Afet ve Acil Durumlarda Çalışan Sosyal Hizmet Uzmanlarının Gerçekleştirdikleri Uygulamalar: 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş Depremi Örneği

Öz

Bu çalışma, 6 Şubat 2023 Kahramanmaraş Depremi sonrasında psikososyal destek hizmeti sunan sosyal hizmet uzmanlarının mesleki uygulamalarını incelemektedir. Bu çalışma, afet sonrası sosyal hizmet uygulamalarına ilişkin sınırlı sayıda mevcut bulguyu genişletmeyi ve uzmanların mesleki deneyimlerine dair derinlemesine bir anlayış geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Nitel yöntemin ve fenomenolojik yaklaşımın benimsendiği araştırmada, kamu ve sivil toplum kuruluşlarında çalışan 10 sosyal hizmet uzmanı ile derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Veriler Maxqda Analytics programı ile tematik analiz yöntemiyle değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, uzmanların en yoğun gerçekleştirdiği müdahalelerin ihtiyaç ve kaynak tespiti ile psikolojik ilk yardım olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, duygusal yükle baş etmede kurumsal destekten çok akran süpervizyonu ve anı paylaşımına yöneldikleri belirlenmiştir. Sosyal hizmet uzmanlarının mesleki sınırlarını koruyarak rollerini etkin sürdürebilmeleri için destekleyici yapıların güçlendirilmesi ve ilgili sosyal politikaların güncellenmesi önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• sosyal hizmet
• afet
• deprem
• afetlerde sosyal hizmet

Practices Implemented by Social Workers Working in Disasters and Emergencies: The Example of the February 6, 2023 Kahramanmaraş Earthquake

Öz

This study examines the professional practices of social workers who provided psychosocial support services following the Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes of February 6, 2023. The study aims to expand the limited existing findings on post-disaster social work practices and to develop an in-depth understanding of social workers’ professional experiences. Adopting a qualitative method and a phenomenological approach, in-depth interviews were conducted with ten social workers employed in public institutions and non-governmental organizations. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis with the Maxqda Analytics program. The findings revealed that the most frequently implemented interventions were needs and resource assessment and psychological first aid. In addition, it was found that in coping with emotional burden, social workers tended to rely more on peer supervision and experience sharing rather than institutional support. It is recommended to strengthen supportive structures and update relevant social policies to enable social workers to maintain professional boundaries and perform their roles effectively.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• social worker
• disaster
• earthquake
• social work in disaster

Kaynakça

1. AFAD. (2023, March 3). Açıklamalı Afet Yönetimi Terimleri Sözlüğü [Glossary Of Disaster Management Terms With Explanations]. https://www.afad.gov.tr/aciklamali-afet-yonetimi-terimleri-sozlugu
2. Abay, E., & Akın, A. (2021). Covid-19 salgınında; dünyada ve Türkiye’de kadınlara yönelik şiddet ve toplumsal cinsiyet [Violence against women and gender inequality during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey and the world] [in Turkish]. Sağlık ve Toplum, 31(3), 11–16.
3. Abukan, B., & Kurşun, F. (2023). Depremde toplum temelli sosyal hizmet çalışması [Community-based social work practice in earthquake response] [in Turkish]. In İ. Aydemir & M. Öztürk (Eds.), Afet ve Krizlerde Sosyal Hizmet (pp. 383–400). Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi
4. Alakara Özcan, G. (2018). Afetlerde Psikososyal Destek Hizmetlerinin AFAD’da Çalışan Sosyal Çalışmacılar Tarafından Değerlendirilmesi [Evaluation Of Psychosocial Support Services İn Disasters By Social Workers Working At AFAD] (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Hacettepe University, Graduate School of Social Sciences, Department of Social Work.
5. Albayrak, H. (2023). Depremde çalışana destek [Supporting workers in earthquake response] [in Turkish]. In İ. Aydemir & M. Öztürk (Eds.), Afet ve Krizlerde Sosyal Hizmet (pp. 363–382). Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi.
6. Alston , M., Hazeleger, T., & Hargreaves, D. (2019). Social Work and Disasters- A Handbook for Practice. Routledge.
7. Anastoria, M., Larrance, R. ve Lawry, L. (2008). Using Mental Health Indicators to Identify Postdisaster Gender- Based Violence among Women Displaced by Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Women's Health, 17(9), 1437-1444.
8. Artan, T., & Özkan, A. O. (2020). Afetler ve Sosyal Hizmet. Journal of ADEM, 1(1), p.47-54.

9. Austin, C. D. (1990). Case Management: Myths and Realities. Families in Society. The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 71, p.398-405.
10. Bauwens, J., & Naturale, A. (2017). The Role of Social Work in the Aftermath of Diasaster and Traumatic Events. Clinical Social Work, 45, p.99-101. https://link.springer.com/ article/10.1007/s10615-017-0623-8
11. Bauwens, J., & Naturale, A. (2017). The Role of Social Work in the Aftermath of Disasters and Traumatic Events. Clinical Social Work Journal, 45, p.99-101.
12. Bell, H. (2008). Case Management with Displaced Survivors of Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Social Services Research, 34(3), p.15-27. https://doi. org/10.1080/01488370802085932
13. Bian, H. M., Lin, S. B., & Deng, X. S. (2011). Investigation on the Development of Social Work Services in Wenchuan Disaster-Affected Areas. Chinese Public Administration(12), p.72-75.
14. Bliss, D. L., & Meehan, J. (2008). Blueprint for Creating a Social Work-Centered Disaster Relief Initiative. Journal of Social Services Research, 34(3), p.73-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488370802086401
15. Boetto, H., Bell, K., & Ivory, N. (2021). Disaster Preparedness in Social Work: A Scoping Review of Evidence for Further Research, Theory and Practice. British Journal of Social Work, 51, p.1623-1643. https://doi. org/10.1093/bjsw/bcab103
16. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), p.77-101.
17. Cooper, L., Briggs, L., & Bagshaw, S. (2018). Postdisaster Counselling: Personal, Professional, and Ethical Issues. Australian Social Work, 71, p.430-443.
18. Cömert, M. (2021). Afet Ve Acil Durumlarda Görev Almış Meslek Elemanlarının Psikososyal Müdahale Sürecini Değerlendirmesi [Evaluation Of The Psychosocial İntervention Process By Professionals İnvolved İn Disasters And Emergencies] (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Üsküdar University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Social Work..
19. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. Sage Publications.
20. Çakı, F. (2020). Afet yönetişiminde sivil toplum ve güven algıları [Civil society and perceptions of trust in disaster governance] [in Turkish]. Sosyal ve Kültürel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(12), 1–45Dominelli, L. (2009). Introducing Social Work. Polity Press.
21. Dominelli, L. (2015). The Opportunities and Challenges of Social Work Interventions in Disaster Situations. International Social Work, 58(5), p.659-672.
22. EAPA. (2025, 03 12). What İs An Employee Assistance Program (EAP)? Employee Assistance Professionals Association: https://eapassn.org/
23. Elo, S., & Kyngäs, H. (2008). The Qualitative Content Analysis Process. Journal of aAdvanced Nursing, 62(1), p.107-115.
24. Erdener, M. (2019). Afet Alanında Çalışan Profesyonellerin Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ve İkincil Travmatik Stres Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi [An Examination Of Psychological Resilience And Secondary Traumatic Stress Levels Of Professionals Working İn The Field Of Disasters] (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Hacettepe University, Graduate School of Social Sciences, Department of Social Work.
25. Evans, J., Bansal, A., Schoenaker, D., Cherbuin, N., Peek, M. ve Davis, D. (2022). Birth Outcomes, Health, and Health Care Needs of Childbearing Women following Wildfire Disasters: An Integrative, State of the Science Review. Environmental Health Perspectives, 130(8)
26. Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., & Wang, L. (2004). Acute Stress Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Depression in Disaster or Rescue Workers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(8), p.1370-1376.
27. Gibbs, L., Marinkovic, K., Nursey, J., Tong, L. A., Tekin, E., Ulubasoglu, M., . . . Cobham, V. E. (2021). Child and Adolescent Psychosocial Support Programs Following Natural Disasters—a Scoping Review of Emerging Evidence. Curr. Psychiatry Rep., 23(12). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-021-01293-1
28. Gillespie, D., & Danso, K. (2010). Disaster Concepts and Issues: A Guide for Social Work Education and Practice. Alexandria, VA: Council of Social Work Education.
29. Gökalp Yılmaz, G. (2021). Afetlere sosyolojik bakış ve Türkiye’de afet yazınına kuramsal bir yaklaşım [A sociological perspective on disasters and a theoretical approach to disaster literature in Turkey] [in Turkish]. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(1), 194–204.
30. Görmüş, K., & Yıldırım, F. (2023). Geçmişten günümüze çalışana destek programları: Psikososyal destek hizmetleri bağlamında bir değerlendirme [Employee assistance programs from past to present: An evaluation in the context of psychosocial support services] [in Turkish]. Yakın Doğu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 186–218.
31. Hapsari, E., Widyawati, Nisman, W., Lusmilasari, L., Siswishanto, R., & Matsuo, H. (2009). Change in contraceptive methods following the Yogyakarta earthquake and its association with the prevalence of unplanned pregnancy. Contraception, 79(4), 316–322.Hargreaves, D. (2014). The Anatomy Of The First Anniversary Of A Terrorist Attack. Paper Presented To IFSW/AASW Conference. Adelaide, Australia.
32. Harms, L., Boddy, J., Hickey, L., Hay, K., Alexander , M., Briggs, L., & Hazeleger, T. (2022). Post-Disaster Social Work Research: A Scoping Review of the Evidence for Practice. International Social Work, 65(3), p.434-456.
33. Harms, L., Gibbs, L., Ireton, G., MacDougall, C., Brady, K., Kosta, L., Block, K., Baker, E., Colin Gallagher, H., Kellett, C., Forbes, D., & Bryant, R. (2021). Stressors and Supports in Postdisaster Recovery: Experiences After the Black Saturday Bushfires. Australian Social Work, 74(3), p.332-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2021.1874029
34. Hickson, H., & Lehmann, J. (2014). Exploring Social Workers' Experiences of Working with Bushfire-affected Families. Australian Social Work, 67(2), p.256-273.
35. Hossain, M. (2011). Disaster Management in Bangladesh: Regulatory and Social Work Perspectives. Journal of Comparative Social Welfare, 27(1), p.91-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/17486831.2011.532978
36. Huang, Y., Fu, Y., & Wong, H. (2014). Challenges Of Social Workers' İnvolvement İn Disaster Recovery. International Journal of Social Welfare, 23, p.139-149. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12029
37. Ilgın, H. Ö., & Karagül, D. (2022). Afet süreçlerinde kadınlara yönelik toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinde sivil toplum kuruluşu çalışanlarının deneyimleri: Çanakkale ili örneği [Experiences of non-governmental organization workers regarding gender inequality against women in disaster processes: The case of Çanakkale Province] [in Turkish]. Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 7(2), 85–103.
38. Işıkhan, V. (2021). Afetlere Müdahale Eden Yardım Personelini Güçlendirme [Empowering Relief Personnel İnvolved İn Disaster Response]. Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, 7(2), p.399–406.
39. Karaağaç, H. (2023). Hastane Afet Yönetim Sürecinde Tıbbi Sosyal Hizmet Uygulamaları [Medical Social Work Practices İn Hospital Disaster Management Process]. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 6(3), p.1154–1166.
40. Kılıç Ceyhan, E. (2023). Afetlere Müdahalede Sosyal Hizmetin Çok Boyutlu Rolü [The Multidimensional Role Of Social Work İn Disaster Response]. İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), p.779– 786.
41. Koç, M., & Yalçın, S. (2023). Afetlerde Krize Müdahale: Kahramanmaraş Depremi’nde Aile Ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı’nın Çalışmaları [Crisis İntervention İn Disasters: The Ministry Of Family And Social Services’ Efforts During The Kahramanmaraş Earthquake]. Uluslararası Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), p.93–105.
42. Koç, S., & Kayaalp, A. (2024). Sosyal Hizmetin Afet Yönetimindeki Rolü: Kahramanmaraş Depremleri Üzerine Bir Uygulama [The Role Of Social Work İn Disaster Management: A Practice Based On The Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes]. Bitlis Eren Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(2), p.36–48.
43. Kolay Çepni, Ş., & Yavuz, Z. N. (2025). Afetlerde kadın sağlığı, toplumsal cinsiyet ve sosyal hizmet [Women’s health, gender, and social work in disasters]. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 36(2), 321–346. https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.1519749
44. Kranke, D., Der-Martirosian, C., Hovsepian, S., Mudoh, Y., Gin, J., Weiss, E. L., & Dobalian, A. (2020). Social Workers Being Effective in Disaster Settings. Social Work in Public Health, 35(8), p.664-668. https:// doi. org/10.1080/19371918.2020.1820928
45. Krysik, J. L., & Finn, J. (2015). Sosyal Hizmet Araştırması: Etkili Uygulama İçin (E. Erbay, Trans.) Ankara: Nika Yayınevi. (Original Work Published İn English).
46. Lincoln, Y., & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry: Establishing Trustworthiness. Beverly Hills
47. Mağden, Ç., Ademhan, Ç., Şavur, E., Yeniokatan, İ., Kılıç, M., Gözden, M., Çavuşçulu, M., Akman, P., Arslan Tomas, S., & Yüksel, S. (2008). Türk Kızılayı Afetlerde Psikososyal Destek Uygulama Rehberi [Turkish Red Crescent Psychosocial Support Practice Guide For Disasters]. Ankara: Yorum Basın Yayın Sanayi Ltd. Şti.
48. Mathbor, G. M. (2007). Enhancement of Community Preparedness for Natural Disasters: The Role of Social Work in Building Social Capital for Sustainable Disaster Relief and Management. International Social Work, 50(3), p.357-369.
49. Mavili Aktaş, A. (2003). Kriz Durumlarında Sosyal Hizmet Müdahalesi [Social Work İntervention İn Crisis Situations]. Kriz Dergisi, 11(3), p.37–44.
50. Meyers, D., & Wee, D. (2005). Disaster Mental Health Services. New York: Brunner-Routledge.
51. Nour, N. (2011). Maternal Health Considerations During Disaster Relief. Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 4(1), 22-27.
52. O'Donnell , M. (2017). Effects of Bushfire Exposure on Prenatal and Early Life Development in Humans: A Life History Perspective
53. Öztan, N., Aydın, G., & Eroğlu, Ç. (2003). Travma Sonrası Normal Tepkiler: Psikoeğitim El Kitabı [Normal Reactions After Trauma: Psychoeducation Manual]. Ankara: Ministry Of National Education/UNICEF Publication.
54. Öztan, N., & Şavur, E. (2019). Çalışana destek [Employee assistance]. In S. Arslan Tomas, E. Şavur, & E. Uygun (Eds.), Afet ve acil durumlarda psikososyal destek hizmetleri: Saha çalışanları için el rehberi [Psychosocial support services in disasters and emergencies: A field guide for practitioners] (pp. 90–101). Ankara, Turkey: T.C. Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Services & UNICEF Turkey.
55. Raphael, B. (1986). When Disaster Strikes: How Individuals and Communities Cope With Catastrophe. Basic Books.
56. Rock, L. F., & Corbin, C. A. (2007). Social Work Students and Practitioners’ Views on the Need for Training Caribbean Social Workers in Disaster Management. International Social Work, 50(3), p.383-394.
57. Rowlands, A. (2013). Disaster Recovery Management in Australia and the Contrubution of Social Work. Journal of Social Work in Disability & Rehabilitation, 12(1-2), p.19-38. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1536710X.2013.784173
58. Schauben, L. J., & Frazier, P. A. (1995). Vicarious Trauma: The Effects On Female Counselors Of Working With Sexual Violence Survivors. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19(1), p.49-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471- 6402.1995.tb00278.x
59. Sim, T., & He, M. (2024). Social Work Competence İn Disaster Management: An İntegrative Review. European Journal of Social Work, 27(1), p.83-95. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691457.2022.2092455
60. Sim, T., Yuen-Tsang Woon Ki, A., Quen, C. H., & Dong, Q. H. (2013). Rising To The Occasion: Disaster Social Work İn China. International Social Work, 56(4), p.544-562. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872813481992
61. Siporin, M. (1987). Disasters and disaster aid. In M. A. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Social Work (18th ed., pp. 438–449). National Association of Social Workers Inc.
62. Snider, L., Ommeren, V. M., & Schafer, A. (2014). Psikolojik İlk Yardım: Saha Çalışanları İçin Rehber [Psychological First Aid: A Guide For Field Workers]. Atalay Matbaacılık.
63. Streeter, C. L., & Murty, S. A. (1996). Introduction. In C. L. Streeter & S. A. Murty (Eds.), Research on Social Work and Disasters (pp. 1–7). Haworth Press.
64. Tao, C., Wang, L., & Wang, B. (2020). The Disaster Relief And Social Work After The Wenchuan Eartquake İn Mainland China. China Journal of Social Work, 13(1), p.70-84. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17525098.2020.1762282#abstract
65. Tapan, M. G. (2023). Kahramanmaraş Depremleri Sonrası Afet Yönetiminde Sosyal Hizmet [Social Work in Disaster Management After the Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes]. Yedi Aralık Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(1), p.18–30.
66. Tuncay, T. (2004). Afetlerde Sosyal Hizmet [Social Work in Disasters]. Özbay Ofset Matbaacılık..
67. Tuncer, E., Kavgaoğlu, D., Anılgan, O. Z., & Akinlar, A. (2024). Disaster Capitalism and Social Policy: Social Work in the Aftermath of Natural Disasters. Capitalism Nature Socialism. https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2024.2377350
68. Türk, A., & Kaya, S. (2023). Deprem Sonrası Psikososyal Destek Uygulamalarında Merhamet Yorgunluğunun Psikolojik Sağlamlığa Etkisi: Sosyal Hizmet Uzmanları Üzerine Bir Araştırma [The effect of compassion fatigue on psychological resilience in post-earthquake psychosocial support practices: A study on social work specialists]. Uluslararası Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), p.81–91.
69. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2023). Kahramanmaraş and Hatay Earthquakes Report. Ankara: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023-Kahramanmaras-and-Hatay-Earthquakes- Report.pdf
70. Ünlü, İ. İ. (2024). Afetlerde Refakatsiz ve Kimliği Belirlenemeyen Çocukların Korunması Sürecinde Tıbbi Sosyal Hizmet Uzmanlarının Rol ve Görevleri: 6 Şubat Depremi Örneği [The role and duties of medical social workers in the protection process of unaccompanied and unidentified children in disasters: The case of February 6 Earthquake]. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 7(3), p.728–742.
71. Vikipedi. (2023, February 26). Vikipedi [Wikipedia]. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afet
72. Wikimania. (2025, 03 11). Wikimania- peer support. Wikipedia: en.m.wikipedia.org
73. Wu, Y. F., & Wen, J. (2016). From Community-oriented to Community-centered: Reconstructing the Service Model of Social Work Concerning Disaster. Journal of East China Normal University (Humanities and Social Sciences), 48(6), p.101-110.
74. Yanar, G., Kurşun, F., & Türkmen, M. (2023). Depremde gruplarla sosyal hizmet çalışması [Group-based social work practice in earthquakes]. In İ. Aydemir & M. Öztürk (Eds.), Afet ve krizlerde sosyal hizmet [Social work in disasters and emergencies] (pp. 363–382). Ankara, Turkey: Akademisyen Kitabevi
75. Yelboğa, N. (2023). Kahramanmaraş Depremi Özelinde Travmatik Yas ve Sosyal Hizmetin Yas Danışmanlığı Müdahalesi [Traumatic Grief and Social Work’s Grief Counseling Intervention in the Case of the Kahramanmaraş Earthquake]. Uluslararası Toplumsal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), p.97–121.
76. Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2021). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (12. Baskı b.) [Qualitative Research Methods in the Social Sciences (12th ed.)]. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
77. Zakour, J. (1996). Disaster Research in Social Work. In C. L. Streeter & S. A. Murty (Eds.), Research on Social Work and Disasters (p.7–27). Haworth Press.