Yetişkinlerin Covid-19 Korku Düzeylerinin Psikolojik Belirtiler ve Bazı Demografik Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Covid-19 korkusunun psikolojik belirtiler ile ilişkisi ve Covid-19 korkusunun bazı demografik değişkenlere göre farklılık gösterip göstermediğinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya en az 18 yaş ve üzerinde olan 574 kişi (300 kadın, 274 erkek) katılmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri Covid-19 Korkusu Ölçeği, Psikolojik Belirti Tarama Testi (SCL-90-R) ve Kişisel Bilgi Formu ile toplanmıştır. Veriler, SPSS 24 programında analiz edilmiştir. Araştırmada yetişkin bireylerde Covid-19 korkusu ile psikolojik belirtiler arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca katılımcıların Covid-19 korkusu düzeylerinin cinsiyete göre farklılaşmadığı. Covid-19 pandemi sürecinde birlikte kalınan kişi, yaşanan yer, çocuk sahibi olma, kronik hastalığın bulunması, temas sonucu karantina yaşama ve enfekte olma değişkenlerine göre anlamlı farklılık gösterdiği belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• pandemi
• covid-19 korkusu
• psikolojik belirtiler
• covid-19

An Investigation of the Fear of Covid-19 Levels of Adults in Terms of Psychological Symptoms and Some Demographic Variables

Öz

In this research, it is aimed to examine the relationship between the fear of Covid-19 and psychological symptoms and whether the fear of Covid-19 differs according to some demographic variables. 574 people (300 female, 274 male) aged at least 18 years and older participated in the research. The data of the research were provided by using the Covid-19 Fear Scale, Symptom Distress Check List (SCL-90-R) and PersonaliInformation Form. The data were analyzed in the SPSS 24 program. In the study, the fear of Covid-19 and adult psychological symptoms were found to be positively and significantly correlated. In addition, it was found that the Covid-19 fear levels of the participants didn’t differ according to gender; on the other hand, it was found that there was a significant difference according to the person staying together during the Covid-19 pandemic process, the place of residence, having children, presence of chronic illness, quarantine as a result of contact, and being infected.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• covid-19
• pandemic
• fear of covid-19
• psychological symptoms

Kaynakça

1. Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., and Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The Fear of Covid-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, p.1-9. https://doi.org/10.1037/t78404-000
2. Aksoy, C., ve Atılgan, D. (2021). Covid-19 Korkusu ve Yaşam Doyum: Özel Yetenek Giriş Sınavlarına Katılan Öğrenciler Örneklemi. Akdeniz Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), p.40-50. https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.887323
3. Alnazly, E., Khraisat, O. M., Al-Bashaireh, A. M., and Bryant, C. L. (2021). Anxiety, Depression, Stress, Fear and Social Support During Covid-19 Pandemic Among Jordanian Healthcare Workers. Plos One, 16(3), e0247679. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247679
4. Arısoy, A., ve Çay, M. (2021). Yaşlı Bireylerde Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Korkusu: Yetişken Bireylerle Karşılaştırmalı Bir Çalışma. Tıbbi Sosyal Hizmet Dergisi, 17, 82-97. https://doi.org/10.46218/tshd.881006
5. Arpacıoğlu, S., Baltalı, Z., ve Ünübol, B. (2021). Covid-19 Pandemisinde Sağlık Çalışanlarında Tükenmişlik, Covid Korkusu, Depresyon, Mesleki Doyum Düzeyleri ve İlişkili Faktörler. Cukurova Medical Journal, 46(1), 88-100. https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.785609
6. Aydemir, Ö., Ergün, H., Soygür, H., Kesebir, S., ve Tulunay, C. (2009). Major Depresif Bozuklukta Yaşam Kalitesi: Kesitsel Bir Çalışma. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(3), p.205-212.
7. Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., and Ercan, H. (2021). Fear of Covid-19 and Positivity: Mediating Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19, p.2369-2382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00331-y
8. Bal, F. (2020). Psikologlar İçin SPSS Uygulamaları ve Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.

9. Banerjee, D. D. (2020). The Other Side of Covid-19: Impact on Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) And Hoarding. Psychiatry Research, 112966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112966
10. Barlow, D. H. (2001). Anxiety and Its Disorders, Second Edition: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic (Second Edition). Guilford.
11. Bayhan, V. (2020). Covid-19 Küresel Salgın Bağlamında Gündelik Hayatın Denetimi. Şehir Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(12), p.37-50.
12. Beck, A.T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., and Erbaugh, J. (1961) An Inventory for Measuring Depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, p.561-571. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004
13. Beck, T. A. (2005). Bilişsel Terapi ve Duygusal Bozukluklar. (A. Turkcan, Çev.). Literal Yayıncılık.
14. Bisht, I. P., Bisht, R. K., and Sagar, P. (2021). Effect of Gender and Age in Fear and Stress Due to Covid-19. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environtment, 31, p.70-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2020.1851844
15. Bitan, D. T., Grossman-Giron, A., Bloch, Y., Mayer, Y., Shiffman, N., and Mendlovic, S. (2020). Fear of Covid-19 Scale: Psychometric Characteristics, Reliability and Validity in the Israeli Population. Psychiatry Research, 289, 113100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113100
16. Britton, P. C., Ouimette, P. C., and Bossarte, R. M. (2012). The Effect of Depression on the Association Between Military Service and Life Satisfaction. Quality of Life Research, 21(10), p.1857-1862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011-0104-4
17. Brooks, S. K., Webster, R.K., Smith, L.E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., and Rubin, G. J. (2020). The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence. Lancet. 39, p.912-920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
18. Cai, W., Tang, Y. L., Wu, S., and Li, H. (2017). Scale of Death Anxiety (SDA): Development and Validation. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, p.1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00858
19. Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., and Zheng, J. 2020). The Psychological Impact of the Covid-19 Epidemic on College Students in China. Psychiatry Research, 269, 112934. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
20. Cardoso de Sá, C. S., Pombo, A., Luz, C., Rodrigues, L, P., and Cordovil, R. (2020). Covid-19 Social Isolation in Brazil: Effects on the Physical Activity Routine of Families with Children. Revista Paulista de Pediatria (RPPED), 39, e2020159. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2020159
21. Chew, Q. H., Wei, K. C., Vasoo, S., and Sim, K. (2020). Psychological and Coping Responses of Health Care Workers Toward Emerging Infectious Disease Outbreaks: A Rapid Review and Practical Implications for the Covid-19 Pandemic. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 81(6), 16119. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.20r13450
22. Coyne, J. C., and De Longis, A. (1986). Going Beyond Social Support: The Role of Social Relationships in Adaptation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(4), p.454–460. http://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.54.4.454
23. Crano, W.D., and Brewer, M.B. (2002). Principles and Methods of Social Research. New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
24. Cullen, W., Gulati, G., and Kelly, B. D. (2020). Mental Health in the Covid-19 Pandemic. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 113(5), p.311-312. https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcaa110
25. Dağ, İ. (1991). Belirti Tarama Listesi (SCL-90-R)’nin Üniversite Öğrencileri İçin Güvenirliği ve Geçerliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 2, p.5-12.
26. Derogatis L. R. (1992). The Brief Symptom Inventory-BSI: Administration, Scoring and Procedures Manual-II. USA, Clinical Pscyhometric Research Inc.
27. Derogatis, L.R. (1977). SCL-90 Administration, Scoring and Procedures Manual-I for the Revised Version Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
28. Dinçer, S., and Kolcu, M. (2021). Covid-19 Pandemisinde Toplumun Beslenme Alışkanlıkların İncelenmesi: İstanbul Örneği. Türkiye Diyabet ve Obezite Dergisi, 5(2), p.193-201. https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.928003
29. Doshi, D., Karunakar, P., Sukhabogi, J. R., Prasanna, J. S., and Mahajan, S. V. (2021). Assessing Coronavirus Fear in Indian Population Using the Fear of Covid-19 Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(6), p.2383-2391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00332-x
30. Duman, N. (2020). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Covid-19 Korkusu ve Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük. The Journal of Social Science, 4(8), p.426-437. https://doi.org/10.30520/tjsosci.748404
31. Elsayed, E. B. M., El-Etreby, R. R., and Ibrahim, A. A. W. (2019). Relationship between social support, loneliness, and depression among elderly people. International Journal of Nursing Didactics, 9(01), 39-47. https://doi.org/10.15520/ijnd.v9i01.2412
32. Erdoğdu, Y., Koçoğlu, F., ve Sevim, C. (2020). Covid-19 Pandemisi Sürecinde Anksiyete ile Umutsuzluk Düzeylerinin Psikososyal ve Demografik Değişkenlere Göre İncelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 23(1), 24-37. https://doi.org/10.5505/kpd.2020.35403
33. Fitzpatrick, K. M., Harris, C., and Drawve, G. (2020). Fear of Covid-19 and the Mental Health Consequences in America. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), p.S17-S21. http://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000924
34. Freud, S. (1961). Beyond the Pleasure Principle. W. W. Norton & Company.
35. Garcia, R. (2017). Neurobiology of Fear and Specific Phobias. Learning & Memory, 24(9), p.462-471. https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.044115.116
36. Gencer, N. (2020). Pandemi Sürecinde Bireylerin Koronavirüs (Kovid-19) Korkusu: Çorum Örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi, 2(4), p.1153-1173. http://doi.org/10.47994/usbad.791577
37. Gu, Y., Gu, S., Lei, Y., and Li, H. (2020). From uncertainty to anxiety: How uncertainty fuels anxiety in a process mediated by intolerance of uncertainty. Neural Plasticity, 8866386, https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8866386
38. Hall, D. L., Lennes, I. T., Pirl, W. F., Friedman, E. R., and Park, E. R. (2017). Fear of recurrence or progression as a link between somatic symptoms and perceived stress among cancer survivors. Supportive Care in Cancer, 25, 1401-1407. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-016-3533-3
39. Hatun, O., Dicle, A. N., ve Demirci, İ. (2020). Koronavirüs Salgınının Psikolojik Yansımaları ve Salgınla Başa Çıkma. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4), p.531-554. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44364
40. Hawes, M. T., Szenczy, A. K., Klein, D. N., Hajcak, G., and Nelson, B. D. (2021). Increases in Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Adolescents and Young Adults During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Psychological Medicine, 52(14), p.3222-3230. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720005358
41. Huang, Y., Wang, Y., Zeng, L., Yang, J., Song, X., Rao, W., and Zhang, X. (2020). Prevalence and Correlation of Anxiety, Insomnia and Somatic Symptoms in a Chinese Population During the Covid-19 Epidemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 894. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.568329
42. Kabeloğlu, V., ve Gül, G. (2021). Covid-19 Salgını Sırasında Uyku Kalitesi ve İlişkili Sosyal ve Psikolojik Faktörlerin Araştırılması. Journal of Turkish Sleep Medicine, 2, p.97-104. https://doi.org/10.4274/jtsm.galenos.2021.53244
43. Kalafatoğlu, M. R., ve Yam, F. C. (2021). Bireylerin Covid-19 Korkularının Bazı Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. Humanistic Perspective, 3(2), p.306-323. https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.942883
44. Karasar, N. (2003). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. 12. Baskı, Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
45. Kardeş, V. Ç. (2020). Pandemi Süreci ve Sonrası Ruhsal ve Davranışsal Değerlendirme. Türkiye Diyabet ve Obezite Dergisi, 4(2), p.160-169. https://doi.org/10.25048/tudod.754693
46. Kasapoğlu, F. (2020). Examining the Relationship Between Fear of Covid-19 and Spiritual Well-Being. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 5(3), p.341-354. https://doi.org/10.37898/spc.2020..3.121
47. Koç, A., Tok, H. H., Uzun, L. N., ve Ensari, H. (2021). Covid-19 Sebebiyle Bir Kurumda Karantina Altında Bulunanlarda Depresyon, Anksiyete, Durumsal Suçluluk Düzeyleri ve Etkileyen Faktörler. Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi, 58, p.146-153. https://doi.org/10.29399/npa.27329
48. Köroğlu, E. (2006). Depresyon nedir? nasıl başedilir? Ankara: HYB Yayıncılık.
49. Ladikli, N., Bahadır, E., Yumuşak, F.N., Akkuzu, H., Karaman, G. ve Türkkan, Z. (2020). Covid-19 Korkusu Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Güvenirlik ve Geçerlilik Çalışması. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 3(2), p.71-80. https://dx.doi.org/10.5152/ArcHealthSciRes.2021.20113
50. Li, J. B., Yang, A., Dou, K., and Cheung, R. Y. (2020). Self-Control Moderates the Association Between Perceived Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) and Mental Health Problems Among the Chinese Public. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134820
51. Ling, T., Hoh, G., Ho, C., and Mee, C. (2020). Effects of The Coronavirus (Covid-19) Pandemic on Social Behaviours: From a Social Dilemma Perspective. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 7, p.312-320. https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v7i1.423
52. Memiş-Doğan, M. M., ve Düzel, B. (2020). Covid-19 Özelinde Korku-Kaygı Düzeyleri. Electronic Turkish Studies, 15(4), 739-752.
53. Ministry of Health (2023). Halka Yönelik: Covid-19 Tedbirleri. Erişim adresi: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66259/halka-yonelik.html
54. Mohd Kassim, A. M., Pang, N. T. P., Mohamed, N. H., Kamu, A., Ho, C. M., Ayu, F., ... and Jeffree, M. S. (2022). Relationship Between Fear of Covid-19, Psychopathology and Sociodemographic Variables in Malaysian Population. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(3), p.1303-1310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00444-4
55. Ng, K. H., and Kemp, R. (2020). Understanding and Reducing the Fear of Covid-19. Journal of Zhejiang University Science. B. 21(9), p.752-754. https://doi.org/10.1631/jzus.B2000228
56. Özkan, S. (2018). Obsesif Kompulsif Bozukluk (Saplantı-Zorlantı Bozukluğu) Takıntı Hastalığı. Humanite Psikiyatri Tıp Merkezi, s.1-15.
57. Perz, C. A., Lang, B. A., and Harrington, R. (2022). Validation of The Fear of Covid-19 Scale in a US College Sample. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20, p.273-283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00356-3
58. Ran, L., Wang, W., Ai, M., Kong, Y., Chen, J., and Kuang, L. (2020). Psychological Resilience, Depression, Anxiety, and Somatization Symptoms in Response to Covid-19: A Study of the General Population in China at the Peak of Its Epidemic. Social Science & Medicine, 262, 113261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113261 Repon, A. U., Pakhe, S. A., Quaiyum, S., Das, R., Daria, S., and Islam, M. R. (2021). Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic on Mental Health Among Bangladeshi Healthcare Professionals: A Cross-Sectional Study. Science Progress, 104(2), p.1-18. https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504211026409
59. Robillard, R., Saad, M., Edwards, J., Solomonova, E., Pennestri, M. H., Daros, A., ... and Kendzerska, T. (2020). Social, Financial and Psychological Stress During an Emerging Pandemic: Observations from A Population Survey in the Acute Phase of Covid-19. BMJ Open, 10(12), e043805. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043805
60. Samuels, J., Holingue, C., Nestadt, P. S., Bienvenu, O. J., Phan, P., and Nestadt, G. (2021). Contamination-Related Behaviors, Obsessions, and Compulsions During the Covid-19 Pandemic in A United States Population Sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 138, p.155-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.064
61. Shin, L. M. and Liberzon, I. (2010). The Neurocircuitry of Fear, Stress, and Anxiety Disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(1), p.169-191. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.83
62. Srivastava, A., Bala, R., Srivastava, A. K., Mishra, A., Shamim, R., and Sinha, P. (2020). Anxiety, Obsession and Fear from Coronavirus in Indian Population: A Web-Based Study Using Covid-19 Specific Scales. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 7(11), p.4570-4577. https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20204763
63. Steer, R. A., and Beck, A. T. (1997). Beck Anxiety Inventory. In C. P. Zalaquett & R. J. Wood (Eds.), Evaluating stress: A book of resources (pp. 23–40). Scarecrow Education.
64. Steimer, T. (2002). The Biology of Fear and Anxiety-Related Behaviors. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience. 4(3), p.231–249. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2002.4.3/tsteimer
65. Tekin, N., ve Avkan-Oğuz, V. (2020). Yaşlılarda ve Kronik Hastalığı Olanlarda Covid-19 Enfeksiyonu. (Set, T, Editör). Aile Hekimliği ve COVID-19 Pandemisi (ss. 40-48). 1. Baskı. Ankara: Türkiye Klinikleri.
66. Tükel, R. (2020). Covid-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Ruh Sağlığı. Türk Tabipler Birliği, p.617- 627.
67. Van Hemert, D. A., Poortinga, Y. H., and van de Vijver, F. J. (2007). Emotion and Culture: A Meta-Analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 21(5), p.913-943. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930701339293
68. Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., and Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors During the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19) Epidemic Among the General Population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051729
69. World Health Organization [WHO] (1989). Constitution of the World Health Organization (Thirty Seventh Edition). Geneva.
70. World Health Organization [WHO] (2020). The Top 10 Causes of Death. Retrived March 30, 2023, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death
71. World Health Organization [WHO] (2023). WHO Coronavirus (Covid-19) Dashboard. Retrived March 30, 2023, from https://covid19.who.int/
72. Wu, P. E., Styra, R., and Gold, W. L. (2020). Mitigating the Psychological Effects of Covid-19 on Health Care Workers. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 192(17), p.459-460. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200519 Xiao, C. (2020). A Novel Approach of Consultation on 2019 Novel Coronavirus (Covid-19)-Related Psychological and Mental Problems: Structured Letter Therapy. Psychiatry Investigation, 17(2), 175-176. https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2020.0047
73. Yılbaş, B. (2021). Covid-19 Tanısı ile Tedavi Gören Bireylerin İyileşme Dönemi Sonrasında Psikiyatrik Tanı Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 24, p.239-245. https://doi.org/10.5505/kpd.2020.89156 Yıldırım, O., ve İpek, İ. (2020). Yeni Koronavirüs Salgını Dolayısıyla Gündeme Gelen Sosyal İzolasyon ve Gönüllü Karantina Döneminde İnternet ve Sosyal Medya Kullanımı. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, 52, p.69-94. https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.788255
74. Zhang, S. X., Huang, H., Li, J., Antonelli-Ponti, M., Paiva, S. F. D., and da Silva, J. A. (2021). Predictors of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Brazil During Covid-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(13), 7026. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137026