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Transparency and Self-Knowledge: What Do Internalist and Externalist Approaches Promise?

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 188 - 205, 30.12.2023

Öz

Self-knowledge, or knowledge pertaining to one’s own self, particularly within the discipline of philosophy of mind, refers to an individual’s privileged understanding of their own mental states. The discourse on self-knowledge has traditionally been bifurcated, as evident in the classic literature, characterized by the contrasting perspectives of Descartes and Ryle. In the realm of phenomenal consciousness, the examination of self-knowledge aligns with the conundrum of epistemic asymmetry. In the scope of this study, both philosophical poles are subject to scrutiny, with concurrent consideration of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies within the domain of neuroscience. This approach introduces counterexamples that challenge the prevailing notion of self-knowledge providing exclusive access. In addition to self-knowledge, concepts such as introspection and intuition emerge as other constructs necessitating in-depth analysis and precise definitions. The evolution of the introspection method within the context of experimental psychology is examined in tandem with philosophical debates, complemented by empirical scientific experimentation. In the landscape of philosophy of mind, both internalist and externalist viewpoints undergo meticulous analysis, offering their distinct perspectives on self-knowledge, introspection, and intuition. The inquiries concerning the positioning of self-knowledge in relation to consciousness and its degree of transparency are addressed by an exploration of the methodologies inherent to internalist and externalist frameworks. Upon a comprehensive evaluation of internalist and externalist arguments in conjunction with empirical research, it becomes evident that embracing the externalist perspective and conducting studies along these lines will facilitate the achievement of self-knowledge transparency, primarily due to the assumptions of the internalist perspective that engender epistemic asymmetry.

Kaynakça

  • Bechara A, Damasio H, Tranel D, Damasio AR. (2005). The Iowa Gambling Task and the somatic marker hypothesis: some questions and answers. Trends Cogn Sci. Apr;9(4):159-62; discussion 162-4. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.02.002. PMID: 15808493.
  • Campbell-Meiklejohn, D.K., et al., 2010. How the opinion of others affects our valuation of objects. Curr. Biol. 20 (13), 1165–1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.04.055.
  • Caporuscio, Chiara. (2021). Introspection and Belief: Failures of Introspective Belief Formation. Review of Philosophy and Psychology:1-20.
  • Carruthers, P. (2011). The Opacity of Mind: An Integrative Theory of Self-Knowledge. Oxford University Press.
  • Descartes, R. (2008). Meditations on First Philosophy. (Çev. Michael Moriarty). Oxford University Press.
  • Dretske, F. (1994). Introspection. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 94: 263–278.
  • Doğan, M. (2020). Yapay Zekâ ve Bilinç Problemi. Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Gertler, Brie. (2021). “Self-Knowledge”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/self-knowledge/>.
  • Güzeldere, G. (1997). Introduction. The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates (Ed. Ned Block, Owen Flanagan & Güven Güzeldere). MIT Press.
  • Kutlusoy, Z. (2016). Günümüzün zihin felsefesinin zorlu sorunu. Felsefelogos, 60 (2016/1), 71-75.
  • Levine, J. (1983). Materialism And Qualia: The Explanatory Gap. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 64: 354-361. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0114.1983.tb00207.x
  • Levine, J. (2006). Explanatory Gap. Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science (Ed. L. Nadel). https://doi.org/10.1002/0470018860.s00146
  • Manzotti, R. ve Parks, T. (2018). Zihnin Ucu Bucağı: Bilinç ve Dünya Bir Midir?. (Çev. Özde Duygu Gürkan). Metis Yayınları.
  • Metzinger Thomas. (2013). The myth of cognitive agency: subpersonal thinking as a cyclically recurring loss of mental autonomy. Frontiers in Psychology. 4, 1-19. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00931
  • Neta, Ram. (2011). The Nature and Reach of Privileged Access. İçinde Self-Knowledge. Ed. Anthony Hatzimoysis. Oxford University Press. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590728.003.0002
  • Nook E. C. ve Zaki J. (2015). Social norms shift behavioral and neural responses to foods. J Cogn Neurosci. Jul;27(7):1412-26. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_00795.
  • Parent, T. (2017). “Externalism and Self-Knowledge”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/self-knowledge-externalism/>.
  • Poston, T. (n.d.). Internalism and Externalism in Epistemology. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved June 13, 2022, from https://iep.utm.edu/int-ext/#:~:text=The%20basic%20idea%20of%20internalism,are%20external%20to%20a%20person.
  • Putnam, Hilary. (1975). The Meaning of “Meaning”. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Retrieved from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/185225.
  • Revonsuo, Antti. (2017). Bilinç: Öznelliğin Bilimi. (Çev. Selim Değirmenci). 2. Baskı. Küre Yayınları.
  • Rowlands, Mark, Joe Lau, and Max Deutsch, “Externalism About the Mind”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/content-externalism/>.
  • Schwitzgebel, Eric. (2012). Introspection, What?. İçinde Introspection and Consciousness. Ed. Declan Smithies & Daniel Stoljar. OUP.
  • Schwitzgebel, Eric. (2019). “Introspection”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/introspection/>.
  • Solms, M. ve Turnbull, O. (2015). Beyin ve İç Dünya: Öznel Deneyimin Sinirbilimine Giriş. (Çev. Hakan Atalay) 2. Basım. Metis Yayınları.
  • Strandberg, H. (2015). Self-Knowledge and Self-Deception. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Tye, Michael, “Qualia”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/qualia/>.
  • Way, Jonathan. (2007). Self-Knowledge and the Limits of Transparency. Analysis, Vol. 67, No. 3 (Jul., 2007), pp. 223-230.
  • Zaki J, Schirmer J, Mitchell JP. (2011). Social influence modulates the neural computation of value. Psychol Sci. Jul;22(7):894-900. doi: 10.1177/0956797611411057

Öz-Bilginin Şeffaflığı: İçselci ve Dışsalcı Yaklaşımlar Ne Vaat Eder?

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 188 - 205, 30.12.2023

Öz

Öz-bilgi veya kendilik bilgisi, zihin felsefesi özelinde, kişinin ayrıcalıklı bir biçimde kendi zihin durumlarına dair bilgisidir. Öz-bilgi tartışmaları klasik literatürde Descartes ve Ryle’ın görüşleri çerçevesinde iki kutup halinde görünür olmaktadır. Fenomenal bilinç bağlamında ise öz-bilgi soruşturması, epistemik asimetri sorunu ile paralel gitmektedir. Bu çalışmada her iki kutup felsefi olarak ele alınırken nörobilim alanında fMRI çalışmaları göz önünde tutulmaktadır. Öz-bilginin ayrıcalıklı erişim sağlıyor olduğu kanısına böylelikle karşı örnekler getirilmektedir. Öz-bilgi ile birlikte içebakış ve sezgi kavramları tartışılması ve tanımlanması gereken diğer kavramlar olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. İçebakış yönteminin deneysel psikoloji serüveni doğrultusunda yine felsefi tartışmalar, bilimsel deney uygulamaları ile birlikte incelenmektedir. Zihin felsefesinde içselci ve dışsalcı görüşler çözümlenerek öz-bilgi, içebakış ve sezgi kavramlarına dair yaklaşımları verilmektedir. Öz-bilginin bilince göre konumu ve ne kadar şeffaf olabileceği soruları içselci ve dışsalcı perspektifin yöntemleri irdelenerek cevaplanmaktadır. İçselci ve dışsalcı argümanların bilimsel çalışmalarla birlikte değerlendirilmesi sonucunda içselci perspektifin, epistemik asimetriye götüren varsayımları sebebiyle, dışsalcı perspektifin benimsenerek bu doğrultuda çalışmalar yürütülmesi öz-bilginin şeffaflığını mümkün kılacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Bechara A, Damasio H, Tranel D, Damasio AR. (2005). The Iowa Gambling Task and the somatic marker hypothesis: some questions and answers. Trends Cogn Sci. Apr;9(4):159-62; discussion 162-4. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.02.002. PMID: 15808493.
  • Campbell-Meiklejohn, D.K., et al., 2010. How the opinion of others affects our valuation of objects. Curr. Biol. 20 (13), 1165–1170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.04.055.
  • Caporuscio, Chiara. (2021). Introspection and Belief: Failures of Introspective Belief Formation. Review of Philosophy and Psychology:1-20.
  • Carruthers, P. (2011). The Opacity of Mind: An Integrative Theory of Self-Knowledge. Oxford University Press.
  • Descartes, R. (2008). Meditations on First Philosophy. (Çev. Michael Moriarty). Oxford University Press.
  • Dretske, F. (1994). Introspection. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, 94: 263–278.
  • Doğan, M. (2020). Yapay Zekâ ve Bilinç Problemi. Çizgi Kitabevi.
  • Gertler, Brie. (2021). “Self-Knowledge”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/self-knowledge/>.
  • Güzeldere, G. (1997). Introduction. The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates (Ed. Ned Block, Owen Flanagan & Güven Güzeldere). MIT Press.
  • Kutlusoy, Z. (2016). Günümüzün zihin felsefesinin zorlu sorunu. Felsefelogos, 60 (2016/1), 71-75.
  • Levine, J. (1983). Materialism And Qualia: The Explanatory Gap. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly, 64: 354-361. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0114.1983.tb00207.x
  • Levine, J. (2006). Explanatory Gap. Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science (Ed. L. Nadel). https://doi.org/10.1002/0470018860.s00146
  • Manzotti, R. ve Parks, T. (2018). Zihnin Ucu Bucağı: Bilinç ve Dünya Bir Midir?. (Çev. Özde Duygu Gürkan). Metis Yayınları.
  • Metzinger Thomas. (2013). The myth of cognitive agency: subpersonal thinking as a cyclically recurring loss of mental autonomy. Frontiers in Psychology. 4, 1-19. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00931
  • Neta, Ram. (2011). The Nature and Reach of Privileged Access. İçinde Self-Knowledge. Ed. Anthony Hatzimoysis. Oxford University Press. DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199590728.003.0002
  • Nook E. C. ve Zaki J. (2015). Social norms shift behavioral and neural responses to foods. J Cogn Neurosci. Jul;27(7):1412-26. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_00795.
  • Parent, T. (2017). “Externalism and Self-Knowledge”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2017 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2017/entries/self-knowledge-externalism/>.
  • Poston, T. (n.d.). Internalism and Externalism in Epistemology. Internet encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved June 13, 2022, from https://iep.utm.edu/int-ext/#:~:text=The%20basic%20idea%20of%20internalism,are%20external%20to%20a%20person.
  • Putnam, Hilary. (1975). The Meaning of “Meaning”. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Retrieved from the University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy, https://hdl.handle.net/11299/185225.
  • Revonsuo, Antti. (2017). Bilinç: Öznelliğin Bilimi. (Çev. Selim Değirmenci). 2. Baskı. Küre Yayınları.
  • Rowlands, Mark, Joe Lau, and Max Deutsch, “Externalism About the Mind”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2020 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2020/entries/content-externalism/>.
  • Schwitzgebel, Eric. (2012). Introspection, What?. İçinde Introspection and Consciousness. Ed. Declan Smithies & Daniel Stoljar. OUP.
  • Schwitzgebel, Eric. (2019). “Introspection”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2019/entries/introspection/>.
  • Solms, M. ve Turnbull, O. (2015). Beyin ve İç Dünya: Öznel Deneyimin Sinirbilimine Giriş. (Çev. Hakan Atalay) 2. Basım. Metis Yayınları.
  • Strandberg, H. (2015). Self-Knowledge and Self-Deception. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Tye, Michael, “Qualia”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2021/entries/qualia/>.
  • Way, Jonathan. (2007). Self-Knowledge and the Limits of Transparency. Analysis, Vol. 67, No. 3 (Jul., 2007), pp. 223-230.
  • Zaki J, Schirmer J, Mitchell JP. (2011). Social influence modulates the neural computation of value. Psychol Sci. Jul;22(7):894-900. doi: 10.1177/0956797611411057
Toplam 28 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Felsefe Tarihi (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mediha Reyyan Yılmaz 0000-0002-1974-3993

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 29 Kasım 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, M. R. (2023). Öz-Bilginin Şeffaflığı: İçselci ve Dışsalcı Yaklaşımlar Ne Vaat Eder?. ASA Dergisi, 1(2), 188-205.

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