İletişim İsteksizliği Ölçeği: Türkçeye Uyarlama, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Öz

Bireylerin davranışları sosyolojik ve psikolojik nedenlerden dolayı sürekli bir değişim halinde olup iletişim davranışları da zamanla değişmektedir. Toplumu oluşturan bireyler zaman zaman küresel iletişim yapılarına göre iletişimden kaçınarak sözlü iletişimden uzaklaşma eğilimi içerisinde olurlar ve sözlü iletişimi değersiz bularak iletişim isteksizliği yaşarlar. Bu kapsamda toplumları olumsuz etkileyen iletişim isteksizliğine yönelik yapılan bu araştırmanın amacı, Burgoon (1976) tarafından literatüre kazandırılan İletişim İsteksizliği Ölçeği’nin Türkçe diline uyarlanarak ulusal literatüre katkı sağlanması, bu ölçek aracılığıyla bireylerin iletişim isteksizliği durumlarının belirlenmesi, iletişim isteksizliğini meydana getiren faktörlerin belirlenerek iletişim isteksizliğinin giderilmesine yönelik öneriler sunulmasıdır. Bu doğrultuda araştırmanın temel sorusu; “iletişim isteksizliğinin öncül ve ardılları nelerdir ve iletişim isteksizliğinin ölçeği Türkçeye uyarlanabilir mi” şeklinde belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi öğrencilerine (n=404) yönelik uygulama yapılmış elde edilen veriler SPSS 25 ve AMOS 26 programlarıyla analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda iki alt boyuttan (Yaklaşma-Kaçınma ve Ödüllendirme) ve 20 ifadeden oluşan ilgili ölçeğin Türkçeye uyarlama işlemi yapılmış olup ulusal literatüre katkı sağlayan özgün bir çalışma ortaya çıkarılmış ve sonuç bölümünde teorik ve pratik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İletişim
• İsteksizlik
• İletişim isteksizliği
• İletişim Fakültesi

The Unwillingness‐to‐Communicate: The Study of Adaptation to Turkish, Validity and Reliability

Öz

The behaviors of individuals are in a constant state of change due to sociological and psychological reasons, and their communication behaviors also change over time. Individuals who make up society sometimes tend to avoid verbal communication by avoiding communication according to the global communication structure. These individuals find verbal communication worthless and experience unwillingness to communicate. In this context, the aim of this research on the unwillingness to communicate, which negatively affects societies, is to contribute to the national literature by adapting the Unwillingness‐to‐Communicate Scale, which was brought to the literature by Burgoon (1976), into the Turkish language. Through this scale, it is the determination of the individuals' unwillingness to communicate, determining the factors that cause the unwillingness to communicate, and presenting suggestions for eliminating the unwillingness to communicate. In this direction, the main question of the research is; “what are the antecedents and successors of unwillingness to communicate and can the scale of unwillingness to communicate be adapted to Turkish.” In the research, an application was made to Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University Faculty of Communication students (n=404), and the data obtained were analyzed with SPSS 25 and AMOS 26 programs. As a result of the analysis, the related scale consisting of two sub-dimensions (Approach-Avoidance and Rewarding) and 20 statements were adapted into Turkish, an original study that contributed to the national literature was revealed, and theoretical and practical suggestions were made in the conclusion section.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Communication
• Unwillingness
• Unwillingness‐to‐Communicate
• Faculty of Communication

Kaynakça

1. Aaby, A., Simonsen, C. B., Ryom, K. ve Maindal, H. T. (2020). Improving organizational health literacy responsiveness in cardiac rehabilitation using a co-design methodology: results from the heart skills study. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(3), 1015.
2. Abdumuhammadovna, K. S. (2022). The Impact Of Extroversion And Introversion Personality Types On Writing Skill. Web of Scientist: International Scientific Research Journal, 3(6), s.436-440.
3. Adalikwu, C. (2012). How to Build Self Confidence, Happiness and Health: Part I: Self Confidence Partii: Happiness Pariii: Health: AuthorHouse.
4. Akar, H. (2017). Kişilerarasi İletişim Motivasyonlari: İnsanlarin Çevrelerindeki Kişilerle Iletişime Girme Sebepleri Üzerine Bir Araştirma. Humanities Sciences, 12(2), 76-89.
5. Akar, H. ve Akar, F. (2021). Sosyal Medyada Mahremiyet Algisi: Üniversite Öğrencileri Araştirmasi. İnönü Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi (İNİF E-Dergi), 6(1), 285-297.
6. Albright, J. J. ve Park, H. M. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis using amos, LISREL, Mplus, SAS/STAT CALIS.
7. Anggraini, S. ve Subandiyah, H. (2022). Representasi Kepribadian Introvert Pada Tokoh Utama dalam Novel Introver Karya MF. Hazim (Tinjauan Psikoanalisis Carl Gustav Jung). Jurnal Bapala, 9(1), s.15-26.
8. Aron, E. N. ve Aron, A. (1997). Sensory-processing sensitivity and its relation to introversion and emotionality. Journal of personality and social psychology, 73(2), 345.

9. Arquero Montaño, J. L., Fernández Polvillo, C., Hassall, T. ve Joyce, J. (2023). Developing teamwork skills in accounting students: is communication apprehension a potential barrier? Revista de Contabilidad-Spanish Accounting Review, 26 (1), s.97-110.
10. Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Theory of Behavioral Change. Psychol. Rev, 84(2), s.191-215.
11. Bayhan, V. (1997). Üniversite gençliğinde anomi ve yabancılaşma (Vol. 195): TC Kültür Bakanlığı. Belojevic, G., Slepcevic, V. ve Jakovljevic, B. (2001). Mental performance in noise: The role of introversion. Journal of environmental Psychology, 21(2), s.209-213.
12. Birbaumer, N. (2006). Breaking the silence: brain–computer interfaces (BCI) for communication and motor control. Psychophysiology, 43(6), s.517-532.
13. Bousquet, C. (2023). Work and social alienation. Philosophical Studies, 180(1), s.133-158.
14. Brauer, K., Barabadi, E., Aghaee, E., Alrabai, F., Elahi Shirvan, M., Sendatzki, R. ve Vierow, L. M. (2023). Impostor Phenomenon and L2 willingness to communicate: Testing communication anxiety and perceived L2 competence as mediators. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 8357.
15. Burgoon, J. K. (1976). The unwillingness‐to‐communicate scale: Development and validation. Communications Monographs, 43(1), s.60-69.
16. Chen, S.-P., Shang, Y., Xie, L.-J., Song, D. ve Chen, M. (2023). The true value of extrinsic motivation? The effect of intrinsic and extrinsic sports motivation on sports anomie behavior in college students. Current Psychology, s.1-10.
17. Cohen, D. V. (1993). Creating and maintaining ethical work climates: Anomie in the workplace and implications for managing change. Business Ethics Quarterly, s.343-358.
18. Çakmak, V. (2018). İletişim kaygısı ve sosyal medya. Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi.
19. Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G. ve Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (Vol. 2): Pegem Akademi Ankara.
20. Darmon, C. ve Mort, S. (2023). Amplification, Modulation, Transformation, and Silencing of the Political Voice in Mediated Contexts: the Communication Order (s) and Disorder (s) of Political Systems. Call for Papers, 28. de la Cruz, J. G., Guija, J. A. ve Bravo, M. d. M. P. (2022). The so-called parental alienation syndrome and its derivations. Spanish journal of legal medicine, 48(1), s.22-29.
21. Degerman, D. (2023). Experiences of Silence in Mood Disorders. Erkenntnis, s.1-20.
22. Dewaele, J. M., Petrides, K. V. ve Furnham, A. (2008). Effects of trait emotional intelligence and sociobiographical variables on communicative anxiety and foreign language anxiety among adult multilinguals: A review and empirical investigation. Language learning, 58(4), 911-960.
23. Ekmekci, A. (2004). 20-40 Yaşlar Arası Hayatın Işleyişinde Anomi Problemi (Adapazarı Örneği). Sakarya Universitesi (Turkey),
24. Erkal, M. E., Baloğlu, B. ve Baloğlu, F. (1997). Ansiklopedik sosyoloji sözlüğü: Der Yayınları.
25. Erkorkmaz, Ü., Etikan, İ., Demir, O., Özdamar, K. ve Sanisoğlu, S. Y. (2013). Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve uyum indeksleri. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 33(1), s.210-223.
26. Fakka, B., Asrifan, A., Syahrir, L., Hermansyah, S. ve Amran, N. A. R. (2022). Correlation Between Self-Concept and Anxiety of Communicative Competence in English Foreign Language Learner. La Ogi: English Language Journal, 8(1), s.25-34.
27. Feltz, D. L. (2007). Self-confidence and sports performance. studies, 33(41), s.50-66.
28. Fornell, C. ve Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), s.39-50.
29. Geçkil, T. ve Tikici, M. (2015). Örgütsel Demokrasi Ölçeği Geliştirme Çalışması. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 48(4).
30. Gomes, M. C., Perazzo, M. F., Neves, É. T., Martins, C. C., Paiva, S. M. ve Granville-Garcia, A. F. (2017). Oral problems and self-confidence in preschool children. Brazilian dental journal, 28, s.523-530.
31. Gottlieb, M., Chan, T. M., Zaver, F. ve Ellaway, R. (2022). Confidence‐competence alignment and the role of self‐confidence in medical education: A conceptual review. Medical Education, 56(1), s.37-47.
32. Gray, J. A. (1970). The psychophysiological basis of introversion-extraversion. Behaviour research and therapy, 8(3), s.249-266.
33. Gülmez, H. ve Özdemir, T. (2023). Sınıf Öğretmenlerinin Mesleki Yabancılaşma ve Motivasyon Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(1), s.427-448.
34. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. ve Tatham, R. (2006). Multivariate data analysis . Uppersaddle River. In: NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
35. Hair, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Ringle, C. M. ve Mena, J. A. (2012). An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 40(3), s.414-433.
36. Hamzah, H., Sukenti, D., Tambak, S. ve Tanjung, W. U. (2020). Overcoming self-confidence of Islamic religious education students: The influence of personal learning model. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 14(4), s.582-589.
37. Hanton, S., Mellalieu, S. D. ve Hall, R. (2004). Self-confidence and anxiety interpretation: A qualitative investigation. Psychology of sport and exercise, 5(4), s.477-495.
38. Hassall, T., Joyce, J., Bramhall, M., Robinson, I. ve Arquero, J. (2005). The sound of silence? A comparative study of the barriers to communication skills development in accounting and engineering students. Industry and Higher Education, 19(5), s.392-398.
39. Herbert, J., Ferri, L., Hernandez, B., Zamarripa, I., Hofer, K., Fazeli, M. S., Shnitsar, I. ve Abdallah, K. (2023). Personality diversity in the workplace: A systematic literature review on introversion. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health, 38(2), s.165-187.
40. Hidayat, Y., Yudiana, Y., Hambali, B., Sultoni, K., Ustun, U. D. ve Singnoy, C. (2023). The effect of the combined self-talk and mental imagery program on the badminton motor skills and self-confidence of youth beginner student-athletes. BMC psychology, 11(1), 35.
41. Hills, P. ve Argyle, M. (2001). Happiness, introversion–extraversion and happy introverts. Personality and individual Differences, 30(4), s.595-608.
42. Johannßen, D., Biemann, C. ve Scheffer, D. (2022). Classification of German Jungian Extraversion and Introversion Texts with Assessment of Changes during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the RaPID Workshop-Resources and ProcessIng of linguistic, para-linguistic and extra-linguistic Data from people with various forms of cognitive/psychiatric/developmental impairments-within the 13th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference.
43. Joreskog, K. ve Sorbom, D. (1993). Structural Equation Modelling: Guidelines for Determining Model Fit. NY: University Press of America.
44. Kacperck, L. (1997). Non-verbal communication: the importance of listening. British Journal of Nursing, 6(5), s.275-279.
45. Kaya, N. ve Tastan, N. (2020). Özgüven üzerine bir derleme. Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(2), s.297-312.
46. Keyha, R. Ö. (2018). Çevrimiçi medya ve suskunluk sarmalı. Sdü İfade, 1(1), 42-61.
47. Khan, M. M. R. (1963). Silence as communication. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 27(6), 300.
48. Kline, P. (2014). An easy guide to factor analysis: Routledge.
49. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3. Baskı). New York, NY: Guilford.
50. Kugle, C. L., Clements, R. O. ve Powell, P. M. (1983). Level and stability of self-esteem in relation to academic behavior of second graders. Journal of personality and social psychology, 44(1), 201.
51. Lane, R. C., Koetting, M. G. ve Bishop, J. (2002). Silence as communication in psychodynamic psychotherapy. Clinical psychology review, 22(7), s.1091-1104.
52. Lin, S., Liu, D., Zhang, H. ve Longobardi, C. (2023). Associations of resilience and respiratory sinus arrhythmia with alienation among college students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 322, s.24-30.
53. Lobato, R. M., García-Coll, J. ve Moyano, M. (2023). Disconnected out of passion: relationship between social alienation and obsessive passion. Journal of interpersonal violence, 38(1-2), NP1950-NP1969.
54. MacKenzie, S. B. ve Podsakoff, P. M. (2012). Common method bias in marketing: Causes, mechanisms, and procedural remedies. Journal of retailing, 88(4), s.542-555.
55. Mason, S. R. (2023). The Dialectic Evolution of Analytic Thinking on Silence and Silent Communication. California Institute of Integral Studies,
56. McCroskey, J. C. (1976). The effects of communication apprehension on nonverbal behavior. Communication Quarterly, 24(1), s.39-44.
57. McCroskey, J. C. (1977). Oral communication apprehension: A summary of recent theory and research. Human Communication Research, 4(1), s.78-96.
58. McCroskey, J. C. (2015). An introduction to rhetorical communication: Routledge.
59. Merdan, E. (2018). Personel güçlendirmenin performans ve verimlilik üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi: bankacilik sektöründe bir uygulama. Gümüshane University Electronic Journal of the Institute of Social Science/Gümüshane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 9(23).
60. Merdan, E., & Erdem, A. T. (2022). The Moderating Role of Nomophobia in the Effect of Psychological Contract on Employee's Networking Ability. Journal of Organizational Behavior Review, 4(2), 127-141.
61. Merdan, E., Erdem, A. T., & Gümüşsoy, Y. (2022). Boreout sendromunun üretkenlik karşıtı iş davranışı üzerine etkisinde sanal kaytarmanın aracılık rolü. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 10(1), 176-191.
62. Moneva, J. ve Tribunalo, S. M. (2020). Students’ level of self-confidence and performance tasks. Asia Pacific Journal of Academic Research in Social Sciences, 5(1), s.42-48.
63. Norma, S. (2020). Sikap Introvert Pada Tokoh Sawako Kuronuma Dalam Film Kimi Ni Todoke Karya Naoto Kumazawa Dengan Teori Carl Gustav Jung. Universitas Darma Persada,
64. Okyay, B. (2012). Yönetici ve çalışanların özgüven düzeyleri ile kişisel gelişim inisiyatifi alma becerilerinin karşılaştırılması. Maltepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi.,
65. Özcan, K. ve Balyer, A. (2013). Liderlik oryantasyon ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(1), s.136-150.
66. Patterson, M. L. ve Ritts, V. (1997). Social and communicative anxiety: A review and meta-analysis. Annals of the International Communication Association, 20(1), s.263-303.
67. Petric, D. (2022). The introvert-ambivert-extrovert spectrum. Open Journal of Medical Psychology, 11(3), s.103-111.
68. Rahimi Zarchi, M. R., Beheshtifar, M. ve Kazemi, H. (2023). Meta-analysis of effective factors on the consequences of organizational anomie (Case study of Islamic Azad University). International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications, 14(1), s.1359-1370.
69. Reinsberg, B., Stubbs, T. ve Bujnoch, L. (2023). Structural adjustment, alienation, and mass protest. Social Science Research, 109, 102777.
70. Rohmah, S. R. ve Rona, H. U. (2020). The analysis of mathematical communication's ability in derivative materials observed from introvert and extrovert personality types. Jurnal Hipotenusa, 2(2), s.66-82.
71. Schlomann, A., Seifert, A., Zank, S., Woopen, C. ve Rietz, C. (2020). Use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) devices among the oldest-old: loneliness, anomie, and autonomy. Innovation in Aging, 4(2), igz050.
72. Seeman, M. (1975). Alienation studies. Annual review of sociology, 1(1), s.91-123.
73. Shukla, A., Sahasrabudhe, N. ve Moharir, S. (2023). Opinion Dynamics: Bots and the Spiral of Silence. Paper presented at the 2023 15th International Conference on COMmunication Systems & NETworkS (COMSNETS).
74. Sleesman, D. J., Hollenbeck, J. R., Davison, R. B. ve Scott, B. A. (2022). Leader Intuition: Good or Bad for Multiteam System Performance? The Roles of Information Load and Introversion. Group & Organization Management, 10596011221121461.
75. Smith, S. J. ve Roehrs, C. J. (2009). High-Fidelity Simulation: Factors Correlated with Nursing Student: Satisfaction: and Self-Confidence. Nursing education perspectives, 30(2), s.74-78.
76. Su, W., Luo, D., Zhang, C. ve Zeng, S. (2022). Evaluation of online learning platforms based on probabilistic linguistic term sets with self-confidence multiple attribute group decision making method. Expert Systems with Applications, 208, 118153.
77. Swingewood, A. ve Akınhay, O. (1998). Sosyolojik düşüncenin kısa tarihi: Bilim ve Sanat. Tutar, H. ve Erdem, A. T. (2020). Örnekleriyle bilimsel araştirma yöntemleri ve-SPSS uygulamaları. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
78. TDK, Türk Dil Kurumu Sözlükleri, Suskunluk Nedir?, https://sozluk.gov.tr/, Erişim Tarihi: 16.05.2023 Ulaş, S. E. (2002). Felsefe Sözlüğü. Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları, Ankara.
79. Walker, D. L. (2020). Extraversion–introversion. The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences: Models and Theories, s.159-163.
80. Wang, X. ve Hu, Q. (2023). Visual Truth and Image Manipulation: Visual Ethical Anomie and Reconstruction of Digital Photography. Paper presented at the SHS Web of Conferences.
81. Yao, J., Ziapour, A., Abbas, J., Toraji, R. ve NeJhaddadgar, N. (2022). Assessing puberty-related health needs among 10–15-year-old boys: a cross-sectional study approach. Archives de Pédiatrie, 29(4), s.307-311.
82. Yeşiloğlu Güler, B. (2022). Suskunluk Sarmali Kurami Bağlaminda İnsan Doğasina Yaklaşim. Journal of the Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences, 31(1).
83. Yıldırım, T. (2012). Grupla psikolojik danışmada duyamadığımız ses: Suskunluk.
84. Younger, J. B. (1995). The alienation of the sufferer. Advances in Nursing Science, 17(4), s.53-72.
85. Zakahi, W. R. ve Duran, R. L. (1982). All the lonely people: The relationship among loneliness, communicative competence, and communication anxiety. Communication Quarterly, 30(3), s.203-209.
86. Zhao, Y., Segalowitz, N., Voloshyn, A., Chamoux, E. ve Ryder, A. G. (2021). Language barriers to healthcare for linguistic minorities: The case of second language-specific health communication anxiety. Health communication, 36(3), s.334-346.
87. Zhou, M., Zheng, Y.-Q., Chen, Y.-W., Cheng, B.-Y., Herrera-Viedma, E. ve Wu, J. (2023). A large-scale group consensus reaching approach considering self-confidence with two-tuple linguistic trust/distrust relationship and its application in life cycle sustainability assessment. Information Fusion, 94, s.181-199.