/10.1037/13978-000
-
Swan, J. (2016). Reflections on Destin’s backwards-brain bicycle. Tikkun, 31(4), 72.
-
Yaffe, G. (2022). What is an intention? In U. Maoz & W. Sinnott-Armstrong (Eds.), Free will: philosophers and neuroscientists in conversation (pp. 5-12). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197572153.003.0001